ENVIRONMENT
AND
DEVELOPMENT
Presented by Group 6
OUTLINE
01 02 03
Golbal Warming,
Introduction and Rural and Urban
Climate Change and
Comprehensive Development and Impact
Its Development
Overview on Environment
Implications
04 05
Neoclassical Approach Sustainable Development,
to Environment, It's Impact and Global
Externalities Policy Implications
INTRODUCTION
&
OVERVIEW
The impact of economic
growth on environment
Deforestation: Driven by agriculture, logging urbanization.
Pollution: Industrializationleads toair, water andland
pollution.
Resource Depletion:Overuseof water,soil and minerals.
Climate change:Risingtemperature, extreme weather
and sea level rise
The impact of economic
growth on environment
Heavy reliance on natural resources for economic
activities.
Poor waste management andenvironmental
regulations.
Vulnerabilitytoclimate change andnaturaldisasters.
Urbanization leading to overcrowding and pollution.
Sustainable Development A
balanced approach
1.Renewable Energy:Transitions from fossil fuels tosolar,
windandhydropower.
2.Sustainable Agriculture:Organic farming, soil
conservationand water management.
3.Urbanplanning: Greeninfrastructure,better waste
management andpollutioncontrol.
4.ReforestationandConservation:Protectingforest,
wlidlife andbiodiversity.
Economic theories and
sustainability
1.The environmentalKuznets curve:Pollutionrises initially
butdeclines withhigher income.
2. Limitations: Not all environmental issues follow this
pattern.
3.Longterm solutions: Earlyintervention,regulationand
greeninvestments.
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR ROLE OFINDIVIDUALS AND
SUSTAINABLE FUTURE BUSINESSES
1. Global Agreements:ParisClimate 1.Reducing Carbon Footprint:
Agreement, UN Usingenergy-efficient
Sustainable Development Goals. appliances, reducing waste.
2.Carbon Offsetting Programs: Encouraging
2. Supporting Sustainable Brands
businesses to
reduce emissions. :Choosingeco-friendly products.
3. Debt-for-Nature Swaps: Exchanging debt 3.Corporate Initiatives: Green supply
relief for chains, ethical
conservation efforts. sourcing.
4.Cross-BorderCollaboration: Sharing
4. Advocacy and Awareness : Promoting
resources and
knowledge. sustainable policies incommunities.
GLOBAL WARMING,
CLIMATE CHANGE AND
ITS DEVELOPMENT
IMPLICATIONS
Background and Context
Global warming and climate change are
severely impacting vulnerable regions,
particularly in developing countries like Sub-
Saharan Africa, Asia, and small island nations.
Key effects include extreme heatwaves, floods,
droughts, crop failures, and rising sea levels.
Mitigation efforts, such as reducing emissions
through carbon markets and taxes, are crucial,
but adaptation measures like resilient
infrastructure, early warning systems, and
ecosystem protection are equally vital. Global
and local collaboration is essential to minimize
damage and build climate-resilient
communities.
Regional Impacts on Climate
Change:
Mitigation Strategies for Climate
Change
Mitigating climate change requires strategies like carbon
markets, carbon taxes, and subsidies for green
technology. The Stern Review recommends a global cap on
emissions to align with Earth's absorption capacity, with
flexible short-term policies to ease economic transitions.
While developed nations historically emitted the most,
rapidly growing economies in Asia, like China and India,
are now major contributors due to coal power and
deforestation, which accounts for over 20% of global
emissions. Initiatives like REDD+ aim to conserve forests
by funding developing countries and involving indigenous
communities. A global effort is needed to balance
economic growth with environmental responsibility.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
Climate change is inevitable, and adaptation in developing
countries is crucial to protect livelihoods and continue
development. Even with drastic mitigation efforts, climate
impacts will unfold over time due to system lags.
Adaptation is defined as developing strategies to cope with
and manage the consequences of climate events. It involves:
Planned adaptation (government-driven policies).
