.

NET

.NET Framework

WWW.LEARNLONER.COM
Chapter 1: Getting started with .NET
Framework
.NET
Version Release Date
1.0 2002-02-13
1.1 2003-04-24
2.0 2005-11-07
3.0 2006-11-06
3.5 2007-11-19
3.5 SP1 2008-08-11
4.0 2010-04-12
4.5 2012-08-15
4.5.1 2013-10-17
4.5.2 2014-05-05
4.6 2015-07-20
4.6.1 2015-11-17
4.6.2 2016-08-02
4.7 2017-04-05
4.7.1 2017-10-17
Compact Framework
Version Release Date
1.0 2000-01-01
2.0 2005-10-01
3.5 2007-11-19
3.7 2009-01-01
3.9 2013-06-01
Micro Framework
Version Release Date
4.2 2011-10-04
4.3 2012-12-04
4.4 2015-10-20

Section 1.1: Hello World in C#

using System;

class Program
{
// The Main() function is the first function to be executed in a program
static void Main()
{
// Write the string "Hello World to the standard out
Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
}
}

Console.WriteLine has several overloads. In this case, the string "Hello World" is the parameter, and it will output
the "Hello World" to the standard out stream during execution. Other overloads may call the .ToString of the

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argument before writing to the stream. See the .NET Framework Documentation for more information.

Live Demo in Action at .NET Fiddle

Introduction to C#

Section 1.2: Hello World in F#

open System

[<EntryPoint>]
let main argv =
printfn "Hello World"
0

Live Demo in Action at .NET Fiddle

Introduction to F#

Section 1.3: Hello World in Visual Basic .NET

Imports System

Module Program
Public Sub Main()
Console.WriteLine("Hello World")
End Sub
End Module

Live Demo in Action at .NET Fiddle

Introduction to Visual Basic .NET

Section 1.4: Hello World in C++/CLI

using namespace System;

int main(array<String^>^ args)

{
Console::WriteLine("Hello World");
}

Section 1.5: Hello World in IL

.class public auto ansi beforefieldinit Program
extends [mscorlib]System.Object
{
.method public hidebysig static void Main() cil managed
{
.maxstack 8
IL_0000: nop
IL_0001: ldstr "Hello World"
IL_0006: call void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(string)
IL_000b: nop
IL_000c: ret
}

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 .method public hidebysig specialname rtspecialname
instance void .ctor() cil managed
{
.maxstack 8
IL_0000: ldarg.0
IL_0001: call instance void [mscorlib]System.Object::.ctor()
IL_0006: ret
}

Section 1.6: Hello World in PowerShell

Write-Host "Hello World"

Introduction to PowerShell

Section 1.7: Hello World in Nemerle

System.Console.WriteLine("Hello World");

Section 1.8: Hello World in Python (IronPython)

print "Hello World"

import clr
from System import Console
Console.WriteLine("Hello World")

Section 1.9: Hello World in Oxygene

namespace HelloWorld;

interface

type
App = class
public
class method Main(args: array of String);
end;

implementation

class method App.Main(args: array of String);

begin
Console.WriteLine('Hello World');
end;

end.

Section 1.10: Hello World in Boo

print "Hello World"

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Chapter 2: Strings
Section 2.1: Count characters
If you need to count characters then, for the reasons explained in Remarks section, you can't simply use Length
property because it's the length of the array of System.Char which are not characters but code-units (not Unicode
code-points nor graphemes). Correct code is then:

int length = text.EnumerateCharacters().Count();

A small optimization may rewrite EnumerateCharacters() extension method specifically for this purpose:

public static class StringExtensions

{
public static int CountCharacters(this string text)
{
if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(text))
return 0;

int count = 0;
var enumerator = StringInfo.GetTextElementEnumerator(text);
while (enumerator.MoveNext())
++count;

return count;
}
}

Section 2.2: Count distinct characters

If you need to count distinct characters then, for the reasons explained in Remarks section, you can't simply use
Length property because it's the length of the array of System.Char which are not characters but code-units (not
Unicode code-points nor graphemes). If, for example, you simply write text.Distinct().Count() you will get
incorrect results, correct code:

int distinctCharactersCount = text.EnumerateCharacters().Count();

One step further is to count occurrences of each character, if performance aren't an issue you may simply do it
like this (in this example regardless of case):

var frequencies = text.EnumerateCharacters()

.GroupBy(x => x, StringComparer.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase)
.Select(x => new { Character = x.Key, Count = x.Count() };

Section 2.3: Convert string to/from another encoding

.NET strings contain System.Char (UTF-16 code-units). If you want to save (or manage) text with another encoding
you have to work with an array of System.Byte.

Conversions are performed by classes derived from System.Text.Encoder and System.Text.Decoder which,
together, can convert to/from another encoding (from a byte X encoded array byte[] to an UTF-16 encoded
System.String and vice-versa).

Because the encoder/decoder usually works very close to each other they're grouped together in a class derived

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from System.Text.Encoding, derived classes offer conversions to/from popular encodings (UTF-8, UTF-16 and so
on).

Examples:
Convert a string to UTF-8
byte[] data = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("This is my text");

Convert UTF-8 data to a string

var text = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(data);

Change encoding of an existing text file

This code will read content of an UTF-8 encoded text file and save it back encoded as UTF-16. Note that this code is
not optimal if file is big because it will read all its content into memory:

var content = File.ReadAllText(path, Encoding.UTF8);

File.WriteAllText(content, Encoding.UTF16);

Section 2.4: Comparing strings

Despite String is a reference type == operator compares string values rather than references.

As you may know string is just an array of characters. But if you think that strings equality check and comparison
is made character by character, you are mistaken. This operation is culture specific (see Remarks below): some
character sequences can be treated as equal depending on the culture.

Think twice before short circuiting equality check by comparing Length properties of two strings!

Use overloads of String.Equals method which accept additional StringComparison enumeration value, if you
need to change default behavior.

Section 2.5: Count occurrences of a character

Because of the reasons explained in Remarks section you can't simply do this (unless you want to count occurrences
of a specific code-unit):

int count = text.Count(x => x == ch);

You need a more complex function:

public static int CountOccurrencesOf(this string text, string character)

{
return text.EnumerateCharacters()
.Count(x => String.Equals(x, character, StringComparer.CurrentCulture));
}

Note that string comparison (in contrast to character comparison which is culture invariant) must always be
performed according to rules to a specific culture.

Section 2.6: Split string into fixed length blocks

We cannot break a string into arbitrary points (because a System.Char may not be valid alone because it's a
combining character or part of a surrogate) then code must take that into account (note that with length I mean the

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number of graphemes not the number of code-units):

public static IEnumerable<string> Split(this string value, int desiredLength)

{
var characters = StringInfo.GetTextElementEnumerator(value);
while (characters.MoveNext())
yield return String.Concat(Take(characters, desiredLength));
}

private static IEnumerable<string> Take(TextElementEnumerator enumerator, int count)

{
for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)
{
yield return (string)enumerator.Current;

if (!enumerator.MoveNext())
yield break;
}
}

Section 2.7: Object.ToString() virtual method

Everything in .NET is an object, hence every type has ToString() method defined in Object class which can be
overridden. Default implementation of this method just returns the name of the type:

public class Foo

{
}

var foo = new Foo();

Console.WriteLine(foo); // outputs Foo

ToString() is implicitly called when concatinating value with a string:

public class Foo

{
public override string ToString()
{
return "I am Foo";
}
}

var foo = new Foo();

Console.WriteLine("I am bar and "+foo);// outputs I am bar and I am Foo

The result of this method is also extensively used by debugging tools. If, for some reason, you do not want to
override this method, but want to customize how debugger shows the value of your type, use DebuggerDisplay
Attribute (MSDN):

// [DebuggerDisplay("Person = FN {FirstName}, LN {LastName}")]

[DebuggerDisplay("Person = FN {"+nameof(Person.FirstName)+"}, LN {"+nameof(Person.LastName)+"}")]
public class Person
{
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set;}
// ...
}

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Section 2.8: Immutability of strings
Strings are immutable. You just cannot change existing string. Any operation on the string crates a new instance of
the string having new value. It means that if you need to replace a single character in a very long string, memory will
be allocated for a new value.

string veryLongString = ...

// memory is allocated
string newString = veryLongString.Remove(0,1); // removes first character of the string.

If you need to perform many operations with string value, use StringBuilder class which is designed for efficient
strings manipulation:

var sb = new StringBuilder(someInitialString);

foreach(var str in manyManyStrings)
{
sb.Append(str);
}
var finalString = sb.ToString();

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Chapter 3: DateTime parsing
Section 3.1: ParseExact
var dateString = "2015-11-24";

var date = DateTime.ParseExact(dateString, "yyyy-MM-dd", null);

Console.WriteLine(date);

11/24/2015 12:00:00 AM

Note that passing CultureInfo.CurrentCulture as the third parameter is identical to passing null. Or, you can
pass a specific culture.

Format Strings

Input string can be in any format that matches the format string

var date = DateTime.ParseExact("24|201511", "dd|yyyyMM", null);

Console.WriteLine(date);

11/24/2015 12:00:00 AM

Any characters that are not format specifiers are treated as literals

var date = DateTime.ParseExact("2015|11|24", "yyyy|MM|dd", null);

Console.WriteLine(date);

11/24/2015 12:00:00 AM

Case matters for format specifiers

var date = DateTime.ParseExact("2015-01-24 11:11:30", "yyyy-mm-dd hh:MM:ss", null);

Console.WriteLine(date);

11/24/2015 11:01:30 AM

Note that the month and minute values were parsed into the wrong destinations.

