University of Science, VNUHCM

Electronics – Telecommunications Engineering Program

Academic year 2022-2023, Term II
BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB

REPORT 01
OVERVIEW– RECTIFIERS & REGULATORS – BJT & FET
AMPLIFIER
Name ID
Nguyễn Ngọc Hưng 21200098
Nguyễn Huỳnh Minh Trí 21200242
Nguyễn Tiến Thắng 21200214

1.
Compare BJT and FET
+BJT :
-BJT stands for bipolar transistor, so it is a bipolar device
-BJT has three pins: base, emitter and collector
-BJT operation mainly depends on majority as well as minority carriers
-BJT input impedance ranges from 1K to 3K, very small
-BJT is a current control device
-BJT has noise
-The frequency variation of the BJT will affect its performance
-Depends on temperature
-Cheap
-Bigger size
-With offset voltage
-More gain
-High output impedance due to high gain
-Compared with emitter, both BJT poles are base and collector are more positive.
-The base is negative relative to the emitter.
-Has high voltage gain

1
-Has low current gain
-BJT conversion time is average
-Simple BJT polarization
-BJT uses less current
-BJT is suitable for low current application
-High Power Consumption BJT
-BJT has a negative temperature coefficient

FET:
-FET stands for field transistor, so it is unipolar transistor
- The FET has three pins: drain, source and gate
-The operation of the FET mainly depends on the charge carriers that are mostly holes or
electrons
-The input impedance of the FET is very large
-FET is a voltage controlled device
-Low noise FET
-High frequency response
-Better thermal stability
-Expensive
-Less
-No offset voltage
-Less gain
-Low output impedance due to low gain
-The drain terminal is positive and the gate terminal is negative relative to the source terminal.
-The gate pole is more negative with respect to the source pole.
-Low voltage gain
-High current gain
-Fast FET switching time
-FET polarization is difficult

2
-FETs use less voltage
-FETs suitable for low voltage applications
-Low Power Consumption FET
-FET has a positive temperature coefficient

Operating static point Q

The quiescent operating point Q or quiescent point Q of a transistor is the point obtained from
the values of Ic (collector current) or Vce (collector-emitter voltage) when no signal is applied
to the input. It is called the operating point because variations in Ic and Vce occur around this
point when no signal is applied to the input. The quiescent operating point Q is also known as
the idle point or simply the Q point because it is a point on the Ic-Vce characteristic when the
transistor is idle or no input signal is applied to the circuit. The quiescent operating point can
be easily obtained by the DC load line method. The DC load line method is explained below
Polarity DC:+Open capacitor
+Vcc split in two
-DC BJT analysis is used to calculate the operating
parameters of a transistor under static or no input signal
conditions. DC BJT analysis helps determine important
parameters such as collector current, collector-emitter
voltage, amplification factor, and the static operating
point Q of the transistor.
Through DC BJT analysis, we can calculate important
parameters of the transistor such as collector current Ic, collector-emitter voltage Vce,
amplification factor beta, static operating point Q, and input resistance Rin. These parameters
are crucial in circuit design and ensure that the transistor works in the linear region and
provides the desired amplification.
In addition, DC BJT analysis also helps determine the parameters of other components in the
circuit, such as resistors and power supplies. Calculating these parameters helps design the
transistor circuit for optimal performance and meet the requirements of the application.
In summary, DC BJT analysis is an important tool in transistor circuit design and helps
determine the important parameters of the transistor and other components in the circuit.
Polarity AC:
+Short-circuit capacitor
+Vcc grounded

3
-AC BJT analysis is used to calculate the operating parameters of a transistor under input
signal conditions. AC BJT analysis helps determine important parameters such as amplification
factor, cutoff frequency, and distortion.
Through AC BJT analysis, we can calculate important parameters of the transistor such as
amplification factor, cutoff frequency, and distortion. These parameters are crucial in circuit
design and ensure that the transistor works in the linear region and provides the desired
amplification.
In addition, AC BJT analysis also helps determine the parameters of other components in the
circuit, such as resistors and power supplies. Calculating these parameters helps design the
transistor circuit for optimal performance and meet the requirements of the application.
In summary, AC BJT analysis is an important tool in transistor circuit design and helps
determine the important parameters of the transistor and other components in the circuit.

