wild2006rmjm -- The fundamental theorem of projective geometry for an arbitrary length two module --
wild2006rmjm -- The fundamental theorem of projective geometry for an arbitrary length two module --
JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS
Volume 36, Number 6, 2006
MARCEL WILD
Received by the editors on January 23, 2004, and in revised form on June 1,
2004.
c
Copyright 2006 Rocky Mountain Mathematics Consortium
2075
2076 M. WILD
By Schur’s lemma End (U1 ) = Aut (U1 )∪{0} is a division ring. Thus, if
|End (U1 )| < ∞, then Wedderburn’s theorem yields End (U1 ) GF (q)
where the latter is the Galois field of cardinality q (= power of a prime).
Summarizing, either n = ∞ or q − 1 = n − 2. So n = q + 1.
∼
then End (U1 ) GF (4). So suppose n ≥ 5 and let F : L(V ) → L(V )
be any fixed lattice isomorphism such that F (Ui ) = Ui , 1 ≤ i ≤ 3,
F (Ui ) = Ui , 4 ≤ i ≤ n. Such an F exists because n ≥ 5. (Recall
that for the very special case of a two-dimensional vector space V over
a commutative division ring this F does the job due to Theorem 2.)
∼
Suppose f : V → V is a module isomorphism that induces F . We want
to derive a contradiction. According to (1) we have
(4) U3 = {u + φ(u) | u ∈ U1 }
∼
for some unique isomorphism φ : U1 → U2 . Because by assumption
f (U1 ) = U1 , we have
(8) {u + φ ◦ ψ(u) | u ∈ U1 } = Uj
(8)
f (Uj ) = {f (u) + f ◦ φ ◦ ψ(u) | u ∈ U1 }
(7)
= {f (u) + φ ◦ f ◦ ψ(u) | u ∈ U1 }
(8)
= {f (u) + φ ◦ ψ ◦ f (u) | u ∈ U1 } = Uj
U3 = {u + φ(u)| u ∈ U1 }
U4 = {u + φ ◦ ψ(u)| u ∈ U1 }
∼
where φ : U1 → U2 is a unique isomorphism. Since the symmetric
group of degree 4 is generated by 2-cycles, it suffices to show that the
∼
lattice isomorphisms L(V ) → L(V ) determined by the permutation
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lattice, Comm. Algebra 33 (2005), 2649 2661.