Autonomous adaptation (individual/community-driven
actions).
TYPES OF ADAPTATION STRATEGIES
Mobility: Moving to safer areas to avoid risks.
Storage: Building reserves to manage long-term
risks.
Diversification: Spreading risks across assets or
activities.
Communal Pooling: Sharing resources within the
community during times of need.
PUBLIC HEALTH AND POLICY
ADAPTATIONS:
Health Awareness: Educating citizens on
climate change impacts and emergency
preparedness.
Policy Adaptations:
1. Inventorying resources and addressing
ecological vulnerabilities.
2. Implementing early warning systems.
3. Restoring ecosystems (e.greforestation,
mangrove expansion).
4. Building climate-resilient infrastructure (e.g.,
flood barriers).
RURAL AND URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
AND THEIR
IMPACTS ON
ENVIRONMENT
RURAL AND URBAN
DEVELOPMENT AND THEIR
IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT
RURAL AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT ARE ESSENTIAL FOR
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PROGRESS, BUT THEY ALSO POSE
SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES. WHILE
BOTH FORMS OF DEVELOPMENT ARE NECESSARY FOR
IMPROVING LIVING STANDARDS, THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSEQUENCES HIGHLIGHT THE NEED FOR SUSTAINABLE
PLANNING AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TO PREVENT
LONG-TERM ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE.
Rural development refers to the process of
improving the quality of life and economic
well being of people living in rural areas. It
has many impacts on environment. The
major impacts are:
Soil degradation and erosion
Deforestation
Water pollution
Natural disasters
Climate change
SOIL DEGRADATION AND EROSION
Agricultural expansion in rural areas causes soil
degradation and erosion due to poor farming
practices like overcultivation, excessive plowing,
and monocropping. Overgrazing worsens the
issue, stripping the land of vegetation and making
it vulnerable to desertification. In Ethiopia’s Sahel
region, steep slopes are cultivated without proper
conservation, leading to severe soil erosion and
declining productivity. This forces farmers to clear
more land, worsening degradation. To address
this, Ethiopia has implemented reforestation,
terracing, and agroforestry to restore soil health.
WATER POLLUTION
Deforestation worsens rural poverty and
environmental degradation, as most wood in
developing countries is used for cooking fuel.
Loss of tree cover lowers agricultural yields and
forces women to spend hours searching for
firewood, reducing time for income and child
care. In extreme cases, fuel shortages lead to
burning manure, harming soil fertility, and
increasing disease risks, like malaria in Borneo.
Brazil’s Amazon faces severe deforestation due
to slash-and-burn agriculture, cattle ranching,
and logging, reducing biodiversity and
increasing carbon emissions.
NATURAL DISASTERS
Rural development always accelerates
environmental destruction, increasing
natural disasters. Deforestation causes
landslides, soil degradation leads to
desertification, and loss of tree cover raises
flood risks. Poor land management worsens
droughts, while climate change intensifies
these hazards. Sustainable practices are
essential to mitigate these effects.
CLIMATE CHANGE
Rural activities fuel climate change
through slash-and-burn farming,
livestock methane emissions, and
chemical fertilizers releasing harmful
gases. These contribute to rising
temperatures, extreme weather, and
natural disasters. Sustainable practices
are crucial to prevent worsening
impacts.
Urban development refers to the
process of improving and expanding
cities and towns to accommodate
growing populations, economic
activities, and infrastructure needs.
Its impact on environment are:
•Slum
•Industrialization
•Health hazards
•Air pollution
SLUMS
Slums emerge when urbanization outpaces
housing and infrastructure, forcing low-
income migrants into overcrowded
settlements. Lacking sanitation, waste
management, and clean water, these areas
face severe environmental degradation and
disease risks. In Bangladesh, Dhaka's Korail
slum houses thousands in overcrowded
conditions with poor sanitation and water
shortages. India’s Dharavi, one of Asia’s largest
slums, struggles with waste management and
disease outbreaks. Brazil’s favelas face
pollution and deforestation due to
unregulated expansion.Across these regions,
inadequate infrastructure and environmental
degradation make life increasingly challenging
for slum residents.
