Back-End Web Development & Software Development

Q1: What is a RESTful API, and why is it important?

A RESTful API is an interface that uses HTTP requests for communication between a client and
a server.

● It supports operations like GET (read data), POST (create data), PUT (update data), and
DELETE (remove data).
● It is stateless, meaning the server doesn’t remember the client’s previous requests.

RESTful APIs are important because they are simple, scalable, and widely used in modern web
applications.

Q2: How do you handle errors in a web application?

Error handling is essential for a smooth user experience. Key practices include:

1. Logging errors for developers to debug later.

2. Showing user-friendly error messages instead of technical details.
3. Using HTTP status codes like 404 (Not Found) or 500 (Server Error) to indicate specific
issues.

For example, if a user visits a wrong URL, the application should show a "Page Not Found"
message.

Q3: How do you ensure security in a web application?

To secure a web application:

● Use HTTPS to encrypt communication between the client and server.

● Implement authentication (e.g., passwords, tokens) and authorization (user roles).
● Validate and sanitize user inputs to prevent SQL injection or XSS attacks.
● Regularly update software and dependencies to avoid vulnerabilities.

Q4: What are some common challenges in back-end development?

1. Scalability: Ensuring the application can handle a growing number of users.

2. Performance: Optimizing database queries and reducing server response time.
3. Security: Protecting data from attacks like SQL injection or DDoS.
4. Integration: Making APIs work smoothly with external systems.
Q5: Explain the back-end development process for a typical web
application.

The back-end development process involves creating the server-side logic and infrastructure to
support the application. The key steps include:

1. Requirement Analysis: Understand what the application needs, such as features, data
handling, and user roles.
2. Database Design: Create a database structure to store and manage data, like tables for
users or products.
3. Server-Side Logic: Write code to handle tasks like user authentication, data processing,
and business rules using server-side frameworks (e.g., .NET Core).
4. API Development: Build RESTful APIs for communication between the client (frontend)
and the server.
5. Security Implementation: Add measures like encryption and user authentication to
protect data.
6. Testing and Deployment: Test the application for bugs and deploy it to a server for
users to access.

Q6: How do you design a RESTful API? Can you explain its components?

Designing a RESTful API involves defining endpoints and HTTP methods to allow
communication between the client and the server. The components are:

1. Endpoints: URLs that represent resources (e.g., /users or /products).

2. HTTP Methods: Actions like:
○ GET: Retrieve data.
○ POST: Create new data.
○ PUT: Update existing data.
○ DELETE: Remove data.
3. Request and Response:
○ Request: Contains data sent by the client, like parameters or JSON body.
○ Response: Contains data returned by the server, often in JSON format.
4. Status Codes: Indicate the result of the request, e.g., 200 (OK), 404 (Not Found),

Q7: How do you ensure secure communication between the client and the
server?

Secure communication can be ensured by implementing these practices:

1. Use HTTPS: Encrypts the data exchanged between the client and server.
2. Authentication: Require users to log in with secure credentials (e.g., tokens or OAuth).
3. Authorization: Ensure users can only access what they are allowed to.
 4. Input Validation: Prevent malicious inputs that could lead to attacks like SQL injection
or XSS.
5. Use Secure Cookies: Store session data securely with flags like HttpOnly and
Secure.

Best Practice

Q1: What are the best practices for writing clean and maintainable code?

1. Follow Naming Conventions: Use clear and consistent names for variables, functions,
and classes (e.g., getUserData instead of gud).
2. Write Modular Code: Break down your code into smaller, reusable functions or classes.
3. Comment and Document: Add comments to explain complex logic and maintain good
documentation.
4. Use Version Control: Track changes using Git or similar tools.
5. Test Your Code: Write unit tests to ensure your code works as expected.
6. Avoid Hardcoding: Use constants or configurations instead of hardcoded values.

Q2: What are the best practices for database design?

1. Normalize the Data: Avoid duplicate data by using normalization techniques.

2. Use Indexing: Add indexes to frequently searched columns for faster queries.
3. Choose Appropriate Data Types: Use data types that match the stored values (e.g.,
INT for numbers, VARCHAR for text).
4. Secure the Database: Use roles, permissions, and encryption to protect sensitive data.
5. Backup Regularly: Schedule regular backups to avoid data loss.

Q3: What are the best practices for API development?