Single-character format strings must be one of the standard formats

var date = DateTime.ParseExact("11/24/2015", "d", new CultureInfo("en-US"));

var date = DateTime.ParseExact("2015-11-24T10:15:45", "s", null);
var date = DateTime.ParseExact("2015-11-24 10:15:45Z", "u", null);

Exceptions

ArgumentNullException

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var date = DateTime.ParseExact(null, "yyyy-MM-dd", null);
var date = DateTime.ParseExact("2015-11-24", null, null);

FormatException

var date = DateTime.ParseExact("", "yyyy-MM-dd", null);

var date = DateTime.ParseExact("2015-11-24", "", null);
var date = DateTime.ParseExact("2015-0C-24", "yyyy-MM-dd", null);
var date = DateTime.ParseExact("2015-11-24", "yyyy-QQ-dd", null);

// Single-character format strings must be one of the standard formats

var date = DateTime.ParseExact("2015-11-24", "q", null);

// Format strings must match the input exactly* (see next section)
var date = DateTime.ParseExact("2015-11-24", "d", null); // Expects 11/24/2015 or 24/11/2015 for
most cultures

Handling multiple possible formats

var date = DateTime.ParseExact("2015-11-24T10:15:45",

new [] { "s", "t", "u", "yyyy-MM-dd" }, // Will succeed as long as input matches one of these
CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, DateTimeStyles.None);

Handling culture differences

var dateString = "10/11/2015";

var date = DateTime.ParseExact(dateString, "d", new CultureInfo("en-US"));
Console.WriteLine("Day: {0}; Month: {1}", date.Day, date.Month);

Day: 11; Month: 10

date = DateTime.ParseExact(dateString, "d", new CultureInfo("en-GB"));

Console.WriteLine("Day: {0}; Month: {1}", date.Day, date.Month);

Day: 10; Month: 11

Section 3.2: TryParse

This method accepts a string as input, attempts to parse it into a DateTime, and returns a Boolean result indicating
success or failure. If the call succeeds, the variable passed as the out parameter is populated with the parsed result.

If the parse fails, the variable passed as the out parameter is set to the default value, DateTime.MinValue.

TryParse(string, out DateTime)

DateTime parsedValue;

if (DateTime.TryParse("monkey", out parsedValue))

{
Console.WriteLine("Apparently, 'monkey' is a date/time value. Who knew?");
}

This method attempts to parse the input string based on the system regional settings and known formats such as

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ISO 8601 and other common formats.

DateTime.TryParse("11/24/2015 14:28:42", out parsedValue); // true

DateTime.TryParse("2015-11-24 14:28:42", out parsedValue); // true
DateTime.TryParse("2015-11-24T14:28:42", out parsedValue); // true
DateTime.TryParse("Sat, 24 Nov 2015 14:28:42", out parsedValue); // true

Since this method does not accept culture info, it uses the system locale. This can lead to unexpected results.

// System set to en-US culture

bool result = DateTime.TryParse("24/11/2015", out parsedValue);
Console.WriteLine(result);

False

// System set to en-GB culture

bool result = DateTime.TryParse("11/24/2015", out parsedValue);
Console.WriteLine(result);

False

// System set to en-GB culture

bool result = DateTime.TryParse("10/11/2015", out parsedValue);
Console.WriteLine(result);

True

Note that if you are in the US, you might be surprised that the parsed result is November 10, not October 11.

TryParse(string, IFormatProvider, DateTimeStyles, out DateTime)

if (DateTime.TryParse(" monkey ", new CultureInfo("en-GB"),

DateTimeStyles.AllowLeadingWhite | DateTimeStyles.AllowTrailingWhite, out parsedValue)
{
Console.WriteLine("Apparently, ' monkey ' is a date/time value. Who knew?");
}

Unlike its sibling method, this overload allows a specific culture and style(s) to be specified. Passing null for the
IFormatProvider parameter uses the system culture.

Exceptions

Note that it is possible for this method to throw an exception under certain conditions. These relate to the
parameters introduced for this overload: IFormatProvider and DateTimeStyles.

NotSupportedException: IFormatProvider specifies a neutral culture

ArgumentException: DateTimeStyles is not a valid option, or contains incompatible flags such as
AssumeLocal and AssumeUniversal.

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Section 3.3: TryParseExact
This method behaves as a combination of TryParse and ParseExact: It allows custom format(s) to be specified, and
returns a Boolean result indicating success or failure rather than throwing an exception if the parse fails.

TryParseExact(string, string, IFormatProvider, DateTimeStyles, out DateTime)

This overload attempts to parse the input string against a specific format. The input string must match that format
in order to be parsed.

DateTime.TryParseExact("11242015", "MMddyyyy", null, DateTimeStyles.None, out parsedValue); // true

TryParseExact(string, string[], IFormatProvider, DateTimeStyles, out DateTime)

This overload attempts to parse the input string against an array of formats. The input string must match at least
one format in order to be parsed.

DateTime.TryParseExact("11242015", new [] { "yyyy-MM-dd", "MMddyyyy" }, null, DateTimeStyles.None,

out parsedValue); // true

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Chapter 4: Dictionaries
Section 4.1: Initializing a Dictionary with a Collection Initializer
// Translates to `dict.Add(1, "First")` etc.
var dict = new Dictionary<int, string>()
{
{ 1, "First" },
{ 2, "Second" },
{ 3, "Third" }
};

// Translates to `dict[1] = "First"` etc.

// Works in C# 6.0.
var dict = new Dictionary<int, string>()
{
[1] = "First",
[2] = "Second",
[3] = "Third"
};

Section 4.2: Adding to a Dictionary

Dictionary<int, string> dict = new Dictionary<int, string>();
dict.Add(1, "First");
dict.Add(2, "Second");

// To safely add items (check to ensure item does not already exist - would throw)
if(!dict.ContainsKey(3))
{
dict.Add(3, "Third");
}

Alternatively they can be added/set via the an indexer. (An indexer internally looks like a property, having a get and
set, but takes a parameter of any type which is specified between the brackets) :

Dictionary<int, string> dict = new Dictionary<int, string>();

dict[1] = "First";
dict[2] = "Second";
dict[3] = "Third";

Unlike the Add method which throws an exception, if a key is already contained in the dictionary, the indexer just
replaces the existing value.

For thread-safe dictionary use ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue>:

var dict = new ConcurrentDictionary<int, string>();

dict.AddOrUpdate(1, "First", (oldKey, oldValue) => "First");

Section 4.3: Getting a value from a dictionary

Given this setup code:

var dict = new Dictionary<int, string>()

{
{ 1, "First" },

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 { 2, "Second" },
{ 3, "Third" }
};

You may want to read the value for the entry with key 1. If key doesn't exist getting a value will throw
KeyNotFoundException, so you may want to first check for that with ContainsKey:

if (dict.ContainsKey(1))
Console.WriteLine(dict[1]);

This has one disadvantage: you will search through your dictionary twice (once to check for existence and one to
read the value). For a large dictionary this can impact performance. Fortunately both operations can be performed
together:

string value;
if (dict.TryGetValue(1, out value))
Console.WriteLine(value);

Section 4.4: Make a Dictionary<string, T> with Case-

Insensivitve keys
var MyDict = new Dictionary<string,T>(StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase)

Section 4.5: IEnumerable to Dictionary (≥ .NET 3.5)

Create a Dictionary<TKey, TValue> from an IEnumerable<T>:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

public class Fruits

{
public int Id { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
}

var fruits = new[]

{
new Fruits { Id = 8 , Name = "Apple" },
new Fruits { Id = 3 , Name = "Banana" },
new Fruits { Id = 7 , Name = "Mango" },
};

// Dictionary<int, string> key value

var dictionary = fruits.ToDictionary(x => x.Id, x => x.Name);

Section 4.6: Enumerating a Dictionary

You can enumerate through a Dictionary in one of 3 ways:

Using KeyValue pairs

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Dictionary<int, string> dict = new Dictionary<int, string>();
foreach(KeyValuePair<int, string> kvp in dict)
{
Console.WriteLine("Key : " + kvp.Key.ToString() + ", Value : " + kvp.Value);
}

Using Keys

Dictionary<int, string> dict = new Dictionary<int, string>();

foreach(int key in dict.Keys)
{
Console.WriteLine("Key : " + key.ToString() + ", Value : " + dict[key]);
}

Using Values

Dictionary<int, string> dict = new Dictionary<int, string>();

foreach(string s in dict.Values)
{
Console.WriteLine("Value : " + s);
}

Section 4.7: ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue> (from .NET

4.0)

Represents a thread-safe collection of key/value pairs that can be accessed by multiple threads
concurrently.

Creating an instance

Creating an instance works pretty much the same way as with Dictionary<TKey, TValue>, e.g.:

var dict = new ConcurrentDictionary<int, string>();

Adding or Updating

You might be surprised, that there is no Add method, but instead there is AddOrUpdate with 2 overloads:

(1) AddOrUpdate(TKey key, TValue, Func<TKey, TValue, TValue> addValue) - Adds a key/value pair if the key does
not already exist, or updates a key/value pair by using the specified function if the key already exists.

