Chapter 3

Applications of First- Order Differential equations

Lecture No. 5

✓ 3.1 Population Growth and Decay

✓ 3.2 Newton’s Law of cooling
✓ 3.3 Free- Falling Bodies

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Differential Equations BSI-231
Population Growth and Decay
Malthus Model
let 𝑦(𝑡) be the fish population size (in tons) at time 𝑡 (years)
and suppose that the population has birth rate 𝑏𝑦(𝑡) and mortality
rate 𝑚𝑦(𝑡) where we are assuming that these rates are proportional to
𝑦(𝑡). If there are no other factors affecting the rate of change in the
population, 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡, then
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑚𝑦 = 𝑏 − 𝑚 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑡
Where 𝑘 = 𝑏 − 𝑚 > 0. If 𝑦 0 = 𝑦0 is the initial population size,
then we find 𝑦 𝑡 by solving the initial- value problem.
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Population Growth and Decay
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑦, 𝑦 0 = 𝑦0
𝑑𝑡
This is known as Malthus model.
1
Differential equation can be written as 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘𝑦 𝑑𝑡 , Integrating each side with
𝑦
respect to indicated variables.
𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶1 , 𝐶1 is the constant of integration. Or
𝑒 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝐶1 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑒 𝐶1 , 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 , here we replace the constant 𝑒 𝐶1 with
constant 𝐶.𝑘𝑡Because 𝑦(𝑡) represents the population size 𝑦(𝑡) ≥ 0, ∀ t. Therefore
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐶𝑒 .
Applying the initial condition we find that 𝑦𝑘𝑡0 = 𝑦0 = 𝐶. Putting the value of 𝐶 =
𝑦0 in a general solution we get 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑦0 𝑒 which is the solution to the initial-
value problem.

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Differential Equations BSI-231
Population Growth and Decay
Example 4
The population of the United States was recorded as 5.3 million in
1800.Use the Malthus model to approximate the population for years
after 1800 if 𝑘 = 0.03. Compare these result with actual population. Is
this a good approximation for years after 1800?
Solution In this example 𝑘 = 0.03, 𝑦0 = 5.3 and our model for
population of the United State at time 𝑡 (where 𝑡 is the number of
years from 1800) is 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑦0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = 5.3𝑒 0.03𝑡 .
To compare this model with the actual population of the United State ,
census figures for the population of the United States for various years
are listed in table along with the corresponding values of 𝑦(𝑡).
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Population Growth and Decay

Years(t) Actual Value of Years(t) Actual Value of

Population 𝑦 𝑡 = Population 𝑦 𝑡 =
(in 5.3𝑒 0.03𝑡 (in 5.3𝑒 0.03𝑡
millions) millions)

1800(0) 5.30 5.30 1870(70) 38.56 43.28

1810(10) 7.24 7.15 1880(80) 50.19 58.42

1820(20) 9.64 9.66 1890(90) 62.98 78.86

1830(30) 12.68 13.04 1900(100) 76.21 106.45

1840(40) 17.06 17.60 1910(110) 92.23 143.70

1850(50) 23.19 23.75 1920(120) 106.02 193.97

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1860(60) 31.44 32.06 1930(130) 123.20
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Differential Equations BSI-231
Population Growth and Decay
Although the model appears to approximate the data for several
years after 1800, the accuracy of the approximation diminishes over
time because the population of the United States does not exclusively
increases at a rate proportional to the population.
Logistic Equation
Because the approximation obtained with the Malthus model is less
than the desirable in the previous example, we see that another model
is needed. The logistic equation is y(t ) = (r − ay (t )) y (t )
where 𝑟 and 𝑎 are constants, subject to the condition 𝑦 0 = 𝑦0 .

