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2021 WTS 11 & 12 Forces

Physical science (Tyali High School)

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WTS TUTORING

2021 forces

GRADE : 11 AND 12

COMPILED BY : PROF KHANGELANI SIBIYA

CELL NO. : 082 672 7928

EMAIL : [email protected]

FACEBOOK P. : WTS MATHS & SCEINCE TUTORING

GROUP WHATSAP : 082 672 7928

INSTAGRAM : WTSTUTOR

TWITER : WTSTUTOR

WEBSITE : www.wtstutor.co.za/www.wtstutoring.org

“WHERE TO START MATHS & SCIENCE IS FOR THE NATION”

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 FORCES

 Different kinds of forces: weight, normal force, frictional force, applied force (push, pull),
tension (strings or cables).

 Contact forces: Contact forces arise from the physical contact between two objects
 EXAMPLES:
o A soccer player kicking a ball.
o Applied force
o Tension
o Friction
o Normal force

 Non-contact forces: Non-contact forces arise even if two objects do not touch each other.
 EXAMPLES:
o The force of attraction of the earth on a parachutist even when the earth is not in direct contact
with the parachutist.
o Electrostatic force
o Gravitational force
o Magnetic force

 Normal force: Define N as the force or the component of a force which a surface exerts on an
object with which it is in contact, and which is perpendicular to the surface.

 Mass: The amount of matter in a body measured in kilogram (kg).

 Weight: The gravitational force, in newton (N), exerted on an object.
 Weightlessness: The sensation experienced when all contact forces are removed i.e. no
external objects touch one's body.

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 FREE BODY / FORCE DIAGRAM

 Free-body diagrams: This is a diagram that shows the relative magnitudes and directions of

forces acting on a body/particle that has been isolated from its surroundings.

 Do not leave out the arrow heads when drawing vectors to represent forces.

 Make sure all the arrows touch the dot representing the object.

 Always check the marks awarded to the question and make sure the number of forces you draw is

equivalent to the marks e.g. 4 MARKS – 4 FORCES

 OBJECT RESTING ON A HORIZONTAL SURFACE.

 When an object is resting or moving on a horizontal surface the normal force will have the same
magnitude, but an opposite direction to the weight of the object or gravitational force.

 HORIZONTAL FORCE

 FORCE AT AN ANGLE: (PULLING)

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 FORCE AT AN ANGLE: (PUSHING)

 ROPE / STRING / CABLE

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 INCLINED PLANE

 FORCE APPLIED DOWN THE INCLINE

 FORCE APPLIED UP THE INCLINE

 The perpendicular (┴) resultant = 0 N.

 The parallel (//) resultant determines acceleration.
 Use components of weight.
 When an object is resting or moving on an inclined plane (surface), the normal force will have the
same magnitude, but an opposite direction to the perpendicular component of the weight of the
object or gravitational force.

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
 FRICTIONAL FORCE

 Is proportional to the normal force

 Is independent of the area of contact
 Is independent of the velocity of motion
 Solve problems using fS= μsN, where is the maximum static frictional force and μs is the
coefficient of static friction.
 Static frictional force: The force that opposes the tendency of motion of a STATIONARY
object relative to a surface.
 Kinetic frictional force: The force that opposes the motion of a MOVING object relative to a
surface.
 Maximum static frictional force: The static frictional force is a maximum just before the
object starts to move across the surface.

KEY!

 If a force, F, applied to a body parallel to the surface does not cause the object to move, F is equal
in magnitude to the static frictional force.
 The static frictional force is a maximum just before the object starts to move across the surface.
 If the applied force exceeds, a resultant/net force accelerates the object.
 Solve problems using fk = μkN, where fk is the kinetic frictional force and μk the coefficient of
kinetic friction.

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 NEWTON'S FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD LAWS OF MOTION

 State Newton's first law of motion:

 A body will remain in its state of rest or motion at constant velocity unless a non-zero resultant/net
force acts on it.
 Discuss why it is important to wear seatbelts using Newton's first law of motion.
 Inertia: The resistance of a body to a change in its state of uniform motion or to rest.
 Mass: is a measure of an obejct’s inetia.

