SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER 2024-25

PHYSICS (SET-4)
Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
3. All the sections are compulsory.
4. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B
contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D
contains two case study based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of
five marks each.
5. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section B, one

question in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in Section E. You have to
attempt only one of the choices in such questions.

6. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A
1. The electrical conductivity of semiconductor increases when electromagnetic radiation of wavelength shorter [1]
than 2800 nm is incident on it. The band gap in (eV) for the semiconductor is:

a) 0.5 eV b) 0.7 eV

c) 2.5 eV d) 1.2 eV
2. An electric bulb marked 40 W - 200 V is used in a circuit of supply voltage 100 V. Now its power is: [1]

a) 10 W b) 40 W

c) 20 W d) 100 W
3. A biconvex lens of focal length f is cut into two identical plano convex lenses. The focal length of each part will [1]
be

a) 2f b) f

c) 4f d) f
4. How does the magnetic susceptibility χ of a paramagnetic material change with absolute temperature T? [1]

a) χ ∝ e
T
b) χ ∝ T

c) χ = constant d) χ ∝ T
−1

5. The dimension of 1

2
ε0 E
2
where ε is the permittivity of free space and E is the electric field, is
0
[1]

Page 1 of 17
 a) ML-1T-2 b) MLT-1

c) ML2T-2 d) ML2T-1

6. An electron is revolving around a proton in a circular orbit of diameter 0.1 nm. It produces a magnetic field of [1]
14 Wb/m2 at the proton. What is angular speed of the electron?

a) 4. 4 × 10 16 −1
rads b) 8. 8 × 10
16 −1
rads

c) 6. 4 × 10 16 −1
rads d) 1. 4 × 10
16 −1
rads

7. For MRI, a patient is slowly pushed in a time of 10 s within the coils of the magnet where magnetic field is B = [1]
2.0 T. If the patient's trunk is 0.8 m in circumference, the induced emf around the patient's trunk is

a) 10.18 × 10-3V b) 10.18 × 10-2V

c) 1.51 × 10-2V d) 9.66 × 102V

8. Which of the following has its permeability less than that of free space? [1]

a) Copper b) Nickel

c) Copper chloride d) Aluminium

9. The wavefront of a distant source of unknown shape is approximately: [1]

a) plane b) elliptical

c) cylindrical d) spherical
10. An electron is moving round the nucleus of a hydrogen atom in a circular orbit of radius r. The Coulomb force F ⃗ [1]
between the two is:
2 2

a) κ e

3
r⃗ b) −κ
e

3
r⃗
r r

3 2

c) −κ e

3
^
r d) κ
e

3
^
r
r r

11. Two ideal diodes are connected to a battery as shown in the circuit. The current supplied by the battery is [1]

a) zero b) 0.5 A

c) 0.75 A d) 0.25 A
12. In the diagram, a prism of angle 30° is used. A ray PQ is incident as shown. An emergent ray RS emerges [1]
perpendicular to the second face. The angle of deviation is:

a) 60o b) 0o

c) d)

Page 2 of 17
 30o 45o
13. Assertion (A): In process of photoelectric emission, all emitted electrons do not have same kinetic energy. [1]
Reason (R): If radiation falling on the photosensitive surface of metal consists of different wavelengths then
energy acquired by electrons absorbing photons of different wavelengths shall be different.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

14. Assertion: If the distance between parallel plates a capacitor is halved and dielectric constant is made three [1]
times then the capacitance becomes six times.
Reason: (R) Capacitance of the capacitor does not depend upon the nature of the material of the plates of the
capacitor.

a) Assertion and reason both are correct b) Assertion and reason both are correct
statements and reason is correct explanation statements but reason is not correct
for assertion. explanation for assertion.

c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is
wrong statement. correct statement.
15. Assertion (A): Wavefront emitted by a point source of light in an isotropic medium is spherical. [1]
Reason (R): Isotropic medium has same refractive index in all directions.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

16. Assertion (A): The quantity L/R possesses the dimension of time. [1]
Reason (R): In order to reduce the rate of increase of current through a solenoid, we should increase the time
constant.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

Section B
17. In which situation is there a displacement current, but no conduction current? [2]
18. Magnetic force is always normal to the velocity of a charge and therefore does no work. An iron nail held near a [2]
magnet, when released, increases its kinetic energy as it moves to cling to the magnet. What agency is
responsible for this increase in kinetic energy if not the magnetic field?
19. In the following diagrams indicate which of the diodes are forward biased and which are reverse biased. [2]

i.