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Population Growth and Decay
Here, we solve the logistic equation as separable equation.
Separating variables we get
1 A B
dy
= dt . Let ( r − ay ) y
=
( r − ay )
+
y
,  1 = Ay + B ( r − ay )
( r − ay ) y
a 1
( r
( r − ay )
+ r ) dy = dt
y
. So,
1 1
( − ln r − ay ) + (ln y ) = t + c1
r r
 ( − ln r − ay ) + (ln y ) = rt + c
y y
 ln = rt + c,  = e rt + c = e rt e c = Ke rt
r − ay r − ay

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Population Growth and Decay

(1 + aKe rt ) y = rKe rt
rKe rt
y=
(1 + aKe rt )
1 (1 + aKe rt ) 1 a 1 1 1 1 1 1 + aKe rt 1 1 − rt
 = rt
= rt
+ = ( rt + a) = ( rt + a) = ( rt
) = ( e + a)
y rKe rKe r r Ke r Ke r Ke r K

1 − rt
. y = r ( e + a ) −1
K
.

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Population Growth and Decay
Applying given conditions we get
1 K
y0 = r ( .1 + a ) −1= r
K 1 + aK
 y0 (1 + aK ) = rK
 ( ay0 − r ) K = − y0
y0
 K =
( r − ay0 )

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Population Growth and Decay
y0
Putting the value of K =
( r − ay0 )

1 − rt −1 (r − ay0 ) − rt
 y = r ( e + a) = r ( e + a ) −1
K y0
r
= r (( − a )e − rt + a ) −1
y0
(r − ay0 )e − rt + ay0 −1
= r[ ]
y0
ry0
=
(r − ay0 )e − rt + ay0
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.

Population Growth and Decay

𝑟
lim 𝑦(𝑡)= .
𝑡→∞ 𝑎
This makes the solution to the logistic equation different from that of
the Malthus model in that the solution to the logistic equation
approaches a finite nonzero limit as t →  while that of the Malthus
model approaches either infinity or zero as t →  .

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Population Growth and Decay
Example 5
Use the logistic equation to approximate the population of the United
States using r = 0.03, a = 0.0001 and y = 5.3 .
0

Compare this result with the actual census values given in table. Use
the model obtained to predict the population of the United States in
the year 2010.

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Population Growth and Decay
Solution We substitute the indicated values of r = 0.03, a = 0.0001 and y = 5.3 0

into the general solution of the logistic equation y(t) = ay + (rry− ay )e to obtain 0
0

0
− rt

the approximation of the population of the United States at time t

where t represents the number of the years since 800.
0.03(5.3) 0.159
y (t ) = −0.03t
=
0.0001(5.3) + (0.03 − 0.0001(5.3))e 0.00053 + 0.02947e −0.03t

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Population Growth and Decay
We compare the approximation of the population of the United States
given by the approximation with the actual population y (t ) obtained
from census figures.
Note that this model appears to approximate the population more
closely over a longer period of time than the Malthus model did
(Example 4).
And
0.159
y (2010) = −0.03(2010)
 300
0.00053 + 0.02947e

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Population Growth and Decay
Years(t) Actual Value of Years(t) Actual Value of
Population 𝑦 𝑡 Population (in 𝑦 𝑡
(in millions) millions)
1800(0) 5.30 5.30 1900(100) 76.21 79.61

1810(10) 7.24 7.11 1910(110) 92.23 98.33

1820(20) 9.64 9.52 1920(120) 106.02 119.08

1830(30) 12.68 12.71 1930(130) 123.20 141.14

1840(40) 17.06 16.90 1940(140) 132.16 163.59

1850(50) 23.19 22.38 1950(150) 151.33 185.45

1860(60) 31.44 29.44 1960(160) 179.32 205.82

1870(70) 38.56 38.42 1970(170) 203.30 224.05

1880(80) 50.19 49.63 1980(180) 226.54 239.78

1890(90) 62.98 63.33 1990(190) 248.71 252.94

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Population Growth and Decay
Exercises 3.1
1. Suppose that a culture of bacteria has initial population of 𝑛 =
100. If the population doubles every three days, determine the number
of bacteria present after 30 days. How much time is required for the
population to reach 4250 in number?