2.Bridge rectifier circuit – full phase 4 diodes

Explain the operation full wave bridge rectifier:
+ Full wave Bridge rectifier uses 4 diodes to change AC into DC
+ During positive half cycle, diode D1 and diode D3 conduct, and diode D2 and D4 do not
conduct. The current I L1 through diode D1, D3.
+ In contrast, during negative half cycle, diode D2 and diode D4 conduct, and diode D1 and
D3 do not conduct. The current I L2 through diode D2, D4.
a. Calculate the average voltage V LDC and I LDC :
v i=150 sin ωt , f =50 Hz , R L=4 kΩ

V LDC = 0.636 . Vp = 0.636 . 150 = 95.4 V

V LDC 95 , 4
I LDC = = 3 = 23.85 mA
RL 4 × 10
When adding capacitor C = 500 μF , calculate again V LDC and I LDC :

(
V LDC =V p 1−
0,005
4 RL C) (
=150 1−
0,005
4.4 .103 .500.10−6 )
=149,625V

V LDC 149,625
I LDC = = 3 = 37.4 mA
RL 4 × 10
b. When adding capacitor, V LDC and I LDC all increase.
Calculate ripple voltage:

4
 VP 150
V rp= = = 0.375 V
4 f R L C 4.50 .4 .103 . 500.10−6

Calculate ripple factor :

0 , 29 0 ,29
r %= %= =0,145 %
RL C 3
4.10 . 500.10
−6

Calculate the capacitance of C to have a ripple factor not exceeding 1% :

0 , 29 0 ,29 −5
r %= ≤ 1⇔ ≤ 1⇒ C ≥ 7 ,25.10 F (72 , 5 μF )
RL C 3
4.10 .C
c. The bigger the capacitance of C is, the smaller the ripple factor is
The better the filter circuit, the flatter the output waveform.
Use Proteus tool to simulate the above full-wave bridge rectifier. Measure the value of VLDC
and ILDC in the case of with and without capacitor. Perform the output waveform in case of
with and without capacitor
Case no filter capacitor:

Case adding filter capacitor:

5
Output waveform:
No filter capacitor:

Adding filter capacitor:

 The simulation results are close to the calculated results

3. Serial voltage regulator circuit using transistor

a. Explain the operation of the circuit:
The voltage stabilizer circuit uses a basic Transistor consisting of 2 main activities: rect and
voltage stabilizer:
- The basic rectifier consists of 2 diode and filter capacitors that are responsible for
change AC to DC. In positive half cycle diode 1 for forward bias should conduct, diode
2 stops, so there is current through D1. In contrast, in the negative half-cycle, D2 is
forward biased, so current flows through D2.

6
 - Capacitor filter is responsible for charging commune to reduce ripple.
- Voltage stabilizer: Including Transistor (Q1), Zener is responsible for keeping the
output voltage stable:
+ The Zener diode is responsible for providing the reference source:
If V0 said then Q1's emitter voltage increases, Q1 conducts more keeping the output constant.
If V0 increases, the output voltage of Q1 represents, Q1 conducts less and keeps the output
constant.

b. Determine the value of I1, IL, IB and IZ, VLDC . How does the Zener diode work?
Give comment.Respectively change the load value 22Ω, 56Ω, 100Ω, 330Ω. Recalculate the
above values. Which load does the regulator work well or unwell with.

V LDC =V Z −V BE =6.7−0.7=6(V )
V iDC−V Z 10−6.7
I 1= = =0.33 ( A )
R1 10
V LDC 6
I L= = =0.6 ( A )
RL 10
IL 0.6 −3
I B= = =7.4 ×10 ( A )
b+ 1 80+1
IL −3
I Z =I 1− =0.33−7.4 ×10 =0.3226 ( A )
b+1
With RL= 22W
V LDC =6 (V )

I 1=0.33 ( A )

V LDC 6
I L= = =0.2727 ( A )
RL 22
I L 0.2727 −3
I B= = =3.36 ×10 ( A )
b+ 1 80+1
IL −3
I Z =I 1− =0.33−3.36 ×10 =0.32664 (A )
b+1
With RL= 56W

7
V LDC =6 (V )

I 1=0.33 ( A )

V LDC 6
I L= = =0.1071 ( A )
RL 56
I L 0.1071 −3
I B= = =1.32 ×10 ( A )
b+ 1 80+1
IL −3
I Z =I 1− =0.33−1.32× 10 =0.32868( A)
b+1
With RL= 100W
V LDC =6 (V )

I 1=0.33 ( A )

V LDC 6
I L= = =0.06 ( A )
RL 100
IL 0.06 −4
I B= = =7.4 ×10 ( A )
b+ 1 80+1
IL −4
I Z =I 1− =0.33−7.4 ×10 =0.32926( A)
b+1
With RL= 330W
V LDC =6 (V )

I 1=0.33 ( A )

V LDC 6
I L= = =0.0181 ( A )
RL 330
I L 0.0181 −4
I B= = =2.23 ×10 ( A )
b+ 1 80+1
IL −4
I Z =I 1− =0.33−2.23 ×10 =0.33 (A )
b+1
c. Do simulation using Proteus. Perform the output waveform. Define the value and
calculate directly using simulation tool - ViDC, VLDC, I1, IL, IB and IZ.