Page 3 of 17
 ii.

iii.

iv.

20. Suppose you are given a chance to repeat the alpha-particle scattering experiment using a thin sheet of solid [2]
hydrogen in place of the gold foil. (Hydrogen is a solid at temperatures below 14 K). What results do you
expect?
21. A circular coil of 25 turns and radius 6.0 cm, carrying a current of 10 A, is suspended vertically in a uniform [2]
magnetic field of magnitude 1.2 T. The field lines run horizontally in the plane of the coil. Calculate the force
and the torque on the coil due to the magnetic field. In which direction should a balancing torque be applied to
prevent the coil from turning?
OR
Two identical circular loops, P and Q. each of radius r and carrying currents are kept in the parallel planes having a
common axis passing through O. The direction of current in P is clockwise and in Q is anti-clockwise as seen from O
which is equidistant from the loops P and Q. Find the magnitude of the net magnetic field at O.

Section C
22. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a variable load resistor R. Draw the plots of the [3]
terminal voltage V versus (i) resistance R and (ii) current I.
It is found that when R = 4 Ω , the current is 1A and when R is increased to 9Ω, the current reduces to 0.5 A.
Find the values of the emf E and internal resistance r.
23. Explain with the help of a diagram, how a depletion layer and barrier potential are formed in a junction diode. [3]
24. Write Einstein's photoelectric equation in terms of the stopping potential and the threshold frequency for a given [3]
photosensitive material. Draw a plot showing the variation of stopping potential vs. the frequency of incident
radiation.
25. i. What characteristic property of nuclear force explains the constancy of binding energy per nucleon (BE/A) in [3]
the range of mass number A lying 30< A<170?
ii. Show that the density of nucleus over a wide range of nuclei is constant and independent of mass number A.

26. a. Draw the energy level diagram for the line spectra representing Lyman series and Balmer series in the [3]
spectrum of hydrogen atom.

Page 4 of 17
 b. Using the Rydberg formula for the spectrum of hydrogen atom, calculate the largest and shortest wavelengths
of the emission lines of the Balmer series in the spectrum of hydrogen atom. (Use the value of Rydberg
constant R = 1.1 × 107 m-1)
∘

27. The absolute refractive index of air is 1.0003 and the wavelength of yellow light in a vacuum is 6000 A. Find [3]
the thickness of air column which will contain one more wavelength of yellow light than in the same thickness
of vacuum.
28. A horizontal straight wire 10 m long extending from east to west is falling with a speed of 5.0 ms-1, at right [3]

angles to the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field, 0.30 × 10-4 Wb m-2.
a. What is the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the wire?
b. What is the direction of the emf?
c. Which end of the wire is at the higher electrical potential?
OR
Define the term self-inductance. Write its SI unit. Give two factors on which self inductance of an air-core coil
depends.
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
Electrons oscillating in a circuit give rise to radiowaves. A transmitting antenna radiates most effectively the
radiowaves of wavelength equal to the size of the antenna. The infrared waves incident on a substance set into
oscillation all its electrons, atoms and molecules. This increases the internal energy and hence the temperature of
the substance.
(a) If vg, vX and vm are the speeds of gamma rays, X-rays and microwaves respectively in vacuum, then

a) vg > vX > vm b) vg < vX < vm

c) vg > vX > vm d) vg = vX = vm

(b) Which of the following will deflect in electric field?