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Population Growth and Decay
Solution Let 𝑦(𝑡) be the population, therefore at 𝑡 = 0 the initial
population size is 𝑦 0 = 𝑦0 = 100 . According to the given condition
we have 𝑦 3 = 2𝑦0 = 2 100 = 200. So
dy
= ky, y 0 = y0 = 100
dt
As we know that a general solution of the differential equation is
y(t) = Cekt where 𝐶 is constant which is to be determine. Applying
the initial condition y 0 = 100 we get C = 100. Therefore y t =
100ekt but y 3 = 200. So y 3 = 100e3k = 200 or 100𝑒 𝑘3 = 200 or
1
𝑒 3𝑘 = 2 or 𝑒 𝑘 = 23 .
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Population Growth and Decay
𝑡
Therefore we have 𝑦 𝑡 = 100(2 ). When 𝑡 = 30 we obtain 𝑦 30 =
3
30
100(2 3 ) = 3200 32 = 102400. Hence after 30 days the number of
bacteria will be 102400.
𝑡
Note: lim 𝑦 𝑡 = 100 lim 2 = ∞.3
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞

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Population Growth and Decay
6. Suppose that the population of a small town is initially 5000.
Due to construction of an interstate highway, the population doubles
over the next year. If the rate of growth is proportional to the current
population, when will the population reach 25,000 ? What is the
population after five years?
Solution Let 𝑦(𝑡) be the population size at time 𝑡 (years) at 𝑡 = 0
the initial population size is 𝑦 0 = 5,000 and 𝑦 1 = 2𝑦 0 =
2 5000 = 10000. We have
𝑑𝑦
= ky, y 0 = 5,000
𝑑𝑡
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Differential Equations BSI-231
Population Growth and Decay
A general solution of the differential equation is 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 where 𝐶
is constant which is to be determine. Applying the initial condition
𝑦 0 = 5000 we get 𝐶 = 5000. Therefore 𝑡 = 5000𝑒 𝑘𝑡 . As 𝑦 1 =
10000. So 𝑦 1 = 10000 = 5000𝑒 𝑘 or 𝑒 𝑘 = 2.
Therefore 𝑦 𝑡 = 5000(2𝑡 ). Now we find time 𝑡 when population
reach 25000, so 𝑦(𝑡) = 25000 . Above equation becomes 25000 =
𝑡 𝑡 ln 5000
5000(2 ) or 2 = 5000 or 𝑡 = .
ln 2
Now after 5 years , 𝑦 5 = 5000 25 = 160,000. After five years
population will be 160,000.

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Population Growth and Decay
8. Suppose that the rabbit population on a small island grows at a
rate proportional to the number of rabbis present. If this population
double after 100 days, when does the population triple?
Solution Let 𝑦(𝑡) be the population size at time 𝑡 (𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) at 𝑡 = 0,
𝑦 0 = 𝑦0 We have
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑦, 𝑦 0 = 𝑦0
𝑑𝑡
The solution of the initial- value problem is y 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 . After 100
days , 𝑦 100 = 2𝑦0 . So,
1
𝑦 100 = 𝑦0 𝑒 100𝑘 = 2𝑦0 or 𝑒 𝑘 = 2 100 .
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Population Growth and Decay
𝑡
From solution of IVP 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑦0 (2 ). 100

When population becomes triple , 𝑦 𝑡 = 3𝑦0 .

𝑡
𝑡 ln 3
So, 3𝑦0 = 𝑦0 (2 ) gives
100 = = 1.58506 and t = 00 1.5851 =
100 ln 2
158 days.
Note: lim 𝑦 𝑡 = ∞ .
𝑡→∞

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Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
First order linear differential equations can be used to solve a variety of
the problems that involve temperature.
For example a medical examiner can find the time of death in a
homicide case, a chemist can determine the time required for a plastic
mixture to cool to a hardening temperature, and a engineer can design
the cooling and hasting system of manufacturing facility.
Although distinct, each of problems depends on a basic principle,
Newton’s law of cooling, which is used to develop the differential
equation associated with each problem.

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Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
Newton’s Law of Cooling
The rate at which the temperature 𝑇(𝑡) changes in a cooling body is
proportional to the difference between the temperature of the body and the
constant temperature 𝑇𝑠 of the surrounding medium.
This situation is represented as the first order initial – value problem
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 , 𝑇 0 = 𝑇0 ,
𝑑𝑡
where 𝑇0 is the initial temperature of the body and 𝑘 is the constant of
proportionality.
𝑑𝑇
The equation = 𝑘 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 is separable, and separating variables gives us
𝑑𝑡
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Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
𝑑𝑇
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡,
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠
Integrating with respect to indicated variables we get
𝑙𝑛 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶.
Using the properties of natural logarithms and simplifying yields
𝑇(𝑡) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑇𝑠 ,
Where 𝐶1=𝑒 𝑐 . Applying the initial condition implies that
𝑇 0 = 𝑇0 = 𝐶1 + 𝑇𝑠 , so = 𝐶1 = 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠 .

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Differential Equations BSI-231
Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
Therefore the solution of the equation is
𝑇(𝑡) = (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠 )𝑒 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑇𝑠 ,
Notice that if 𝑘 < 0,
then
lim 𝑇 𝑡 = lim 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑇𝑠 = 𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠 lim 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 + lim 𝑇𝑠 =
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞
𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠 . 0 + 𝑇𝑠 =0+𝑇𝑠 = 𝑇𝑠 .
So the temperature of the body approaches that of its surroundings.

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Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
To better understand the model suppose that 𝑘 < 0 if 𝑇 > 𝑇𝑠 , so
𝑑𝑇
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 > 0 then = 𝑘 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 < 0,
𝑑𝑡
So, 𝑇(𝑡) is decreasing function,
𝑑𝑇
similarly if 𝑇 < 𝑇𝑠 , so 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 < 0 then = 𝑘 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 > 0,
𝑑𝑡
so 𝑇(𝑡) is increasing function.
Therefore object cool off if surrounding temperature is greater than the
object’s temperature, whereas it warms up if the temperature of the
surrounding is warmer than the object ‘s temperature.

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Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
Example 1
A pie is removed from a 350𝑜 𝐹 oven and placed to cool in a room with
temperature 75𝑜 𝐹 . In 15 min, the pie has a temperature of 150𝑜 𝐹 .
Determine the time required to cool the pie to a temperature of 80𝑜 𝐹.
Solution In this example 𝑇0 = 350 and 𝑇𝑠 = 75. Substituting these
values into the solution of the equation 𝑇(𝑡) = (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑠 )𝑒 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑇𝑠 , we
obtain 𝑇(𝑡) = 275𝑒 𝑘𝑡 + 75. To solve the problem we must solve for 𝑘
or 𝑒 𝑘 .
We know that 𝑇 15 = 150
So 𝑇 15 = 275𝑒 15𝑡 + 75 = 150.
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Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
Solving this equation for 𝑒 𝑘 gives us
3 1
𝑒𝑘 = ( )15 .
11
3 𝑡
Thus 𝑇 𝑡 = 275( )15 + 75.
11
To find the value of 𝑡 for which 𝑇 𝑡 = 80, we solve the equation
3 𝑡
𝑇 𝑡 = 80 = 275( )15 + 75 for 𝑡.
11

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Differential Equations BSI-231
 Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
3 𝑡
5 = 275( )15
11
3 𝑡 1
( )15 =
11 55
𝑡 3 1
ln = ln( )
15 11 55
𝑡 3
ln = −ln(55)
15 11
−15𝑙𝑛55
So, 𝑡 = ≈ 46.264
𝑙𝑛3−𝑙𝑛11
Thus, the pie will reach a temperature of 80𝑜 𝐹 after about 46 minutes.
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Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
An interesting problem associated with this example is to determine if
the pie ever reaches room temperature. From the formula
3 𝑡
𝑇 𝑡 = 275( )15 + 75
11
3 𝑡
We note that 275( )15 >0
11
So, 𝑇 𝑡 > 75.
Therefore, the pie never actually reaches room temperature according
to our model.

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Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
In each of the previous cases, the temperature of the surroundings was
assumed to be constant. However this does not have to be the case.
For example, determine the temperature inside a building over the span of a
24 − hour day is more complicated because the outside temperature varies.
If we assume that a building has no heating or air conditioning system, the
DE that needs to solved to find the temperature 𝑢(𝑡) at time 𝑡 inside the
building is
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑘 𝐶(𝑡) − 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
Where 𝐶(𝑡)is a function that describes the outside temperature and 𝑘 > 0 is
a constant that depends on the insulation of the building
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Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
𝑑𝑢
According to this equation , if 𝐶 𝑡 > 𝑢(𝑡) then > 0, which implies
𝑑𝑡
that 𝑢 increases.
𝑑𝑢
However, if 𝐶 𝑡 < 𝑢(𝑡), then < 0, which means that 𝑢 decreases.
𝑑𝑡

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Differential Equations BSI-231
Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
Example 3
Suppose that during the month of April in Atlanta, Georgia, the outside
t
temperature in F is given by
0
C (t ) = 70 − 10 cos( ), 0  t  24. (This implies
12
that the average value of C (t ) is 70 F . Determine the temperature in a
o

1
building that has an initial temperature of 60 F if o k =
4.