(2) AddOrUpdate(TKey key, Func<TKey, TValue> addValue, Func<TKey, TValue, TValue> updateValueFactory)
- Uses the specified functions to add a key/value pair to the if the key does not already exist, or to update a key/value pair
if the key already exists.

Adding or updating a value, no matter what was the value if it was already present for given key (1):

string addedValue = dict.AddOrUpdate(1, "First", (updateKey, valueOld) => "First");

Adding or updating a value, but now altering the value in update, based on the previous value (1):

string addedValue2 = dict.AddOrUpdate(1, "First", (updateKey, valueOld) => $"{valueOld} Updated");

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Using the overload (2) we can also add new value using a factory:

string addedValue3 = dict.AddOrUpdate(1, (key) => key == 1 ? "First" : "Not First", (updateKey,
valueOld) => $"{valueOld} Updated");

Getting value

Getting a value is the same as with the Dictionary<TKey,TValue>:

string value = null;

bool success = dict.TryGetValue(1, out value);

Getting or Adding a value

There are two mehod overloads, that will get or add a value in a thread-safe manner.

Get value with key 2, or add value "Second" if the key is not present:

string theValue = dict.GetOrAdd(2, "Second");

Using a factory for adding a value, if value is not present:

string theValue2 = dict.GetOrAdd(2, (key) => key == 2 ? "Second" : "Not Second." );

Section 4.8: Dictionary to List

Creating a list of KeyValuePair:

Dictionary<int, int> dictionary = new Dictionary<int, int>();

List<KeyValuePair<int, int>> list = new List<KeyValuePair<int, int>>();
list.AddRange(dictionary);

Creating a list of keys:

Dictionary<int, int> dictionary = new Dictionary<int, int>();

List<int> list = new List<int>();
list.AddRange(dictionary.Keys);

Creating a list of values:

Dictionary<int, int> dictionary = new Dictionary<int, int>();

List<int> list = new List<int>();
list.AddRange(dictionary.Values);

Section 4.9: Removing from a Dictionary

Given this setup code:

var dict = new Dictionary<int, string>()

{
{ 1, "First" },
{ 2, "Second" },
{ 3, "Third" }
};

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Use the Remove method to remove a key and its associated value.

bool wasRemoved = dict.Remove(2);

Executing this code removes the key 2 and it's value from the dictionary. Remove returns a boolean value indicating
whether the specified key was found and removed from the dictionary. If the key does not exist in the dictionary,
nothing is removed from the dictionary, and false is returned (no exception is thrown).

It's incorrect to try and remove a key by setting the value for the key to null.

dict[2] = null; // WRONG WAY TO REMOVE!

This will not remove the key. It will just replace the previous value with a value of null.

To remove all keys and values from a dictionary, use the Clear method.

dict.Clear();

After executing Clear the dictionary's Count will be 0, but the internal capacity remains unchanged.

Section 4.10: ContainsKey(TKey)

To check if a Dictionary has an specifique key, you can call the method ContainsKey(TKey) and provide the key of
TKey type. The method returns a bool value when the key exists on the dictionary. For sample:

var dictionary = new Dictionary<string, Customer>()

{
{"F1", new Customer() { FirstName = "Felipe", ... } },
{"C2", new Customer() { FirstName = "Carl", ... } },
{"J7", new Customer() { FirstName = "John", ... } },
{"M5", new Customer() { FirstName = "Mary", ... } },
};

And check if a C2 exists on the Dictionary:

if (dictionary.ContainsKey("C2"))
{
// exists
}

The ContainsKey method is available on the generic version Dictionary<TKey, TValue>.

Section 4.11: ConcurrentDictionary augmented with Lazy'1

reduces duplicated computation
Problem

ConcurrentDictionary shines when it comes to instantly returning of existing keys from cache, mostly lock free, and
contending on a granular level. But what if the object creation is really expensive, outweighing the cost of context
switching, and some cache misses occur?

If the same key is requested from multiple threads, one of the objects resulting from colliding operations will be
eventually added to the collection, and the others will be thrown away, wasting the CPU resource to create the
object and memory resource to store the object temporarily. Other resources could be wasted as well. This is really
bad.
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Solution

We can combine ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue> with Lazy<TValue>. The idea is that ConcurrentDictionary
GetOrAdd method can only return the value which was actually added to the collection. The loosing Lazy objects
could be wasted in this case too, but that's not much problem, as the Lazy object itself is relatively unexpensive. The
Value property of the losing Lazy is never requested, because we are smart to only request the Value property of
the one actually added to the collection - the one returned from the GetOrAdd method:

public static class ConcurrentDictionaryExtensions

{
public static TValue GetOrCreateLazy<TKey, TValue>(
this ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, Lazy<TValue>> d,
TKey key,
Func<TKey, TValue> factory)
{
return
d.GetOrAdd(
key,
key1 =>
new Lazy<TValue>(() => factory(key1),
LazyThreadSafetyMode.ExecutionAndPublication)).Value;
}
}

Caching of XmlSerializer objects can be particularly expensive, and there is a lot of contention at the application
startup too. And there is more to this: if those are custom serializers, there will be a memory leak too for the rest of
the process lifecycle. The only benefit of the ConcurrentDictionary in this case is that for the rest of the process
lifecycle there will be no locks, but application startup and memory usage would be inacceptable. This is a job for
our ConcurrentDictionary, augmented with Lazy:

private ConcurrentDictionary<Type, Lazy<XmlSerializer>> _serializers =

new ConcurrentDictionary<Type, Lazy<XmlSerializer>>();

public XmlSerializer GetSerialier(Type t)

{
return _serializers.GetOrCreateLazy(t, BuildSerializer);
}

private XmlSerializer BuildSerializer(Type t)

{
throw new NotImplementedException("and this is a homework");
}

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Chapter 5: Collections
Section 5.1: Using collection initializers
Some collection types can be initialized at the declaration time. For example, the following statement creates and
initializes the numbers with some integers:

List<int> numbers = new List<int>(){10, 9, 8, 7, 7, 6, 5, 10, 4, 3, 2, 1};

Internally, the C# compiler actually converts this initialization to a series of calls to the Add method. Consequently,
you can use this syntax only for collections that actually support the Add method.

The Stack<T> and Queue<T> classes do not support it.

For complex collections such as the Dictionary<TKey, TValue> class, that take key/value pairs, you can specify
each key/value pair as an anonymous type in the initializer list.

Dictionary<int, string> employee = new Dictionary<int, string>()

{{44, "John"}, {45, "Bob"}, {47, "James"}, {48, "Franklin"}};

The first item in each pair is the key, and the second is the value.

Section 5.2: Stack

There is a collection in .Net used to manage values in a Stack that uses the LIFO (last-in first-out) concept. The
basics of stacks is the method Push(T item) which is used to add elements in the stack and Pop() which is used to
get the last element added and remove it from the stack. The generic version can be used like the following code
for a queue of strings.

First, add the namespace:

using System.Collections.Generic;

and use it:

Stack<string> stack = new Stack<string>();

stack.Push("John");
stack.Push("Paul");
stack.Push("George");
stack.Push("Ringo");

string value;
value = stack.Pop(); // return Ringo
value = stack.Pop(); // return George
value = stack.Pop(); // return Paul
value = stack.Pop(); // return John

There is a non generic version of the type, which works with objects.

The namespace is:

using System.Collections;

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And a code sample of non generic stack:

Stack stack = new Stack();

stack.Push("Hello World"); // string
stack.Push(5); // int
stack.Push(1d); // double
stack.Push(true); // bool
stack.Push(new Product()); // Product object

object value;
value = stack.Pop(); // return Product (Product type)
value = stack.Pop(); // return true (bool)
value = stack.Pop(); // return 1d (double)
value = stack.Pop(); // return 5 (int)
value = stack.Pop(); // return Hello World (string)

There is also a method called Peek() which returns the last element added but without removing it from the Stack.

Stack<int> stack = new Stack<int>();

stack.Push(10);
stack.Push(20);

var lastValueAdded = stack.Peek(); // 20

It is possible to iterate on the elements on the stack and it will respect the order of the stack (LIFO).

Stack<int> stack = new Stack<int>();

stack.Push(10);
stack.Push(20);
stack.Push(30);
stack.Push(40);
stack.Push(50);

foreach (int element in stack)

{
Console.WriteLine(element);
}

The output (without removing):

50
40
30
20
10

Section 5.3: Creating an initialized List with Custom Types

public class Model
{
public string Name { get; set; }
public bool? Selected { get; set; }
}

Here we have a Class with no constructor with two properties: Name and a nullable boolean property Selected. If we
wanted to initialize a List<Model>, there are a few different ways to execute this.