1. Use Consistent Naming: Use clear and predictable names for endpoints (e.g., /users,
/orders).
2. Use Proper HTTP Status Codes: Return appropriate codes like 200 (Success), 400
(Bad Request), and 500 (Server Error).
3. Document the API: Use tools like Swagger to provide documentation for other
developers.
4. Version Your API: Include versioning in your API endpoints (e.g., /api/v1/).
5. Secure the API: Use authentication (e.g., OAuth) and HTTPS.
6. Rate Limiting: Prevent abuse by limiting the number of requests from a client in a given
time.
Q4: What are the best practices for web application security?

1. Use HTTPS: Encrypt data during transmission.

2. Validate User Input: Prevent SQL injection and XSS attacks by sanitizing inputs.
3. Implement Authentication and Authorization: Verify users and control their access.
4. Keep Software Updated: Regularly update frameworks, libraries, and dependencies.
5. Limit Sensitive Data Exposure: Do not store unnecessary data, and encrypt critical
information.

AD0 .NET

Q1: What is ADO.NET, and what are its main components?

ADO.NET is a .NET framework technology used for data access and manipulation.
Main Components:

1. Connection: Connects to the database.

2. Command: Executes SQL queries or commands.
3. DataReader: Fast, forward-only data retrieval.
4. DataSet: Disconnected, in-memory data storage.
5. DataAdapter: Bridges DataSet and the database.

Q2: What is the difference between DataSet and DataReader?

● DataSet:
○ Disconnected, works with multiple tables.
○ Slower but suitable for in-memory data manipulation.
● DataReader:
○ Connected, forward-only, read-only.
○ Faster and suitable for large datasets.

Q3: What is the purpose of Connection Pooling?

Connection pooling reuses existing database connections, reducing the overhead of opening
and closing connections.
Benefits:

1. Improves performance. 2. Efficient resource usage.

Q4: How do you execute queries in ADO.NET?

Use methods like:

1. ExecuteNonQuery: For INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

 2. ExecuteScalar: For retrieving a single value.
3. ExecuteReader: For reading multiple rows using DataReader.

Q5: What are the differences between ExecuteNonQuery, ExecuteScalar,

and ExecuteReader?

1. ExecuteNonQuery: Executes queries that don't return rows (e.g., INSERT, UPDATE).
2. ExecuteScalar: Returns a single value (e.g., COUNT, SUM).
3. ExecuteReader: Reads rows from the database (e.g., SELECT).

Q6: What is the role of DataAdapter in ADO.NET?

The DataAdapter acts as a bridge between the database and DataSet.

Functions:

1. Fills DataSet with data using Fill().

2. Updates the database using Update().

Q7: What is the difference between SqlConnection and OleDbConnection?

● SqlConnection: Optimized for SQL Server.

● OleDbConnection: Generic, supports multiple databases.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Q1: What are the principles of OOP, and how do you implement them in C#?

The four principles of OOP are:

1. Encapsulation: Hiding the internal state and requiring all interactions to be performed
through methods.

Implementation in C#:
public class BankAccount
{
private double balance; // Hidden data

public void Deposit(double amount) // Public method for access

{
 balance += amount;
}

public double GetBalance() // Controlled access

{
return balance;
}
}

2. Inheritance: Allowing a class to inherit fields and methods from another class.

Implementation in C#:
public class Animal
{
public void Speak() => Console.WriteLine("Animal speaks");
}

public class Dog : Animal

{
public void Bark() => Console.WriteLine("Dog barks");
}

3. Polymorphism: Using a single interface to represent different types.

Implementation in C#:
public class Shape
{
public virtual void Draw() => Console.WriteLine("Drawing a
shape");
}

public class Circle : Shape

{
public override void Draw() => Console.WriteLine("Drawing a
circle");
}

4. Abstraction: Hiding implementation details and showing only the functionality.

Implementation in C#:
public abstract class Vehicle
{
public abstract void Drive(); // Abstract method
}

public class Car : Vehicle

{
public override void Drive() => Console.WriteLine("Driving a
car");
}

Q2: Can you explain polymorphism with an example?

Polymorphism allows methods to take different forms depending on the context.