a) ultraviolet rays b) γ -rays

c) X-rays d) cathode rays

(c) γ -rays are detected by

a) point contact diodes b) ionization chamber

c) thermopiles d) photocells
OR
We consider the radiation emitted by the human body. Which one of the following statements is true?
i. The radiation emitted is in the infrared region.
ii. The radiation is emitted only during the day.
iii. The radiation is emitted during the summers and absorbed during the winters.
iv. The radiation emitted lies in the ultraviolet region and hence it is not visible.

a) Option (iv) b) Option (ii)

c) Option (iii) d) Option (i)

(d) The frequency of electromagnetic wave, which best suited to observe a particle of radius 3 × 10-4 cm is

Page 5 of 17
 the order of

a) 1014 Hz b) 1012 Hz

c) 1013 Hz d) 1015 Hz

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
Coulomb's law states that the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion acting between two stationary point
charges is given by
q q
F= 1

4πε0
1

2
2

where F denotes the force between two charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r in free space, ε is a constant 0

known as the permittivity of free space. Free space is a vacuum and may be taken to be air practically. If free
space is replaced by a medium, then ε is replaced by (ε 0 0 k) or (ε 0 εr ) where k is known as dielectric constant or
relative permittivity.
q q
(a) In coulomb's law, F = k 1

r
2
2
, then on which of the following factors does the proportionality constant k
depends?

a) Nature of the medium between the two b) Distance between the two charges
charges

c) Electrostatic force acting between the d) Magnitude of the two charges

two charges
(b) Dimensional formula for the permittivity constant ε of free space is 0

a) [M-1 L3 T2 A2] b) [ML-3T4A2]

c) [M-1 L-3 T4 A2] d) [M L-3 T4 A-2]

(c) The force of repulsion between two charges of 1 C each, kept 1m apart in vaccum is

a) 1

9
N b) 1

12
N
9×10 9×10

c) 9 × 107 N d) 9 × 109 N

(d) Two identical charges repel each other with a force equal to 10 mgwt when they are 0.6 m apart in air. (g =
10 m s-2). The value of each charge is

a) 2 mC b) 2 × 10-7 mC

c) 2 μ C d) 2 nC
OR
Coulomb's law for the force between electric charges most closely resembles with

a) law of conservation of energy b) Newton's 2nd law of motion

c) law of conservation of charge d) Newton's law of gravitation

Section E
31. i. Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation by a compound microscope. Hence obtain the expression [5]
for total magnification when the image is formed at least distance of distinct vision.

Page 6 of 17
 ii. A compound microscope consists of an objective lens of focal length 2.0 cm and an eyepiece of focal length
6.0 cm. If they are separated by a distance of 24 cm, find the total magnification when the image is formed at
infinity.
OR
Using Huygens' principle, draw a diagram to show propagation of a wavefront originating from a monochromatic
point source. Explain briefly.
32. Two point charges -q and q are located at points (0, 0, - a) and (0, 0, a) respectively. [5]
i. Find the electrostatic potential at (0, 0, z) and (x, y, 0).
ii. How much work is done in moving a small test charge from the point (5, 0, 0) to (- 7, 0, 0) along the x-axis?
iii. How would your answer change if the path of the test charge between the same points is not along the x-axis
but along any other random path?
iv. If the above point charges are now placed in the same positions in the uniform external electric field E⃗, what
would be the potential energy of the charging system in its orientation of unstable equilibrium?
Justify your answer in each case.
OR
a. Derive an expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field. Explain conditions
for stable and unstable equilibrium.
b. Is the electrostatic potential necessarily zero at a point where the electric field is zero? Give an example to
support your answer.