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Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
Solution The initial- value problem that we must solve is
du t 
= k (70 − 10 cos − u) 
dt 12 
u(0) = 60 

The differential equation is linear and its integrating factor is
1
 (t ) = e  = e kt = e
kdt t
4
t
1  t t

Therefore solution is u (t )e 4 =  (70 − 10 cos )e 4 dt + C1

4 12

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Differential Equations BSI-231
Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
Or
t
1 t
1  t t t
10
u (t )e =  (70e 4 )dt −  10 cos( )e 4 dt + C1 = 70e 4 − I + C1
4
4 4 12 4
t t

Where I =  cos(12 )e dt 4

and by using integration by part technique we get

9  t 4  t 4t
I= (4 cos( ) + sin( ))e
9+ 2
12 3 12

Therefore
10 9 t 4 t −t
u (t ) = 70 − (4 cos( ) + sin( )) + C e 4
4 9+ 2
1
12 3 12
Atta UR Rehman Department Of Basic Sciences and Islamiat
3/11/2025 University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 36
Differential Equations BSI-231
Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
10 t 7 t −t
Or u (t ) =
9+ 2
(63 + 7 − 9 cos
2

12
+ 3 sin
12
) + C1e 4

Applying the initial condition to determine the arbitrary constant and

Solving for arbitrary constant we get C = 910+ .
2

1 2

Therefore the initial- value problem is

10 t 7 t 10 2 −4t
u (t ) = (63 + 7 − 9 cos
2
+ 3 sin )+ e
9+ 2 12 12 9 + 2
We see that the temperature reaches its maximum (approximately 72 F ) o

Near t  15.5 hours, which corresponds to 3:30 P.M.

Atta UR Rehman Department Of Basic Sciences and Islamiat

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Differential Equations BSI-231
Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
Chapter 3 Review Exercises
11. A bottle that contains water with a temperature of 40 F is placed o

on a tennis court with temperature 90o F . After 20minutes, the water

is 65o F . What is the water’s temperature after 30min?
Solution Initial temperature = T (0) = T0 = 40o F
and constant temperature of the surrounding medium= Ts = 90o F and
T (20) = 65o F

We have initial value problem dT 

= k (T − 90) 
dt 
T (0) = 40o 

Atta UR Rehman Department Of Basic Sciences and Islamiat
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Differential Equations BSI-231
Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
The differential equation is first- order DE, separating variables and
integrating with respect to indicated variables we obtain
1
 T − 90 dT =  kdt + C1
Or
ln(T − 90) = kt + C1

 (T − 90) = e kt +C1 = e kt eC1 = C2e kt

T = 90 + C2 e kt

Applying initial condition and solving for arbitrary constant we obtain

C2 = −50
Atta UR Rehman Department Of Basic Sciences and Islamiat
3/11/2025 University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 39
Differential Equations BSI-231
Newton’s Law of Cooling and Related Problems
Therefore solution of initial value problem is
T = 90 − 50e kt

According to given condition T (20) = 65 so, 65 = 90 − 50e . Solving for 20 k

ek we
get 1
1 20
e k
=( )
2
1 20t
We have T = 90 − 50( )
2
30
1
Hence, T (30) = 90 − 50( ) 20  72.3o F .
2