INDUSTRIALIZATION
Industrialization boosts economic growth but
causes severe environmental and social harm.
Factories pollute air and water, leading to
health issues, especially for the poor.
Deforestation, toxic waste, and rising
inequality worsen the crisis. In China, rapid
industrialization causes extreme air pollution,
with Beijing frequently covered in hazardous
smog, while factory waste contaminates major
rivers. India’s cities, like Delhi and Mumbai,
suffer from heavy pollution due to industrial
emissions and traffic, and the Ganges River is
severely affected by industrial waste. In
Bangladesh, Dhaka’s textile industry pollutes
rivers like the Buriganga with untreated
chemical waste, further degrading the
environment.
HEALTH HAZARDS
Industrial pollution is linked to
various health issues, including
respiratory diseases, cardiovascular
problems, and neurological damage.
Poor communities in developing
countries which are particularly
vulnerable due to the weak
environmental regulations and
inadequate healthcare.
AIR POLLUTION
Industrial processes release pollutants such as
sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), carbon
monoxide (CO), and particulate matter into the air.
These pollutants contribute to smog, acid rain, and
respiratory diseases. In heavily industrialized cities,
high levels of airborne toxins can lower life
expectancy and affect cognitive development in
children, as seen in Bangkok and Mexico City.
THE NEOCLASSICAL
APPROACH TO
ENVIRONMENTAL
ANALYSIS
THE NEOCLASSICAL
APPROACH TO
ENVIRONMENTAL
ANALYSIS
A market-based approach to environmental
analysis uses economic mechanisms like pricing,
incentives, and market tools (e.g., carbon taxes,
tradable permits, eco-labels) to encourage
environmentally friendly behavior, instead of
relying solely on regulations.
Key Concepts
Resource allocation COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
The neoclassical framework sees markets
The market-based approach uses cost-
as efficient in resource allocation if
benefit analysis to weigh environmental
environmental resources are treated as
degradation costs against conservation
commodities, with well-defined property
benefits for informed policy decisions.
rights and accounted-for externalities.
Incentive Structures
Externalities By altering incentive structures, such as
This approach acknowledges externalities, through environmental taxes or subsidies
such as pollution, and supports taxes, for green technology, markets can
subsidies, or tradable permits to encourage businesses and consumers to
internalize these costs within market engage in more environmentally friendly
transactions. practices.
Role of Technology
The approach often emphasizes the role of
technological innovation in improving environmental
outcomes. Market competition can drive the
development of cleaner technologies, which can help
mitigate environmental problems without the need for
heavy regulation.
some Examples of market-based tools
Carbon taxes Cap-and-trade
systems
ECONOMIC INCENTIVES
The core principle is to create a market
where polluting activities become more Environmental Deposit-refund
expensive, driving companies to seek cleaner
labeling systems
technologies and practices to minimize costs.
1. Cap-and-Trade Systems
The European Union Emission Trading
System (EU ETS) is a key component of the
EU's climate policy and aims to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
Under this system, companies are allotted
emission allowances, which they can trade
with one another. This creates a financial
incentive to reduce emissions; companies
that reduce their emissions can sell their
surplus allowances.
2. CARBON TAX
British Columbia, Canada, implemented a carbon tax in
2008.
The tax applies to the purchase and use of fossil fuels,
aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It has led
to a decrease in fuel consumption and an increase in
clean energy investments without harming the
economy.
3. TRADABLE FISHING QUOTAS
New Zealand's Quota Management System
(QMS).
This system allocates individual transferable
quotas (ITQs) to fishers, allowing them to
fish sustainably while trading their quotas in
the market.