33. i. Describe, with the help of a suitable diagram, the working principle of a step-up transformer. Obtain the [5]
relation between input and output voltages in terms of the number of turns of primary and secondary
windings and the currents in the input and output circuits.
ii. Given the input current 15 A and the input voltage of 100 V for a step-up transformer having 90% efficiency,
find the output power and the voltage in the secondary if the output current is 3 A.
OR
A series LCR circuit is connected to an a.c. source having voltage V = Vm sin ωt. Derive the expression for the

instantaneous current I and its phase relationship to the applied voltage. Obtain the condition for resonance to occur.
Define power factor. State the conditions under which it is
i. maximum and
ii. minimum.

Page 7 of 17
 PHYSICS (SET-4)
Solution
Section A
1. (a) 0.5 eV
Explanation: E g =
hc

λ
=
1240 eV nm

2800 nm
= 0.5eV

2. (a) 10 W
2

Explanation: P = V

R
i.e., P ∝ V
2

2 2
P1 V (200)
40
or
1
= or =
P2 2 P2 2
V (100)
2

or P2 = 10 W

3. (a) 2f
Explanation: The focal length of each part will be 2f
4.
(d) χ ∝ T −1

Explanation: χ ∝ T −1

5. (a) ML-1T-2
1
Explanation: [ 2
ε0 E
2
] = energy density
2 −2
ML T −1 −2
= = [ ML T ]
3
L

6. (a) 4. 4 × 10 16
rad s
−1

μ I
Explanation: The revolving electron is similar to a loop carrying current. Field at the center of the loop of radius r is B = 0

2r
.
B(2r) −9 −3

The current due to the revolving electron I = μ0

=
14×0.1×10

−7
=
7×10

2π
4π×10

The current can also be written as, I = e

where, T is the time taken to complete one revolution.

Since T = where ω is the angular speed of the electron,
2π

ω
e eω
I = =
T 2π
−3
eω 7×10
=
2π 2π
−3 −3
7×10 7×10
ω = =
e −19
1.6×10

16 16
= 4.38 × 10 ≈ 4.4 × 10 rad/s

7. (a) 10.18 × 10-3V

Explanation: Change in magnetic field in 10s = 2.0 T
−dϕ
As ε = dt
= −A
dB

dt
(∵ ϕ = BA)

Circumference of patient's trunk,

2πr = 0.8m (given)
0.8 0.4
∴ r = m= m
2π π

Area of cross-section,
2
2 0.4 0.16 2
A = πr = π( ) = m
π π

0.16 2
∴ |ε| = × V
π 10
3
≈ 10.18 × 10 V

8. (a) Copper
Explanation: as Copper is diamagnetic substance.
9. (a) plane
Explanation: When the point source or linear source of light is a very large distance, a small portion of the spherical or
cylindrical wavefront appears to be plane. Such a wavefront is plane wavefront.

Page 8 of 17
10.
2

(b) −κ e

3
r⃗
r

Explanation: Charge on an electron = -e

Charge on nucleus of hydrogen = +e
(−e)×e 2
⃗ ke
∴ F = κ ^ = −
r r⃗
r2 r3

r⃗
Here r^ = r
is unit vector along the line joining electron to the nucleus. The negative sign shows that the force is of attraction.
11.
(b) 0.5 A
Explanation: Diode D1 conducts as it is forward biased.
Diode D2 does not conduct as it is reverse biased.
∴ I= 5 V

10Ω
= 0.5 A

12.
(c) 30o

Explanation:

In △AQR
∠ A + ∠ Q + ∠ R = 180o
30° + 90 - r + 90 = 180o
r = 30o
δ = 90o - 30o - r
δ = 90o - 30o - 30o
δ = 30o
so angle of deviation is 30 degree.

13.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both statement are true; but even it radiation of single wavelength is incident on photosensitive surface, electrons
of different KE will be emitted.
14.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation: Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
15. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: If a medium has same refractive index at every point in all directions, then the wavefront obtained from a point
source in such a medium is spherical since wave travels in all direction with same speed. Such a medium is known as isotropic
medium. So, the assertion and reason both are true and the reason explains the assertion properly.
16.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: I = = R
ε

R
L dI

dt
[I][T]
or [ L

R
] = I ⋅
dt

dI
= = [T]
[I]

∴ A is true but R is false.