8
Prob 4: Small signal amplifier circuit using BJT
a. the operating static point Q (V CE, V BE, IC ).
R1 R2 10∗5.6
Rtđ = = =3.58(kW )
R 1+ R 2 10+5.6
R2 5∗5.6
Etđ =V cc = =1.79 (V )
R 1+ R 2 10+5.6
E tđ −V BE 1.79−0.7
I B= = =0.0104 ( mA )
Rtđ + ( b+1 ) R E 3.58+101∗1

I C =b∗I B=100∗0.0104=1.04 ( mA )

I E =( b+1 )∗I B=101∗0.0104=1.0504 ( mA )

V E=R E∗I E=1∗1.0504=1.0504 ( V )

9
V B=V BE +V E =0.7+1.0504=1.7504 (V )

V C =V CC−RC I C =5−1.5∗1.04=3.44 ( V )

V CE =V C −V E =3.44−1.0504=2.3896(V )
Q : I B=0.0104 mA , I C =1.04 mA ,V CE=2.3896 V

b. Draw the equivalent circuit of parameter h in AC mode with small signal.

Calculate _ in, Z out, A v, A I.

100∗26
hie =b r e = =2475.24 ( W )=2.475(kW )
IE

3.58∗2.475
Input impedance: Zi =Rtđ ∨¿ hie= =1.463(kW )
3.58+2.475
Output impedance: ZO =RC =1.5(kW )
v0
Potential gain: A v =
vi

v o=−h fe i b RC =−100∗0.0104∗1.5=−1.56 (V )

v i=hie i b=2.475∗0.0104=0.025(V )
−1.56
¿> A v = =−62.4
0.025
Current amplification factor:
hfe Rtđ 100∗3.58
Ai= = =59.12
Rtđ + hie 3.58+2.475

c. Remove capacitor from the circuit. Repeat sentence b. Comments.

10
Output impedance: ZO =RC =1.5(kW )
[ 2.475+101 ]∗2.475
Input impedance: Zi =Rtđ ∨¿[hie + ( hfe +1 ) R E ]= =2.417 (kW )
[ 2.475+101 ] +2.475
v0
Potential gain: A v =
vi

v o=−h fe i b RC =−100∗0.0104∗1.5=−1.56 (V )

v o=[h ie + ( h fe +1 ) R E ]i b =[ 2.475+ 101 ]∗0.0104=1.076(V )

−1.56
¿> A v = =−1.449
1.076
Current amplification factor:
hfe Rtđ 100∗3.58
Ai= = =3.344
Rtđ +[hie + ( hfe +1 ) R E ] 3.58+ [ 2.475+101 ]

 Removing the capacitor reduces the gain.

d. Measure voltage and current values using MULTIMETER

11
Use a wave generator (sine wave signal to Vin with arbitrary amplitude, frequency 𝑓 =1
𝐾𝐻𝑧 ) and an oscilloscope to observe the input and output waveforms and determine the
advantage.

A v =−61.3

Use a Bode plotter to plot the amplitude-frequency response.

12
Review, compare, comment and evaluate the simulation results using the software
compared with the theoretical results in the above sentences as well as the actual practice
results in the internship session.
The results of the simulation and the theory of the experiment are relatively similar, the
difference is small.
Prob 5: Small signal amplifier circuit using FET
a. Calculate V GS , V DS , line I ID :
:

V GS=−R S I D =−2.5 I D ( 1 )

( ( )) ( )
2 2
V GS V
I D =I DSS 1− =2 1+ GS ( 2 )
V GSoff 2.3

From (1) and (2) we get:

( )
2
2.5 I D
I D =2 1− =¿ I D =0.4727 ( mA )
2.3

V GS=−R S I D =−2.5 I D=−1.181 ( V )

V DS=V DD−( R D + R S ) I D =5−( 2.2+1.5 ) 0.4727=3.251(V )

b. Draw the parameter equivalent circuit in AC mode with small signal. Calculate , _
_ o , 𝐴𝑣 .

13
Zi =RG=1 ( MW )

ZO =R D=2.2 ( kW )

| |(
2 I DSS
)|
V GS
|( )
−3
4 × 10 −1.181 −4
gm = 1− = 1− =8.461 ×10
V GSoff V GSoff −2.3 −2.3
−4 3
A v =−gm RD =−8.461 ×10 ×2.2 ×10 =−1.861

c. Remove the capacitor S from the circuit. Repeat sentence b. Comments.

Zi =RG=1 ( MW )

ZO =R D=2.2 ( kW )

14
 A v =−gm ¿

Comments: When removing the capacitor C s, Zi it ZO remains constant and A vincreases.

d. Measure voltage and current values using MULTIMETER:

A v =−1.760

Use a wave generator (sine wave signal to Vin with arbitrary amplitude, frequency 𝑓 =1
𝐾𝐻𝑧 ) and an oscilloscope to observe the input and output waveforms and determine the
advantage.

Use a Bode plotter to plot the amplitude-frequency response.

15
Review, compare, comment and evaluate the simulation results using the software
compared with the theoretical results in the above sentences as well as the actual practice
results in the internship session.
The results of the simulation and the theory of the experiment are relatively similar, the
difference is small.

END

16