Under the QMS, a yearly catch limit or Total
Allowable Catch (TAC) is set for every fish
stock. By controlling the amount of fish taken
from each stock, the QMS helps keep New
Zealand fisheries sustainable.
5. POLLUTION CREDITS
The U.S. Acid Rain Program.
This program uses a system of emission
allowances for sulfur dioxide (SO2)
emissions that can be bought and sold. It
successfully reduced acid rain by providing
economic incentives for companies to lower
emissions.
These examples illustrate how market-based approaches can effectively address environmental challenges while
promoting economic growth. They provide a practical understanding of how theory is applied in real-world settings.
Market-Based Approach to Environmental Analysis:
Benefits and Challenges
Benefits:
Cost-Effective: Market-based mechanisms like
carbon pricing or tradable permits allow firms to
reduce pollution at lower costs.
Encourages Innovation: Financial incentives drive
businesses to develop cleaner technologies.
Flexibility: Market-based approaches offer
multiple ways to meet environmental goals.
Internalizes Externalities: Tools like carbon
taxes reflect environmental costs in market
prices.
Revenue Generation: Government-imposed
environmental taxes can fund sustainability
projects and infrastructure development.
Market-Based Approach to Environmental Analysis:
Benefits and Challenges
Challenges:
Defining Property Rights: Establishing clear
ownership of environmental resources is
challenging.
Measuring Externalities: Accurately quantifying
environmental damage and setting pollution price
levels can be complex.
Market Failures: Market failures can continue
environmental harm.
Equity Concerns: Policies like carbon taxes can
disproportionately affect lower-income groups.
Political and Public Resistance: Implementing new
pricing mechanisms or taxes often faces
opposition.
Sustainable development
&
global policy Implications
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ITS
GLOBAL IMPACT
What is Sustainable Development ?
Sustainable development is a way of developing
that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the needs of the future. (UNDP)
Origin & Integration in Development
Discourse
Development was long seen as economic growth
measured by GDP, ignoring environmental
costs. The 1987 Brundtland Report redefined
development as meeting present needs without
harming future generations, linking economic
growth with social equity and environmental
sustainability. (Thirlwall)
Since the 1990s, the WB has The IMF’s structural adjustment reforms
incorporated environmental have evolved to include environmental
assessments into its project considerations, such as advocating for
evaluations. carbon taxes and reducing fossil fuel
subsidies.
It has increasingly linked poverty
reduction efforts with the need to However, its focus on debt repayment
maintain ecological health, even as can sometimes limit investments in
some critics argue that growth still
long-term environmental initiatives.
takes precedence over sustainability.
The WTO faces the challenge of The UN has been instrumental in
reconciling free trade with mainstreaming sustainable development,
environmental protection. starting with Agenda 21 at the 1992 Rio
Earth Summit, through the Millennium
Development Goals, and now with the
Its policies must balance trade Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
liberalization with measures that
prevent environmental harm, It promotes a balanced approach that
highlighting ongoing tensions between intertwines economic progress, social
economic and ecological priorities. equity, and environmental protection.
Strategic Policy Framework for Developing
Countries
Developing countries can address
environmental and developmental
challenges through targeted policies:
Reform Resource Pricing.
Promote Community Initiatives.
Strengthen Property Rights.
Economic Alternative for the Poor
Raising the Economic Status of Women
Implement Pollution Controls.
Boost Climate Resilience
(Todaro)
How Developed Nations Can Foster Global
Sustainability
Developed countries have a critical role in driving
global sustainable development and supporting their
developing counterparts:
Facilitate Trade Liberalization
Provide Debt Relief
Offer Financial & Technological Aid
Lead in Emission Controls
Invest in Green R&D
Enforce Import Restrictions
Promote Responsible Consumption
(Todaro )
A CASE STUDY
HAITI
vs
Domican
Republic
INITIAL PHASE
PRESENT SCENARIO
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING
THE END