In order to reduce the rate of increase of current through the solenoid, we increase time constant ( ). But L is given to be
R
L

constant, so we use a high resistance R in series with it.

Section B
17. During charging or discharging there is a displacement current but no conduction current between plates of capacitor.

Page 9 of 17
18. We can think of the nail as so many charges in motion. In the bar's magnetic field, each charge in motion in the nail experiences a
magnetic force that alters its velocity but not speed. The total energy of the system (the nail) cannot change, since magnetic force
does no work. But because of changes in individual velocity directions, the velocity of the centre of mass can increase, obviously
at the expense of the nail's internal energy. Magnetic field provides force, while internal energy of the nail provides the increase in
internal energy of the nail as a whole.
19. i. Forward biased, because p-side is at higher potential (+7 V) than n-side (+ 5 V).
ii. Reverse biased, because the p-side is at lower potential (0V) than the n-side (+5 V).
iii. Reverse biased, because p-side is at lower potential (-10 V) than n-side (0 V).
iv. Forward biased, because p-side is at higher potential (- 5 V) than n-side (- 12 V).
20. Hydrogen nuclei (or protons) are much lighter than a-particles. So α -particles are not scattered by solid hydrogen. They pass
through solid hydrogen almost undeflected from their paths.
→ → → →
21. Consider any element dl of the wire. Force on this element is I dl × B⃗ . For each element dl there is another element − dl on the
current loop. Forces on each pair of such elements Cancel out. Hence net force on the coil in a uniform magnetic field is zero.

In Fig. n is a unit vector normal to the plane of the loop, directed outward. The angle between n and B is 90°. The magnitude of
the torque acting on the loop is
τ = N I BA sin θ

2 ∘
= 25 × 10 × 1.2 × π(0.06) × sin 90

= 3.4 Nm
This torque acts in the vertically upward direction producing a turning effect in the direction of the curved arrow. To prevent the
coil from turning, a balancing to torque τ = τ must be applied. ′

OR

2
μ Ir μ I
∣ ⃗ ∣ ∣ ⃗ ∣ 0 0
BP = BQ = =
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 3/2 4√2r
2 2
2(r + r )

The net magnetic field at O is

μ0 I μ0 I
⃗ ∣ ⃗ ∣ ∣ ⃗ ∣
|B| = BP + BQ = 2 =
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 4√2r 2√2r

Section C
22. Internal resistance usually means the electrical resistance inside batteries and power supplies that can limit the potential
difference that can be supplied to an external load
E E
∵ V = ( )R =
R+r 1+r/R

⇒ with the increase of R, V increases

Graph between terminal voltage(V) and Current (I)

When R = 4Ω and I = 1A.

Page 10 of 17
 We know that, terminal voltage, V = E - Ir.
⇒ V = IR = 4 = E - Ir

⇒ E - r = 4 ....(i)

When R = 9Ω and I = 0.5A, then

V = IR = 0.5 × 9 = E - 0.5r
⇒ E - 0 5r = 4.5 ...(ii)

On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

r = 1Ω and E = 5V

So from the above calculation, it was found that the internal resistance of the cell is 1 ohm and emf is 5 volt.

23.

Due to the diffusion of electrons and holes, from their majority to minority zone, a layer of positive and negative space charge
region on either side on the junction is formed. This is called the depletion region. The loss of electrons, from the n-region and the
gain of electrons by the p-region, cause a difference of potential across the junction formed. This tends to prevent the
further movement of charge carriers across the junction and is, therefore, termed as barrier potential.
24. Einstein's photoelectric equation,
K.E. of photo electron = incident energy of photons - Work function
or K.E. = hv - W0
or K.E. = hv - hv0
where v0 is called threshold frequency.
i. Threshold Frequency: For a given metal, there exists a certain minimum frequency of the incident radiation below which no
emission of photo electrons takes place. This frequency is called threshold frequency.
ii. Stopping Potential: It is that minimum negative potential given to anode in a photocell for which the photoelectric current
becomes zero. It is denoted by V0. It is independent of the intensity of the incident light.