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var SelectedEmployees = new List<Model>
{
new Model() {Name = "Item1", Selected = true},
new Model() {Name = "Item2", Selected = false},
new Model() {Name = "Item3", Selected = false},
new Model() {Name = "Item4"}
};

Here, we are creating several new instances of our Model class, and initializing them with data. What if we added a
constructor?

public class Model

{

public Model(string name, bool? selected = false)

{
Name = name;
selected = Selected;
}
public string Name { get; set; }
public bool? Selected { get; set; }
}

This allows us to initialize our List a little differently.

var SelectedEmployees = new List<Model>

{
new Model("Mark", true),
new Model("Alexis"),
new Model("")
};

What about a Class where one of the properties is a class itself?

public class Model

{
public string Name { get; set; }
public bool? Selected { get; set; }
}

public class ExtendedModel : Model

{
public ExtendedModel()
{
BaseModel = new Model();
}

public Model BaseModel { get; set; }

public DateTime BirthDate { get; set; }
}

Notice we reverted the constructor on the Model class to simplify the example a little bit.

var SelectedWithBirthDate = new List<ExtendedModel>

{
new ExtendedModel()
{
BaseModel = new Model { Name = "Mark", Selected = true},
BirthDate = new DateTime(2015, 11, 23)

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 },
new ExtendedModel()
{
BaseModel = new Model { Name = "Random"},
BirthDate = new DateTime(2015, 11, 23)
}
};

Note that we can interchange our List<ExtendedModel> with Collection<ExtendedModel>, ExtendedModel[],

object[], or even simply [].

Section 5.4: Queue

There is a collection in .Net used to manage values in a Queue that uses the FIFO (first-in first-out) concept. The
basics of queues is the method Enqueue(T item) which is used to add elements in the queue and Dequeue() which
is used to get the first element and remove it from the queue. The generic version can be used like the following
code for a queue of strings.

First, add the namespace:

using System.Collections.Generic;

and use it:

Queue<string> queue = new Queue<string>();

queue.Enqueue("John");
queue.Enqueue("Paul");
queue.Enqueue("George");
queue.Enqueue("Ringo");

string dequeueValue;
dequeueValue = queue.Dequeue(); // return John
dequeueValue = queue.Dequeue(); // return Paul
dequeueValue = queue.Dequeue(); // return George
dequeueValue = queue.Dequeue(); // return Ringo

There is a non generic version of the type, which works with objects.

The namespace is:

using System.Collections;

Adn a code sample fo non generic queue:

Queue queue = new Queue();

queue.Enqueue("Hello World"); // string
queue.Enqueue(5); // int
queue.Enqueue(1d); // double
queue.Enqueue(true); // bool
queue.Enqueue(new Product()); // Product object

object dequeueValue;
dequeueValue = queue.Dequeue(); // return Hello World (string)
dequeueValue = queue.Dequeue(); // return 5 (int)
dequeueValue = queue.Dequeue(); // return 1d (double)
dequeueValue = queue.Dequeue(); // return true (bool)
dequeueValue = queue.Dequeue(); // return Product (Product type)

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There is also a method called Peek() which returns the object at the beginning of the queue without removing it the
elements.

Queue<int> queue = new Queue<int>();

queue.Enqueue(10);
queue.Enqueue(20);
queue.Enqueue(30);
queue.Enqueue(40);
queue.Enqueue(50);

foreach (int element in queue)

{
Console.WriteLine(i);
}

The output (without removing):

10
20
30
40
50

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Chapter 6: ReadOnlyCollections
Section 6.1: Creating a ReadOnlyCollection
Using the Constructor

A ReadOnlyCollection is created by passing an existing IList object into the constructor:

var groceryList = new List<string> { "Apple", "Banana" };

var readOnlyGroceryList = new ReadOnlyCollection<string>(groceryList);

Using LINQ

Additionaly, LINQ provides an AsReadOnly() extension method for IList objects:

var readOnlyVersion = groceryList.AsReadOnly();

Note

Typically, you want to maintain the source collection privately and allow public access to the ReadOnlyCollection.
While you could create a ReadOnlyCollection from an in-line list, you would be unable to modify the collection
after you created it.

var readOnlyGroceryList = new List<string> {"Apple", "Banana"}.AsReadOnly();

// Great, but you will not be able to update the grocery list because
// you do not have a reference to the source list anymore!

If you find yourself doing this, you may want to consider using another data structure, such as an
ImmutableCollection.

Section 6.2: Updating a ReadOnlyCollection

A ReadOnlyCollection cannot be edited directly. Instead, the source collection is updated and the
ReadOnlyCollection will reflect these changes. This is the key feature of the ReadOnlyCollection.

var groceryList = new List<string> { "Apple", "Banana" };

var readOnlyGroceryList = new ReadOnlyCollection<string>(groceryList);

var itemCount = readOnlyGroceryList.Count; // There are currently 2 items

//readOnlyGroceryList.Add("Candy"); // Compiler Error - Items cannot be added to a

ReadOnlyCollection object
groceryList.Add("Vitamins"); // ..but they can be added to the original collection

itemCount = readOnlyGroceryList.Count; // Now there are 3 items

var lastItem = readOnlyGroceryList.Last(); // The last item on the read only list is now "Vitamins"

View Demo

Section 6.3: Warning: Elements in a ReadOnlyCollection are

not inherently read-only
If the source collection is of a type that is not immutable, elements accessed through a ReadOnlyCollection can be
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modified.

public class Item

{
public string Name { get; set; }
public decimal Price { get; set; }
}

public static void FillOrder()

{
// An order is generated
var order = new List<Item>
{
new Item { Name = "Apple", Price = 0.50m },
new Item { Name = "Banana", Price = 0.75m },
new Item { Name = "Vitamins", Price = 5.50m }
};

// The current sub total is $6.75

var subTotal = order.Sum(item => item.Price);

// Let the customer preview their order

var customerPreview = new ReadOnlyCollection<Item>(order);

// The customer can't add or remove items, but they can change
// the price of an item, even though it is a ReadOnlyCollection
customerPreview.Last().Price = 0.25m;

// The sub total is now only $1.50!

subTotal = order.Sum(item => item.Price);
}

View Demo

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Chapter 7: Stack and Heap
Section 7.1: Value types in use
Value types simply contain a value.

All value types are derived from the System.ValueType class, and this includes most of the built in types.

When creating a new value type, the an area of memory called the stack is used.
The stack will grow accordingly, by the size the declared type. So for example, an int will always be allocated 32 bits
of memory on the stack. When the value type is no longer in scope, the space on the stack will be deallocated.

The code below demonstrates a value type being assigned to a new variable. A struct is being used as a convenient
way to create a custom value type (the System.ValueType class cannot be otherwise extended).

The important thing to understand is that when assigning a value type, the value itself copied to the new variable,
meaning we have two distinct instances of the object, that cannot affect each other.

struct PersonAsValueType
{
public string Name;
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
PersonAsValueType personA;

personA.Name = "Bob";

var personB = personA;

personA.Name = "Linda";

Console.WriteLine( // Outputs 'False' - because

object.ReferenceEquals( // personA and personB are referencing
personA, // different areas of memory
personB));

Console.WriteLine(personA.Name); // Outputs 'Linda'

Console.WriteLine(personB.Name); // Outputs 'Bob'
}
}

Section 7.2: Reference types in use

Reference types are comprised of both a reference to a memory area, and a value stored within that area.
This is analogous to pointers in C/C++.

All reference types are stored on what is known as the heap.

The heap is simply a managed area of memory where objects are stored. When a new object is instantiated, a part
of the heap will be allocated for use by that object, and a reference to that location of the heap will be returned. The
heap is managed and maintained by the garbage collector, and does not allow for manual intervention.

In addition to the memory space required for the instance itself, additional space is required to store the reference

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itself, along with additional temporary information required by the .NET CLR.

The code below demonstrates a reference type being assigned to a new variable. In this instance, we are using a
class, all classes are reference types (even if static).

When a reference type is assigned to another variable, it is the reference to the object that is copied over, not the
value itself. This is an important distinction between value types and reference types.

The implications of this are that we now have two references to the same object.
Any changes to the values within that object will be reflected by both variables.

class PersonAsReferenceType
{
public string Name;
}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
PersonAsReferenceType personA;

personA = new PersonAsReferenceType { Name = "Bob" };

var personB = personA;

personA.Name = "Linda";

Console.WriteLine( // Outputs 'True' - because

object.ReferenceEquals( // personA and personB are referencing
personA, // the *same* memory location
personB));

Console.WriteLine(personA.Name); // Outputs 'Linda'

Console.WriteLine(personB.Name); // Outputs 'Linda'
}

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Chapter 8: LINQ
LINQ (Language Integrated Query) is an expression that retrieves data from a data source. LINQ simplifies this
situation by offering a consistent model for working with data across various kinds of data sources and formats. In
a LINQ query, you are always working with objects. You use the same basic coding patterns to query and transform
data in XML documents, SQL databases, ADO.NET Datasets, .NET collections, and any other format for which a
provider is available. LINQ can be used in C# and VB.

Section 8.1: SelectMany (flat map)

Enumerable.Select returns an output element for every input element. Whereas Enumerable.SelectMany
produces a variable number of output elements for each input element. This means that the output sequence may
contain more or fewer elements than were in the input sequence.

Lambda expressions passed to Enumerable.Select must return a single item. Lambda expressions passed to
Enumerable.SelectMany must produce a child sequence. This child sequence may contain a varying number of
elements for each element in the input sequence.