 State Newton's second law of motion:

 When a resultant/net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate in the direction of the force
at an acceleration directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the
object.
 In symbols: Fnet = ma

 State Newton's third law of motion:

 When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts a force of equal
magnitude in the opposite direction on the first body.
 Identify action-reaction pairs.
 List the properties of action-reaction pairs.

 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

 State Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation: Each body in the universe attracts every other body
with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between their centres.

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 SOLVE PROBLEMS USING

 Calculate acceleration due to gravity on a planet using.

 Describe weight as the gravitational force the Earth exerts on any object on or near its surface.
 Calculate weight using the expression w = mg.
 Calculate the weight of an object on other planets with different values of gravitational
acceleration.
 Distinguish between mass and weight.
 Draw force diagrams and free-body diagrams for objects that are in equilibrium or accelerating.
 Apply Newton's laws of motion to a variety of equilibrium and non-equilibrium problems
including:

 A SINGLE OBJECT

 Moving on a horizontal plane with or without friction

 Moving on an inclined plane with or without friction
 Moving in the vertical plane lifts, rockets, etc.

 TWO-BODY SYSTEMS (JOINED BY A LIGHT INEXTENSIBLE STRING)

 Both on a flat horizontal plane with or without friction

 One on a horizontal plane with or without friction, and a second hanging vertically from a string
over a frictionless pulley.
 Both on an inclined plane with or without friction
 Both hanging vertically from a string over a frictionless pulley
 Explain weightlessness.

 CONNECTED OBJECTS

 Do separate free body diagrams for each object.

 The velocity and acceleration of all objects are equal in magnitude and direction.
 Applied forces are applied to only one object at a time.
 Simultaneous equations for acceleration and tension are sometimes needed.

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 NEWTON’S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

 Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force which is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centres.

KEY!

o F → force of attraction between objects (N)

o G → universal gravitational constant (6,67 ×10−11 N·m2·kg−2 )
o m → object mass (kg)
o r → distance between object centers (m)
o Radius: centre of mass to centre of mass.
o Direction is ALWAYS attractive.
o Both objects experience the same force. (Newton’s Third Law of Motion)

 A uniform sphere of matter attracts a body that is outside the shell as if all the sphere’s mass was
concentrated at its center.
 Thus, the distance is determined between the centers of the two bodies.
o The radius of the earth is added to the distance between the earth and the moon.
o The radius of object (man) on the earth is negligibly small.

 g vs G

 g: Gravitational acceleration (9,8 m·s−2 on earth) and g is the acceleration due to gravity on a
specific planet.
 G: Universal gravitational constant (6,67×10−11 N·m2·kg−2) Proportionality constant which applies
everywhere in the universe.

 Mass vs Weight
 Mass (kg): A scalar quantity of matter which remains constant everywhere in the universe.
 Weight (N): is the gravitational force the Earth exerts on any object.
 Weight differs from planet to planet. Fg = mg. Weight is a vector quantity.

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 RATIOS

o Write out the original formula.

o Manipulate unknown as subject.
o Substitute changes into formula (keep symbols).
o Simplify ratio number.
o Replace original formula with unknown symbol.
o Therefore the gravitational acceleration of an object only depends on the mass and radius of the
planet. Object mass is irrelevant!

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MERCY!!!!!

WHERE TO START MATHS AND SCIENCE TUTORING

Our vision is to create a majority of learners who will master Maths and Science around the country

 TO: EDUCATORS & LEARNERS

 JOIN US ON WHATSAP GROUP: 082 672 7928

 WE CONDUCT THE FOLLOWING PROGRAMS

1. WTS VISITING SCHOOL PROGRAM

 DAYS : FRIDAYS, SATURDAYS & SUNDAYS

 SUBJECTS : MATHS, MATHS LIT AND PHYSCS

 TIME : ANY TIME AND EVEN CROSSNIGHTS

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3. WTS SATURDAY & SUNDAYS CROSS DAYS CLASSES

 LEARNERS FROM DIFFERENT SCHOOLS ARE ALLOWED

 TIME : 08:00 TO 16:00

 SUBJECTS : MATHS & SCIENCES

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 DAYS : SATURDAYS

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 PLACE : KZN RICHARDS BAY

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 TIME : 18:00 TO 22:00

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 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PAST PAPERS

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