25. i. The characteristic property of nuclear force that explains the constancy of binding energy per nucleon is the saturation or short
range nature of nuclear forces.
In heavy nuclei, nuclear size > a range of nuclear force.
ii. Using the formula for the radius of the nucleon, we have
1

R=R A 0
3

Let, m be the mass of a nucleon,

therefore,
density, ρ = mA
=
3 4
mA
=
4
m

4 1/3 3 3
πR A πR
π ( R0 A ) 0 0
3 3
3

Thus, we can see that density is constant and independent of mass number A.

Page 11 of 17
26. a.

b. 1

λlonge st
= R{
1

2
−
1

2
}= R
5

36
n n
f C

36
λ max =
5R
36
= m
7
5×1.1×10

= 6.5 × 10-7m
1 1 1
= R{ − }
λSmalle st 2 ∞2
2

R
=
4
4 4
λmm = = m
R 7
1.1×10

= 3.6 × 10-7m
27. Wavelength of yellow light in vacuum,
∘

λ= 6000 A
Wavelength of yellow light in air
∘
′ λ 6000
λ = = A
μ 1.0003

Let a thickness t of vacuum contain n waves and the same thickness t of air contain n + 1 waves.
Then n = = t

λ
t

∘
6000A
t 1.0003t
and n + 1 = ′
= ∘
λ
6000A

From the above two equations, we get

∘
t

∘
+1= 1.003t

0.0003
or t + 6000 A = 1.0003 t
6000A

∘
6000
or t = = 2 × 107 A = 2 mm.
0.0003

28. Length of the wire, l = 10 m

Falling speed of the wire, v = 5.0 m/s
Magnetic field strength, B = 0.3 × 10-4 wb m-2
a. the instantaneous value of Emf induced in the wire,
e = Blv
−4
= 0.3 × 10 × 5 × 10

= 1.5 × 10-3 V
b. Using Fleming's right-hand rule, it can be inferred that the direction of the induced emf is from West to East.
c. The eastern end of the wire is at a higher potential.
OR

Page 12 of 17
 Self-inductance of a coil is equal to the total magnetic flux linked with the coil, when unit current passes through it.
SI unit of self-inductance is Henry (H).
i. number of turns of the coil
ii. area of cross section and length (geometry)
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Electrons oscillating in a circuit give rise to radiowaves. A transmitting antenna radiates most effectively the radiowaves of
wavelength equal to the size of the antenna. The infrared waves incident on a substance set into oscillation all its electrons, atoms
and molecules. This increases the internal energy and hence the temperature of the substance.
(i) (d) v = v = v
g X m

Explanation: All electromagnetic waves travel in vacuum with the same speed.
(ii) (d) cathode rays
Explanation: Cathode rays (beam of electrons) get deflected in an electric field.
(iii) (b) ionization chamber
Explanation: γ -rays are detected by ionization chamber.
OR
(d) Option (i)
Explanation: Everybody at a temperature T > 0 K emits radiation in the infrared region.
(iv) (a) 1014 Hz
Explanation: Size of particle = λ = c

= 3 × 1014 Hz
10 −1

ν = c

λ
=
3× 10 cm s

−4
3× 10 cm

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

Coulomb's law states that the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion acting between two stationary point charges is given by
q1 q2
F= 1

4πε0 2
r

where F denotes the force between two charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r in free space, ε is a constant known as the
0

permittivity of free space. Free space is a vacuum and may be taken to be air practically. If free space is replaced by a medium,
then ε is replaced by (ε k) or (ε ε ) where k is known as dielectric constant or relative permittivity.
0 0 0 r