Example

class Invoice
{
public int Id { get; set; }
}

class Customer
{
public Invoice[] Invoices {get;set;}
}

var customers = new[] {

new Customer {
Invoices = new[] {
new Invoice {Id=1},
new Invoice {Id=2},
}
},
new Customer {
Invoices = new[] {
new Invoice {Id=3},
new Invoice {Id=4},
}
},
new Customer {
Invoices = new[] {
new Invoice {Id=5},
new Invoice {Id=6},
}
}
};

var allInvoicesFromAllCustomers = customers.SelectMany(c => c.Invoices);

Console.WriteLine(
string.Join(",", allInvoicesFromAllCustomers.Select(i => i.Id).ToArray()));

Output:

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 1,2,3,4,5,6

View Demo

Enumerable.SelectMany can also be achieved with a syntax-based query using two consecutive from clauses:

var allInvoicesFromAllCustomers
= from customer in customers
from invoice in customer.Invoices
select invoice;

Section 8.2: Where (filter)

This method returns an IEnumerable with all the elements that meets the lambda expression

Example

var personNames = new[]

{
"Foo", "Bar", "Fizz", "Buzz"
};

var namesStartingWithF = personNames.Where(p => p.StartsWith("F"));

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", namesStartingWithF));

Output:

Foo,Fizz

View Demo

Section 8.3: Any

Returns true if the collection has any elements that meets the condition in the lambda expression:

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};

var isNotEmpty = numbers.Any();

Console.WriteLine(isNotEmpty); //True

var anyNumberIsOne = numbers.Any(n => n == 1);

Console.WriteLine(anyNumberIsOne); //True

var anyNumberIsSix = numbers.Any(n => n == 6);

Console.WriteLine(anyNumberIsSix); //False

var anyNumberIsOdd = numbers.Any(n => (n & 1) == 1);

Console.WriteLine(anyNumberIsOdd); //True

var anyNumberIsNegative = numbers.Any(n => n < 0);

Console.WriteLine(anyNumberIsNegative); //False

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Section 8.4: GroupJoin
class Developer
{
public int Id { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
}

class Project
{
public int DeveloperId { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
}

var developers = new[] {

new Developer {
Id = 1,
Name = "Foobuzz"
},
new Developer {
Id = 2,
Name = "Barfizz"
}
};

var projects = new[] {

new Project {
DeveloperId = 1,
Name = "Hello World 3D"
},
new Project {
DeveloperId = 1,
Name = "Super Fizzbuzz Maker"
},
new Project {
DeveloperId = 2,
Name = "Citizen Kane - The action game"
},
new Project {
DeveloperId = 2,
Name = "Pro Pong 2016"
}
};

var grouped = developers.GroupJoin(

inner: projects,
outerKeySelector: dev => dev.Id,
innerKeySelector: proj => proj.DeveloperId,
resultSelector:
(dev, projs) => new {
DeveloperName = dev.Name,
ProjectNames = projs.Select(p => p.Name).ToArray()});

foreach(var item in grouped)

{
Console.WriteLine(
"{0}'s projects: {1}",
item.DeveloperName,
string.Join(", ", item.ProjectNames));
}

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//Foobuzz's projects: Hello World 3D, Super Fizzbuzz Maker
//Barfizz's projects: Citizen Kane - The action game, Pro Pong 2016

Section 8.5: Except

var numbers = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
var evenNumbersBetweenSixAndFourteen = new[] { 6, 8, 10, 12 };

var result = numbers.Except(evenNumbersBetweenSixAndFourteen);

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", result));

//1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9

Section 8.6: Zip

.NET Version ≥ 4.0

var tens = new[] {10,20,30,40,50};

var units = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};

var sums = tens.Zip(units, (first, second) => first + second);

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", sums));

//11,22,33,44,55

Section 8.7: Aggregate (fold)

Generating a new object in each step:

var elements = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};

var commaSeparatedElements = elements.Aggregate(

seed: "",
func: (aggregate, element) => $"{aggregate}{element},");

Console.WriteLine(commaSeparatedElements); //1,2,3,4,5,

Using the same object in all steps:

var commaSeparatedElements2 = elements.Aggregate(

seed: new StringBuilder(),
func: (seed, element) => seed.Append($"{element},"));

Console.WriteLine(commaSeparatedElements2.ToString()); //1,2,3,4,5,

Using a result selector:

var commaSeparatedElements3 = elements.Aggregate(

seed: new StringBuilder(),
func: (seed, element) => seed.Append($"{element},"),
resultSelector: (seed) => seed.ToString());
Console.WriteLine(commaSeparatedElements3); //1,2,3,4,5,

If a seed is omitted, the first element becomes the seed:

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var seedAndElements = elements.Select(n=>n.ToString());
var commaSeparatedElements4 = seedAndElements.Aggregate(
func: (aggregate, element) => $"{aggregate}{element},");

Console.WriteLine(commaSeparatedElements4); //12,3,4,5,

Section 8.8: ToLookup

var persons = new[] {
new { Name="Fizz", Job="Developer"},
new { Name="Buzz", Job="Developer"},
new { Name="Foo", Job="Astronaut"},
new { Name="Bar", Job="Astronaut"},
};

var groupedByJob = persons.ToLookup(p => p.Job);

foreach(var theGroup in groupedByJob)

{
Console.WriteLine(
"{0} are {1}s",
string.Join(",", theGroup.Select(g => g.Name).ToArray()),
theGroup.Key);
}

//Fizz,Buzz are Developers

//Foo,Bar are Astronauts

Section 8.9: Intersect

var numbers1to10 = new[] {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};
var numbers5to15 = new[] {5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15};

var numbers5to10 = numbers1to10.Intersect(numbers5to15);

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", numbers5to10));

//5,6,7,8,9,10

Section 8.10: Concat

var numbers1to5 = new[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
var numbers4to8 = new[] {4, 5, 6, 7, 8};

var numbers1to8 = numbers1to5.Concat(numbers4to8);

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", numbers1to8));

//1,2,3,4,5,4,5,6,7,8

Note that duplicates are kept in the result. If this is undesirable, use Union instead.

Section 8.11: All

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};

var allNumbersAreOdd = numbers.All(n => (n & 1) == 1);

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Console.WriteLine(allNumbersAreOdd); //False

var allNumbersArePositive = numbers.All(n => n > 0);

Console.WriteLine(allNumbersArePositive); //True

Note that the All method functions by checking for the first element to evaluate as false according to the
predicate. Therefore, the method will return true for any predicate in the case that the set is empty:

var numbers = new int[0];

var allNumbersArePositive = numbers.All(n => n > 0);
Console.WriteLine(allNumbersArePositive); //True

Section 8.12: Sum

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4};

var sumOfAllNumbers = numbers.Sum();

Console.WriteLine(sumOfAllNumbers); //10

var cities = new[] {

new {Population = 1000},
new {Population = 2500},
new {Population = 4000}
};

var totalPopulation = cities.Sum(c => c.Population);

Console.WriteLine(totalPopulation); //7500

Section 8.13: SequenceEqual

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};
var sameNumbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};
var sameNumbersInDifferentOrder = new[] {5,1,4,2,3};

var equalIfSameOrder = numbers.SequenceEqual(sameNumbers);

Console.WriteLine(equalIfSameOrder); //True

var equalIfDifferentOrder = numbers.SequenceEqual(sameNumbersInDifferentOrder);

Console.WriteLine(equalIfDifferentOrder); //False

Section 8.14: Min

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4};

var minNumber = numbers.Min();

Console.WriteLine(minNumber); //1

var cities = new[] {

new {Population = 1000},
new {Population = 2500},
new {Population = 4000}
};

var minPopulation = cities.Min(c => c.Population);

Console.WriteLine(minPopulation); //1000

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Section 8.15: Distinct
var numbers = new[] {1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5};
var distinctNumbers = numbers.Distinct();

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", distinctNumbers));

//1,2,3,4,5

Section 8.16: Count

IEnumerable<int> numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};

var numbersCount = numbers.Count();

Console.WriteLine(numbersCount); //10

var evenNumbersCount = numbers.Count(n => (n & 1) == 0);

Console.WriteLine(evenNumbersCount); //5

Section 8.17: Cast

Cast is different from the other methods of Enumerable in that it is an extension method for IEnumerable, not for
IEnumerable<T>. Thus it can be used to convert instances of the former into instances of the later.

This does not compile since ArrayList does not implement IEnumerable<T>:

var numbers = new ArrayList() {1,2,3,4,5};

Console.WriteLine(numbers.First());

This works as expected:

var numbers = new ArrayList() {1,2,3,4,5};

Console.WriteLine(numbers.Cast<int>().First()); //1

Cast does not perform conversion casts. The following compiles but throws InvalidCastException at runtime:

var numbers = new int[] {1,2,3,4,5};

decimal[] numbersAsDecimal = numbers.Cast<decimal>().ToArray();

The proper way to perform a converting cast to a collection is as follows:

var numbers= new int[] {1,2,3,4,5};

decimal[] numbersAsDecimal = numbers.Select(n => (decimal)n).ToArray();

Section 8.18: Range

The two parameters to Range are the first number and the count of elements to produce (not the last number).