Types of Polymorphism:

Compile-time (Method Overloading):

public class Calculator
{
public int Add(int a, int b) => a + b;
public double Add(double a, double b) => a + b; // Same method
name, different parameters
}
Run-time (Method Overriding):
public class Animal
{
public virtual void Speak() => Console.WriteLine("Animal speaks");
}

public class Dog : Animal

{
public override void Speak() => Console.WriteLine("Dog barks");
}

public static void Main()

{
Animal animal = new Dog();
animal.Speak(); // Outputs: Dog barks
}
Q3: What’s the difference between abstraction and encapsulation?
Aspect Abstraction Encapsulation

Definition Hides implementation details, Restricts access to internal details

showing only the functionality. using access modifiers.

Focus Focuses on "what" an object does. Focuses on "how" an object’s data

is secured.

Implementation Achieved using abstract classes or Achieved using private fields and
interfaces. public methods.

public abstract class Animal

{
public abstract void Speak(); // Abstract method
}

public class Person

{
private string name; // Encapsulation

public string GetName() => name;

public void SetName(string value) => name = value;
}

Q4: What is the difference between a class and an object?

Aspect Class Object

Definition Blueprint for creating objects. Instance of a class.

Memory No memory is allocated. Memory is allocated when

created.

Example

public class Car { public string Color; }

Car myCar = new Car(); // Object created
myCar.Color = "Red";
Q5: What is the difference between method overloading and overriding?
Aspect Overloading Overriding

Definition Same method name with Modifying the behavior of a method in a

different parameters. derived class.

Compile-Time/Ru Happens at compile-time. Happens at run-time.

n-Time

Keyword No specific keyword required. Requires virtual in the base class

and override in the derived class.

public class Calculator

{
public int Add(int a, int b) => a + b;
public double Add(double a, double b) => a + b;
}
public class Animal
{
public virtual void Speak() => Console.WriteLine("Animal speaks");
}

public class Dog : Animal

{
public override void Speak() => Console.WriteLine("Dog barks");
}

Q6: What is an interface in C#, and how is it different from an abstract

class?
Aspect Interface Abstract Class

Definition Defines a contract for classes to Can include both abstract and
implement. concrete methods.

Inheritance Supports multiple inheritance. Supports single inheritance.

Implementation All methods are implicitly abstract. Can include abstract and
non-abstract methods.
 Keyword interface abstract class

public interface IVehicle

{
void Drive();
}
public abstract class Vehicle
{
public abstract void Drive();
public void Stop() => Console.WriteLine("Stopped");
}

Q7: What is a constructor, and what are its types?

A constructor initializes an object when it is created.

Types of Constructors in C#:

Default Constructor: No parameters, provided by C# if none is defined.

public class Car
{
public Car() { Console.WriteLine("Default Constructor"); }
}
Parameterized Constructor: Takes parameters to initialize fields.
public class Car
{
public Car(string color) { Console.WriteLine($"Car color:
{color}"); }
}
Static Constructor: Initializes static members of a class.
public class Car
{
static Car() { Console.WriteLine("Static Constructor"); }
}
Copy Constructor: Creates a new object as a copy of an existing object.
public class Car
{
public string Color;
public Car(Car car) { this.Color = car.Color; }}
Q1: Explain async/await in C#

Answer:
The async and await keywords in C# are used to write asynchronous code in a more
readable way, allowing the program to perform tasks without blocking the main thread.

1. async Keyword:
○ Marks a method as asynchronous.
○ An async method can contain await statements.
○ Must return Task, Task<T>, or void (for event handlers only).
2. await Keyword:
○ Pauses the execution of the asynchronous method until the awaited task
completes.
○ Releases the thread to do other work during the wait.

Q2: How do you handle exceptions in C#?

Answer:
In C#, exceptions are handled using try-catch blocks. Optionally, you can use a finally
block for cleanup code that always executes.

Best Practices:

1. Specific Exception Handling: Catch specific exceptions before a general Exception.

2. Log Errors: Use logging frameworks to record exceptions.
3. Avoid Swallowing Exceptions: Do not leave the catch block empty.
4. Rethrow if Necessary: Use throw to propagate the exception further.

Q3: What’s the difference between throw and throw ex?

Answer:

Aspect throw throw ex

Usage Re-throws the original exception. Throws a new exception (resets the
stack trace).

Stack Trace Preserves the original stack trace. Overwrites the stack trace with the
current line.

Performance More efficient, as it does not reset the Less efficient due to stack trace
exception. recreation.
When to Use When rethrowing an exception in the Rarely used, only when you need a
same context. new exception.

Conclusion:

● Use throw to preserve the exception’s stack trace and debugging context.
● Avoid throw ex unless specifically required to reset the exception details.