(i) (a) Nature of the medium between the two charges

Explanation: The proportionality constant k depends on the nature of the medium between the two charges.
(ii) (b) [ML-3T4A2]
Explanation: [ML-3T4A2]
(iii) (d) 9 × 109 N
Explanation: 9 × 109 N
(iv) (c) 2 μC
q1 q2
Explanation: F = 1

4πε0 2
d
9 2

(10 × 10-3) × 10 =
(9× 10 )× q
∴
2
(0.6)

or q2 = = 4 × 10-12
−1
10 ×0.36

9
9×10

or q = 2 × 10-6 C = 2 μC
OR
(d) Newton's law of gravitation
Explanation: Newton's law of gravitation
Section E

Page 13 of 17
31. i.

Magnification due to objective

′
h L h h
m0 = = (∵ tan β = = )
h f f L
0 0

Magnification due to eye piece when final image is formed at the near point
me = 1 + D

f
e

Total magnification
m = m0me
L D
m = (1 + )
f0 fe

ii. m = LD

fo fe

24×25 600
m =
2×6
=
12
= 50
Hence, the total magnification when the image is formed at infinity is 50.
OR
Propagation of Wavefront from a Point Source:
This principle is useful for determining the position of a given wavefront at any time in the future if we know its present position.
The principle may be stated in three parts as follows:
i. Every point on a given wavefront may be regarded as a source of new disturbance.
ii. The new disturbances from each point spread out in all directions with the velocity of light and are called the secondary
wavelets.
iii. The surface of tangency to the secondary wavelets in forward direction at any instant gives the new position of the wavefront
at that time.
Let us illustrate this principle by the following example:
Let AB shown in the fig. be the section of a wavefront in a homogeneous isotropic medium at t = 0. We have to find the
position of the wavefront at time t using Huygens' principle. Let v be the velocity of light in the given medium.
(a) Take the number of points 1, 2, 3, ... on the wavefront AB. These points are the sources of secondary wavelets.
(b) At time t the radius of these secondary wavelets is vt. Taking each point as centre, draw circles of radius vt.
(c) Draw a tangent A1B1 common to all these circles in the forward direction. This gives the position of new wavefront at the
required time t.

The Huygens' construction gives a backward wavefront also shown by dotted line A2B2 which is contrary to observation. The
difficulty is removed by assuming that the intensity of the spherical wavelets is not uniform in all directions; but varies
continuously from a maximum in the forward direction to a minimum of zero in the backward direction.
The directions which are normal to the wavefront are called rays, i.e., a ray is the direction in which the disturbance is propagated.
q
32. We have, for a point charge,V = ⋅
4πε0
1

Page 14 of 17
(i). At point (0, 0, z) :
Potential due to the charge (+q)
1 q
V+ = ⋅
4πε0 (z−a)

Potential due to the charge (~q)

1 (−q)
V− = ⋅
4πε0 (z+a)

Total Potential at (0 ,0, z) V=V+ + V-

q −1 1
= [ + ]
4πε0 z+a z−a

2qa
=
4π ε0 (z 2 − a2 )

At point (x, y, 0)
Potential due to the charge + q
1 q
V+ = ⋅
4πε0 2 2 2
√x + y +a

Potential due to the charge (- q)

1 −q
V− = ⋅
4πε0 2 2 2
√x + y +a

Total potential at (x, y, 0)

q
=
4πε0
(
1
−
1
) = 0 Hence total potential due to them at the given point will be zero.
2 2 2 2 2 2
√x + y +a √x + y +a

(ii). Work done = q[V1 - V2]

V1 =0 and V2 = 0
∴ Work done = 0

Where V1 and V2 are the total potential due to dipole at point (5, 0, 0) and (-7, 0, 0)
(iii). There would be no change This is because the electrostatic field is a conservative field.
(Alternatively: The work done, in moving a test charge between two given points is independent of the path taken ,it depends only
on initial and final value.)
−
→
(iv). The two given charges make an electric dipole of dipole moment p ⃗ = q ⋅ 2a
P.E. in the position of unstable equilibrium( θ=180o)(where p ⃗ and E⃗ are antiparallel to each other) = pEcos180 o
Cos180o=-1
Thus potential energy is= + pE = 2aqE
OR

a.