// prints 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", Enumerable.Range(1, 10)));

// prints 10,11,12,13,14
Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", Enumerable.Range(10, 5)));

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Section 8.19: ThenBy
ThenBy can only be used after a OrderBy clause allowing to order using multiple criteria

var persons = new[]

{
new {Id = 1, Name = "Foo", Order = 1},
new {Id = 1, Name = "FooTwo", Order = 2},
new {Id = 2, Name = "Bar", Order = 2},
new {Id = 2, Name = "BarTwo", Order = 1},
new {Id = 3, Name = "Fizz", Order = 2},
new {Id = 3, Name = "FizzTwo", Order = 1},
};

var personsSortedByName = persons.OrderBy(p => p.Id).ThenBy(p => p.Order);

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", personsSortedByName.Select(p => p.Name)));

//This will display :
//Foo,FooTwo,BarTwo,Bar,FizzTwo,Fizz

Section 8.20: Repeat

Enumerable.Repeat generates a sequence of a repeated value. In this example it generates "Hello" 4 times.

var repeats = Enumerable.Repeat("Hello", 4);

foreach (var item in repeats)

{
Console.WriteLine(item);
}

/* output:
Hello
Hello
Hello
Hello
*/

Section 8.21: Empty

To create an empty IEnumerable of int:

IEnumerable<int> emptyList = Enumerable.Empty<int>();

This empty IEnumerable is cached for each Type T, so that:

Enumerable.Empty<decimal>() == Enumerable.Empty<decimal>(); // This is True

Enumerable.Empty<int>() == Enumerable.Empty<decimal>(); // This is False

Section 8.22: Select (map)

var persons = new[]
{
new {Id = 1, Name = "Foo"},
new {Id = 2, Name = "Bar"},
new {Id = 3, Name = "Fizz"},
new {Id = 4, Name = "Buzz"}

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};

var names = persons.Select(p => p.Name);

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", names.ToArray()));

//Foo,Bar,Fizz,Buzz

This type of function is usually called map in functional programming languages.

Section 8.23: OrderBy

var persons = new[]
{
new {Id = 1, Name = "Foo"},
new {Id = 2, Name = "Bar"},
new {Id = 3, Name = "Fizz"},
new {Id = 4, Name = "Buzz"}
};

var personsSortedByName = persons.OrderBy(p => p.Name);

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", personsSortedByName.Select(p => p.Id).ToArray()));

//2,4,3,1

Section 8.24: OrderByDescending

var persons = new[]
{
new {Id = 1, Name = "Foo"},
new {Id = 2, Name = "Bar"},
new {Id = 3, Name = "Fizz"},
new {Id = 4, Name = "Buzz"}
};

var personsSortedByNameDescending = persons.OrderByDescending(p => p.Name);

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", personsSortedByNameDescending.Select(p => p.Id).ToArray()));

//1,3,4,2

Section 8.25: Contains

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};
Console.WriteLine(numbers.Contains(3)); //True
Console.WriteLine(numbers.Contains(34)); //False

Section 8.26: First (find)

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};

var firstNumber = numbers.First();

Console.WriteLine(firstNumber); //1

var firstEvenNumber = numbers.First(n => (n & 1) == 0);

Console.WriteLine(firstEvenNumber); //2

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The following throws InvalidOperationException with message "Sequence contains no matching element":

var firstNegativeNumber = numbers.First(n => n < 0);

Section 8.27: Single

var oneNumber = new[] {5};
var theOnlyNumber = oneNumber.Single();
Console.WriteLine(theOnlyNumber); //5

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};

var theOnlyNumberSmallerThanTwo = numbers.Single(n => n < 2);

Console.WriteLine(theOnlyNumberSmallerThanTwo); //1

The following throws InvalidOperationException since there is more than one element in the sequence:

var theOnlyNumberInNumbers = numbers.Single();

var theOnlyNegativeNumber = numbers.Single(n => n < 0);

Section 8.28: Last

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};

var lastNumber = numbers.Last();

Console.WriteLine(lastNumber); //5

var lastEvenNumber = numbers.Last(n => (n & 1) == 0);

Console.WriteLine(lastEvenNumber); //4

The following throws InvalidOperationException:

var lastNegativeNumber = numbers.Last(n => n < 0);

Section 8.29: LastOrDefault

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};

var lastNumber = numbers.LastOrDefault();

Console.WriteLine(lastNumber); //5

var lastEvenNumber = numbers.LastOrDefault(n => (n & 1) == 0);

Console.WriteLine(lastEvenNumber); //4

var lastNegativeNumber = numbers.LastOrDefault(n => n < 0);

Console.WriteLine(lastNegativeNumber); //0

var words = new[] { "one", "two", "three", "four", "five" };

var lastWord = words.LastOrDefault();

Console.WriteLine(lastWord); // five

var lastLongWord = words.LastOrDefault(w => w.Length > 4);

Console.WriteLine(lastLongWord); // three

var lastMissingWord = words.LastOrDefault(w => w.Length > 5);

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Console.WriteLine(lastMissingWord); // null

Section 8.30: SingleOrDefault

var oneNumber = new[] {5};
var theOnlyNumber = oneNumber.SingleOrDefault();
Console.WriteLine(theOnlyNumber); //5

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};

var theOnlyNumberSmallerThanTwo = numbers.SingleOrDefault(n => n < 2);

Console.WriteLine(theOnlyNumberSmallerThanTwo); //1

var theOnlyNegativeNumber = numbers.SingleOrDefault(n => n < 0);

Console.WriteLine(theOnlyNegativeNumber); //0

The following throws InvalidOperationException:

var theOnlyNumberInNumbers = numbers.SingleOrDefault();

Section 8.31: FirstOrDefault

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};

var firstNumber = numbers.FirstOrDefault();

Console.WriteLine(firstNumber); //1

var firstEvenNumber = numbers.FirstOrDefault(n => (n & 1) == 0);

Console.WriteLine(firstEvenNumber); //2

var firstNegativeNumber = numbers.FirstOrDefault(n => n < 0);

Console.WriteLine(firstNegativeNumber); //0

var words = new[] { "one", "two", "three", "four", "five" };

var firstWord = words.FirstOrDefault();

Console.WriteLine(firstWord); // one

var firstLongWord = words.FirstOrDefault(w => w.Length > 3);

Console.WriteLine(firstLongWord); // three

var firstMissingWord = words.FirstOrDefault(w => w.Length > 5);

Console.WriteLine(firstMissingWord); // null

Section 8.32: Skip

Skip will enumerate the first N items without returning them. Once item number N+1 is reached, Skip starts
returning every enumerated item:

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};

var allNumbersExceptFirstTwo = numbers.Skip(2);

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", allNumbersExceptFirstTwo.ToArray()));

//3,4,5

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Section 8.33: Take
This method takes the first n elements from an enumerable.

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};

var threeFirstNumbers = numbers.Take(3);

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", threeFirstNumbers.ToArray()));

//1,2,3

Section 8.34: Reverse

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};
var reversed = numbers.Reverse();

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", reversed.ToArray()));

//5,4,3,2,1

Section 8.35: OfType

var mixed = new object[] {1,"Foo",2,"Bar",3,"Fizz",4,"Buzz"};
var numbers = mixed.OfType<int>();

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", numbers.ToArray()));

//1,2,3,4

Section 8.36: Max

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4};

var maxNumber = numbers.Max();

Console.WriteLine(maxNumber); //4

var cities = new[] {

new {Population = 1000},
new {Population = 2500},
new {Population = 4000}
};

var maxPopulation = cities.Max(c => c.Population);

Console.WriteLine(maxPopulation); //4000

Section 8.37: Average

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4};

var averageNumber = numbers.Average();

Console.WriteLine(averageNumber);
// 2,5

This method calculates the average of enumerable of numbers.

var cities = new[] {

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 new {Population = 1000},
new {Population = 2000},
new {Population = 4000}
};

var averagePopulation = cities.Average(c => c.Population);

Console.WriteLine(averagePopulation);
// 2333,33

This method calculates the average of enumerable using delegated function.

Section 8.38: GroupBy

var persons = new[] {
new { Name="Fizz", Job="Developer"},
new { Name="Buzz", Job="Developer"},
new { Name="Foo", Job="Astronaut"},
new { Name="Bar", Job="Astronaut"},
};

var groupedByJob = persons.GroupBy(p => p.Job);

foreach(var theGroup in groupedByJob)

{
Console.WriteLine(
"{0} are {1}s",
string.Join(",", theGroup.Select(g => g.Name).ToArray()),
theGroup.Key);
}

//Fizz,Buzz are Developers

//Foo,Bar are Astronauts

Group invoices by country, generating a new object with the number of record, total paid, and average paid

var a = db.Invoices.GroupBy(i => i.Country)

.Select(g => new { Country = g.Key,
Count = g.Count(),
Total = g.Sum(i => i.Paid),
Average = g.Average(i => i.Paid) });

If we want only the totals, no group

var a = db.Invoices.GroupBy(i => 1)

.Select(g => new { Count = g.Count(),
Total = g.Sum(i => i.Paid),
Average = g.Average(i => i.Paid) });

If we need several counts

var a = db.Invoices.GroupBy(g => 1)

.Select(g => new { High = g.Count(i => i.Paid >= 1000),
Low = g.Count(i => i.Paid < 1000),
Sum = g.Sum(i => i.Paid) });

Section 8.39: ToDictionary

Returns a new dictionary from the source IEnumerable using the provided keySelector function to determine keys.