Atta UR Rehman Department Of Basic Sciences and Islamiat

3/11/2025 University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 40
Differential Equations BSI-231
Free- Falling Bodies
The motion of some objects can be determined through the solution of
a first-order equation.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
The rate at which the momentum of a body changes with respect to
time is equal to the resultant force acting on the body.
The body momentum is defined as the product of its mass and velocity
so this statement is modeled as
d
mv = F
dt
Where m and v represent the body’s mass and velocity respectively
Atta UR Rehman Department Of Basic Sciences and Islamiat
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Differential Equations BSI-231
Free- Falling Bodies
And F is the sum of the forces acting on the body.
If the body is subjected to the force due to gravity
d
m v = mg
dt
This DE is applicable only when the resistive force due to the medium
such as air resistance is ignored. If this offsetting resistance is
considered , we must discuss all the forces acting on the object.
Mathematically, we write the equation as
d
m v =  ( forces acting on the object )
dt

Atta UR Rehman Department Of Basic Sciences and Islamiat

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Differential Equations BSI-231
Free- Falling Bodies
where the direction of motion is taken to be the positive direction. Air
resistance acts against the object as it fall and g acts in the same
direction. So
d
m v = mg − FR
dt

Where FR represents this resistive force. The air resistance force

typically proportional to the body’s velocity v or a power of its
velocity. Hence, the DE is linear or nonlinear based on the resistance of
the medium taken into account.

Atta UR Rehman Department Of Basic Sciences and Islamiat

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Differential Equations BSI-231
Free- Falling Bodies
Exercises 3.3
1. A rock that weights 32 lb is dropped from rest from the edge of a
cliff. (a) Find the velocity of the rock at time t if the air resistance is
equivalent to the instantaneous velocity v (b) What is the velocity of
the rock at t = 2 sec?
w 32
Solution We have w = 32 lb and g = 32 ft / sec so, g = 32 = 1 and F = v .
m = 2
R

dv
(a) The formula m = mg − FR then gives us
dt
dv
= 32 g − v
dt
Atta UR Rehman Department Of Basic Sciences and Islamiat
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Differential Equations BSI-231
Free- Falling Bodies
and imposing the initial condition v(0) = 0 yield the initial- value problem

dv 
+ v = 32, 
dt 
v(0) = 0 


The general solution of DE is v(t ) e  =  32.e  dt + C

dt dt

v (t ) et = 32  et dt + C = 32 et + C
 v (t ) = 32 + C e − t
Atta UR Rehman Department Of Basic Sciences and Islamiat
3/11/2025 University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 45
Differential Equations BSI-231
Free- Falling Bodies
Therefore v(t ) = 32 + C e − t
Applying the initial condition we get
v (0) = 32 + C.1 = 0  C = −32
Therefore solution of the initial- value problem is
v(t ) = 32 − 32 e − t

(b) Putting t = 2 in the solution of the initial- value problem

v(2) = 32 − 32 e −2  27.67 ft / sec

Atta UR Rehman Department Of Basic Sciences and Islamiat

3/11/2025 University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 46
Differential Equations BSI-231
Free- Falling Bodies
13. Assuming that air resistance is ignored, find the velocity and
height function s of an object with mass m is thrown vertically up
into the air with an initial velocity v0 from an initial height s 0

Solution Air resistance is ignored so FR = 0 and initial velocity v(0) = v0

and initial height s(t ) = s0 and v(t ) = ?, s(t ) = ?
We know that
dv
m = mg − FR
dt

putting values we get

dv
= −g (by opposite direction)
dt
Atta UR Rehman Department Of Basic Sciences and Islamiat
3/11/2025 University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 47
Differential Equations BSI-231
Free- Falling Bodies
Integrating with respect to independent variable we obtain
v(t ) = − gt + c1
Applying initial condition we get
v(0) = 0 + c1 = v0 , c1 = v0

So, v(t ) = − gt + v0
We ca write as
ds
v(t ) = = − gt + v0
dt
1 2
Integrating with respect to t we get s (t ) = −
2
gt + v0t + c2

Atta UR Rehman Department Of Basic Sciences and Islamiat

3/11/2025 University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 48
Differential Equations BSI-231
 Free- Falling Bodies
Application of initial s (0) = s 0 we get
s (0) = 0 + 0 + c2 = s0
 c2 = s0
Hence
1 2
s (t ) = − gt + v0t + s0 .
2

Atta UR Rehman Department Of Basic Sciences and Islamiat

3/11/2025 University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar 49
Differential Equations BSI-231