Since torque acting on dipole

⃗
τ ⃗ = p⃗ × E

τ ⃗ = pE sin θ ⋅ n
^

work done dω = τ . dθ
= pE sin θdθ

θ2 θ2

w = ∫ dw pE ∫ sin θdθ
θ1 θ1

θ2
w = pE[− cos θ]
θ1

= pE [cos θ1 − cos θ2 ]

Page 15 of 17
 if θ = 0, θ = θ
1 2

w = pE (1 - cosθ)
Conditions-
For stable equilibrium - When electric dipole is parallel to electric field.
For unstable equilibrium - Anti Parallel to electric field.
b. No.
Inside equipotential surface
33. i.

Working principle:
Step-down transformer is made up of two or more coil wound on the iron core of the transformer. It works on the principle of
magnetic induction between the coils. Whenever current in one coil changes an emf gets induced in the neighboring coil
(Principle of mutual induction)
Voltage across secondary
dϕ
Vs = es = -Ns dt

Voltage across primary

dϕ
Vp = ep = -Np dt

Vs Ns

Vp
=
Np
(here, Ns > Np)
In an ideal transformer
Power Input - Power output
Ip Vp = Is Vs
Vs Ns Ip
∴ = =
Vp Np Is

ii.

Input power, Pi = Ii × Vi = 15 × 100 = 1500 W

Power output, P0 = Pi × 90

100
= 1350 W
⇒ I0 V = 1350 W
1350
Output voltage, V0 = 3
V = 450 V
OR
Suppose resistance R, inductance L and capacitance C are connected in series and an alternating source of voltage V = V0 sin ωt

is applied across it. (fig. a) On account of being in series, the current (i) flowing through all of them is the same.

Page 16 of 17
Suppose the voltage across resistance R is VR, voltage across inductance L is VL and voltage across capacitance C is VC. The

voltage VR and current i are in the same phase, the voltage VL will lead the current by angle 90o while the voltage VC will lag

behind the current by angle 90o. Clearly VC and VL are in opposite directions, therefore their resultant potential difference = VC -
VL (if VC > VL).

Thus VR and (VC - VL) are mutually perpendicular and the phase difference between them is 90o. As applied voltage across the
circuit is V, the resultant of VR and (VC - VL) will also be V.
From fig.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−
V2 = V
2 2

R
2
+ (VC − VL ) ⇒ V = √V
2
R
+ (VC − VL ) ......(i)
But V = Ri , V = X i and V = X i .....(ii)
R C C L L

capacitance reactance and XL= ω L = inductive reactance

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
∴ V = √(Ri ) + (XC i − XL i)

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
∴ Impedance of circuit, Z = V

i
2
= √R + (XC − XL )
2

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 2
2 1
i.e., 2
Z = √R + (XC − XL )
2
= √R + (
ωC
− ωL)

Instantaneous current
V0 sin(ωt+ϕ)
I =
2
2 1
√R + ( −ωL)
ωC

Condition for resonance to occur in series LCR ac circuit:

For resonance, the current produced in the circuit and emf applied must always be in the same phase.
Phase difference (ϕ) in series LCR circuit is given by
XC − XL
tan ϕ =
R

For resonance ϕ = 0 ⇒ X C − XL = 0

or X = X C L

If ω is resonant frequency, then

r

and X = ω L L r

1 1
∴ = ωr L ⇒ ωr =
ωr C √LC

Power factor is the cosine of phase angle ϕ, i.e., cos ϕ = R/Z.

For maximum power cos ϕ = 1 or Z = R
i.e., circuit is purely resistive.
For minimum power cos ϕ = 0 or R = 0
i.e., circuit should be free from ohmic resistance.

Page 17 of 17