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Will throw an ArgumentException if keySelector is not injective(returns a unique value for each member of the
source collection.) There are overloads which allow one to specify the value to be stored as well as the key.

var persons = new[] {

new { Name="Fizz", Id=1},
new { Name="Buzz", Id=2},
new { Name="Foo", Id=3},
new { Name="Bar", Id=4},
};

Specifying just a key selector function will create a Dictionary<TKey,TVal> with TKey the return Type of the key
selector, TVal the original object Type, and the original object as the stored value.

var personsById = persons.ToDictionary(p => p.Id);

// personsById is a Dictionary<int,object>

Console.WriteLine(personsById[1].Name); //Fizz
Console.WriteLine(personsById[2].Name); //Buzz

Specifying a value selector function as well will create a Dictionary<TKey,TVal> with TKey still the return type of
the key selector, but TVal now the return type of the value selector function, and the returned value as the stored
value.

var namesById = persons.ToDictionary(p => p.Id, p => p.Name);

//namesById is a Dictionary<int,string>

Console.WriteLine(namesById[3]); //Foo
Console.WriteLine(namesById[4]); //Bar

As stated above, the keys returned by the key selector must be unique. The following will throw an exception.

var persons = new[] {

new { Name="Fizz", Id=1},
new { Name="Buzz", Id=2},
new { Name="Foo", Id=3},
new { Name="Bar", Id=4},
new { Name="Oops", Id=4}
};

var willThrowException = persons.ToDictionary(p => p.Id)

If a unique key can not be given for the source collection, consider using ToLookup instead. On the surface,
ToLookup behaves similarly to ToDictionary, however, in the resulting Lookup each key is paired with a collection of
values with matching keys.

Section 8.40: Union

var numbers1to5 = new[] {1,2,3,4,5};
var numbers4to8 = new[] {4,5,6,7,8};

var numbers1to8 = numbers1to5.Union(numbers4to8);

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", numbers1to8));

//1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8

Note that duplicates are removed from the result. If this is undesirable, use Concat instead.
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Section 8.41: ToArray
var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};
var someNumbers = numbers.Where(n => n < 6);

Console.WriteLine(someNumbers.GetType().Name);
//WhereArrayIterator`1

var someNumbersArray = someNumbers.ToArray();

Console.WriteLine(someNumbersArray.GetType().Name);
//Int32[]

Section 8.42: ToList

var numbers = new[] {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};
var someNumbers = numbers.Where(n => n < 6);

Console.WriteLine(someNumbers.GetType().Name);
//WhereArrayIterator`1

var someNumbersList = someNumbers.ToList();

Console.WriteLine(
someNumbersList.GetType().Name + " - " +
someNumbersList.GetType().GetGenericArguments()[0].Name);
//List`1 - Int32

Section 8.43: ElementAt

var names = new[] {"Foo","Bar","Fizz","Buzz"};

var thirdName = names.ElementAt(2);

Console.WriteLine(thirdName); //Fizz

//The following throws ArgumentOutOfRangeException

var minusOnethName = names.ElementAt(-1);

var fifthName = names.ElementAt(4);

Section 8.44: ElementAtOrDefault

var names = new[] {"Foo","Bar","Fizz","Buzz"};

var thirdName = names.ElementAtOrDefault(2);

Console.WriteLine(thirdName); //Fizz

var minusOnethName = names.ElementAtOrDefault(-1);

Console.WriteLine(minusOnethName); //null

var fifthName = names.ElementAtOrDefault(4);

Console.WriteLine(fifthName); //null

Section 8.45: SkipWhile

var numbers = new[] {2,4,6,8,1,3,5,7};

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var oddNumbers = numbers.SkipWhile(n => (n & 1) == 0);

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", oddNumbers.ToArray()));

//1,3,5,7

Section 8.46: TakeWhile

var numbers = new[] {2,4,6,1,3,5,7,8};

var evenNumbers = numbers.TakeWhile(n => (n & 1) == 0);

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", evenNumbers.ToArray()));

//2,4,6

Section 8.47: DefaultIfEmpty

var numbers = new[] {2,4,6,8,1,3,5,7};

var numbersOrDefault = numbers.DefaultIfEmpty();

Console.WriteLine(numbers.SequenceEqual(numbersOrDefault)); //True

var noNumbers = new int[0];

var noNumbersOrDefault = noNumbers.DefaultIfEmpty();

Console.WriteLine(noNumbersOrDefault.Count()); //1
Console.WriteLine(noNumbersOrDefault.Single()); //0

var noNumbersOrExplicitDefault = noNumbers.DefaultIfEmpty(34);

Console.WriteLine(noNumbersOrExplicitDefault.Count()); //1
Console.WriteLine(noNumbersOrExplicitDefault.Single()); //34

Section 8.48: Join

class Developer
{
public int Id { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
}

class Project
{
public int DeveloperId { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
}

var developers = new[] {

new Developer {
Id = 1,
Name = "Foobuzz"
},
new Developer {
Id = 2,
Name = "Barfizz"
}
};

var projects = new[] {

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 new Project {
DeveloperId = 1,
Name = "Hello World 3D"
},
new Project {
DeveloperId = 1,
Name = "Super Fizzbuzz Maker"
},
new Project {
DeveloperId = 2,
Name = "Citizen Kane - The action game"
},
new Project {
DeveloperId = 2,
Name = "Pro Pong 2016"
}
};

var denormalized = developers.Join(

inner: projects,
outerKeySelector: dev => dev.Id,
innerKeySelector: proj => proj.DeveloperId,
resultSelector:
(dev, proj) => new {
ProjectName = proj.Name,
DeveloperName = dev.Name});

foreach(var item in denormalized)

{
Console.WriteLine("{0} by {1}", item.ProjectName, item.DeveloperName);
}

//Hello World 3D by Foobuzz

//Super Fizzbuzz Maker by Foobuzz
//Citizen Kane - The action game by Barfizz
//Pro Pong 2016 by Barfizz

Section 8.49: Left Outer Join

class Person
{
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
}

class Pet
{
public string Name { get; set; }
public Person Owner { get; set; }
}

public static void Main(string[] args)

{
var magnus = new Person { FirstName = "Magnus", LastName = "Hedlund" };
var terry = new Person { FirstName = "Terry", LastName = "Adams" };

var barley = new Pet { Name = "Barley", Owner = terry };

var people = new[] { magnus, terry };

var pets = new[] { barley };

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 var query =
from person in people
join pet in pets on person equals pet.Owner into gj
from subpet in gj.DefaultIfEmpty()
select new
{
person.FirstName,
PetName = subpet?.Name ?? "-" // Use - if he has no pet
};

foreach (var p in query)

Console.WriteLine($"{p.FirstName}: {p.PetName}");
}

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Chapter 9: ForEach
Section 9.1: Extension method for IEnumerable
ForEach() is defined on the List<T> class, but not on IQueryable<T> or IEnumerable<T>. You have two choices in
those cases:

ToList first

The enumeration (or query) will be evaluated, copying the results into a new list or calling the database. The
method is then called on each item.

IEnumerable<Customer> customers = new List<Customer>();

customers.ToList().ForEach(c => c.SendEmail());

This method has obvious memory usage overhead, as an intermediate list is created.

Extension method

Write an extension method:

public static void ForEach<T>(this IEnumerable<T> enumeration, Action<T> action)

{
foreach(T item in enumeration)
{
action(item);
}
}

Use:

IEnumerable<Customer> customers = new List<Customer>();

customers.ForEach(c => c.SendEmail());

Caution: The Framework's LINQ methods have been designed with the intention of being pure, which means they
do not produce side effects. The ForEach method's only purpose is to produce side effects, and deviates from the
other methods in this aspect. You may consider just using a plain foreach loop instead.

Section 9.2: Calling a method on an object in a list

public class Customer {
public void SendEmail()
{
// Sending email code here
}
}

List<Customer> customers = new List<Customer>();

customers.Add(new Customer());
customers.Add(new Customer());

customers.ForEach(c => c.SendEmail());

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Chapter 10: Reflection
Section 10.1: What is an Assembly?
Assemblies are the building block of any Common Language Runtime (CLR) application. Every type you define,
together with its methods, properties and their bytecode, is compiled and packaged inside an Assembly.

using System.Reflection;

Assembly assembly = this.GetType().Assembly;

Assemblies are self-documenting: they do not only contain types, methods and their IL code, but also the Metadata
necessary to inspect and consume them, both at compile and runtime:

Assembly assembly = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly();

foreach (var type in assembly.GetTypes())

{
Console.WriteLine(type.FullName);
}

Assemblies have names which describes their full, unique identity:

Console.WriteLine(typeof(int).Assembly.FullName);
// Will print: "mscorlib, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089"

If this name includes a PublicKeyToken, it is called a strong name. Strong-naming an assembly is the process of
creating a signature by using the private key that corresponds to the public key distributed with the assembly. This
signature is added to the Assembly manifest, which contains the names and hashes of all the files that make up the
assembly, and its PublicKeyToken becomes part of the name. Assemblies that have the same strong name should
be identical; strong names are used in versioning and to prevent assembly conflicts.

Section 10.2: Compare two objects with reflection

public class Equatable
{
public string field1;

public override bool Equals(object obj)

{
if (ReferenceEquals(null, obj)) return false;
if (ReferenceEquals(this, obj)) return true;

var type = obj.GetType();

if (GetType() != type)
return false;

var fields = type.GetFields(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic |

BindingFlags.Public);
foreach (var field in fields)
if (field.GetValue(this) != field.GetValue(obj))
return false;

return true;
}
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 public override int GetHashCode()
{
var accumulator = 0;
var fields = GetType().GetFields(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic |
BindingFlags.Public);
foreach (var field in fields)
accumulator = unchecked ((accumulator * 937) ^ field.GetValue(this).GetHashCode());

return accumulator;
}
}

Note: this example do a field based comparasion (ignore static fields and properties) for simplicity

Section 10.3: Creating Object and setting properties using

reflection
Lets say we have a class Classy that has property Propertua

public class Classy

{
public string Propertua {get; set;}
}

to set Propertua using reflection:

var typeOfClassy = typeof (Classy);

var classy = new Classy();
var prop = typeOfClassy.GetProperty("Propertua");
prop.SetValue(classy, "Value");

Section 10.4: How to create an object of T using Reflection

Using the default constructor

T variable = Activator.CreateInstance(typeof(T));

Using parameterized constructor

T variable = Activator.CreateInstance(typeof(T), arg1, arg2);

Section 10.5: Getting an attribute of an enum with reflection

(and caching it)
Attributes can be useful for denoting metadata on enums. Getting the value of this can be slow, so it is important to
cache results.

private static Dictionary<object, object> attributeCache = new Dictionary<object, object>();

public static T GetAttribute<T, V>(this V value)

where T : Attribute
where V : struct
{
object temp;

// Try to get the value from the static cache.

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 if (attributeCache.TryGetValue(value, out temp))
{
return (T) temp;
}
else
{
// Get the type of the struct passed in.
Type type = value.GetType();
FieldInfo fieldInfo = type.GetField(value.ToString());

// Get the custom attributes of the type desired found on the struct.
T[] attribs = (T[])fieldInfo.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(T), false);

// Return the first if there was a match.

var result = attribs.Length > 0 ? attribs[0] : null;

// Cache the result so future checks won't need reflection.

attributeCache.Add(value, result);

return result;
}
}

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Chapter 11: Expression Trees
Section 11.1: building a predicate of form field == value
To build up an expression like _ => _.Field == "VALUE" at runtime.

Given a predicate _ => _.Field and a string value "VALUE", create an expression that tests whether or not the
predicate is true.

The expression is suitable for:

IQueryable<T>, IEnumerable<T> to test the predicate.

entity framework or Linq to SQL to create a Where clause that tests the predicate.

This method will build an appropriate Equal expression that tests whether or not Field equals "VALUE".

public static Expression<Func<T, bool>> BuildEqualPredicate<T>(

Expression<Func<T, string>> memberAccessor,
string term)
{
var toString = Expression.Convert(Expression.Constant(term), typeof(string));
Expression expression = Expression.Equal(memberAccessor.Body, toString);
var predicate = Expression.Lambda<Func<T, bool>>(
expression,
memberAccessor.Parameters);
return predicate;
}

The predicate can be used by including the predicate in a Where extension method.

var predicate = PredicateExtensions.BuildEqualPredicate<Entity>(

_ => _.Field,
"VALUE");
var results = context.Entity.Where(predicate).ToList();

Section 11.2: Simple Expression Tree Generated by the C#

Compiler
Consider the following C# code

Expression<Func<int, int>> expression = a => a + 1;

Because the C# compiler sees that the lambda expression is assigned to an Expression type rather than a delegate
type it generates an expression tree roughly equivalent to this code

ParameterExpression parameterA = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int), "a");

var expression = (Expression<Func<int, int>>)Expression.Lambda(
Expression.Add(
parameterA,
Expression.Constant(1)),
parameterA);

The root of the tree is the lambda expression which contains a body and a list of parameters. The lambda has 1
parameter called "a". The body is a single expression of CLR type BinaryExpression and NodeType of Add. This
expression represents addition. It has two subexpressions denoted as Left and Right. Left is the

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ParameterExpression for the parameter "a" and Right is a ConstantExpression with the value 1.

The simplest usage of this expression is printing it:

Console.WriteLine(expression); //prints a => (a + 1)

Which prints the equivalent C# code.

The expression tree can be compiled into a C# delegate and executed by the CLR

Func<int, int> lambda = expression.Compile();

Console.WriteLine(lambda(2)); //prints 3

Usually expressions are translated to other languages like SQL, but can be also used to invoke private, protected
and internal members of public or non-public types as alternative to Reflection.

Section 11.3: Expression for retrieving a static field

Having example type like this:

public TestClass
{
public static string StaticPublicField = "StaticPublicFieldValue";
}

We can retrieve value of StaticPublicField:

var fieldExpr = Expression.Field(null, typeof(TestClass), "StaticPublicField");

var labmda = Expression.Lambda<Func<string>>(fieldExpr);

It can be then i.e. compiled into a delegate for retrieving field value.

Func<string> retriever = lambda.Compile();

var fieldValue = retriever();

//fieldValue result is StaticPublicFieldValue

Section 11.4: InvocationExpression Class

InvocationExpression class allows invocation of other lambda expressions that are parts of the same Expression
tree.

You create them with static Expression.Invoke method.

Problem We want to get on the items which have "car" in their description. We need to check it for null before
searching for a string inside but we don't want it to be called excessively, as the computation could be expensive.

using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Linq.Expressions;

public class Program

{
public static void Main()
{
var elements = new[] {

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 new Element { Description = "car" },
new Element { Description = "cargo" },
new Element { Description = "wheel" },
new Element { Description = null },
new Element { Description = "Madagascar" },
};

var elementIsInterestingExpression = CreateSearchPredicate(

searchTerm: "car",
whereToSearch: (Element e) => e.Description);

Console.WriteLine(elementIsInterestingExpression.ToString());

var elementIsInteresting = elementIsInterestingExpression.Compile();

var interestingElements = elements.Where(elementIsInteresting);
foreach (var e in interestingElements)
{
Console.WriteLine(e.Description);
}

var countExpensiveComputations = 0;
Action incCount = () => countExpensiveComputations++;
elements
.Where(
CreateSearchPredicate(
"car",
(Element e) => ExpensivelyComputed(
e, incCount
)
).Compile()
)
.Count();

Console.WriteLine("Property extractor is called {0} times.", countExpensiveComputations);

}

private class Element

{
public string Description { get; set; }
}

private static string ExpensivelyComputed(Element source, Action count)

{
count();
return source.Description;
}

private static Expression<Func<T, bool>> CreateSearchPredicate<T>(

string searchTerm,
Expression<Func<T, string>> whereToSearch)
{
var extracted = Expression.Parameter(typeof(string), "extracted");

Expression<Func<string, bool>> coalesceNullCheckWithSearch =

Expression.Lambda<Func<string, bool>>(
Expression.AndAlso(
Expression.Not(
Expression.Call(typeof(string), "IsNullOrEmpty", null, extracted)
),
Expression.Call(extracted, "Contains", null, Expression.Constant(searchTerm))
),
extracted);

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 var elementParameter = Expression.Parameter(typeof(T), "element");

return Expression.Lambda<Func<T, bool>>(

Expression.Invoke(
coalesceNullCheckWithSearch,
Expression.Invoke(whereToSearch, elementParameter)
),
elementParameter
);
}
}

Output

element => Invoke(extracted => (Not(IsNullOrEmpty(extracted)) AndAlso extracted.Contains("car")),

Invoke(e => e.Description, element))
car
cargo
Madagascar
Predicate is called 5 times.

First thing to note is how the actual propery access, wrapped in an Invoke:

Invoke(e => e.Description, element)

, and this is the only part that touches e.Description, and in place of it, extracted parameter of type string is
passed to the next one:

(Not(IsNullOrEmpty(extracted)) AndAlso extracted.Contains("car"))

Another important thing to note here is AndAlso. It computes only the left part, if the first part returns 'false'. It's a
common mistake to use the bitwise operator 'And' instead of it, which always computes both parts, and would fail
with a NullReferenceException in this example.

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Chapter 12: Custom Types
Section 12.1: Struct Definition
Structs inherit from System.ValueType, are value types, and live on the stack. When value types are passed
as a parameter, they are passed by value.
Struct MyStruct
{
public int x;
public int y;
}

Passed by value means that the value of the parameter is copied for the method, and any changes made to the
parameter in the method are not reflected outside of the method. For instance, consider the following code, which
calls a method named AddNumbers, passing in the variables a and b, which are of type int, which is a Value type.

int a = 5;
int b = 6;

AddNumbers(a,b);

public AddNumbers(int x, int y)

{
int z = x + y; // z becomes 11
x = x + 5; // now we changed x to be 10
z = x + y; // now z becomes 16
}

Even though we added 5 to x inside the method, the value of a remains unchanged, because it's a Value type, and
that means x was a copy of a's value, but not actually a.

Remember, Value types live on the stack, and are passed by value.

Section 12.2: Class Definition

Classes inherit from System.Object, are reference types, and live on the heap. When reference types are
passed as a parameter, they are passed by reference.
public Class MyClass
{
public int a;
public int b;
}

Passed by reference means that a reference to the parameter is passed to the method, and any changes to the
parameter will be reflected outside of the method when it returns, because the reference is to the exact same object
in memory. Let's use the same example as before, but we'll "wrap" the ints in a class first.

MyClass instanceOfMyClass = new MyClass();

instanceOfMyClass.a = 5;
instanceOfMyClass.b = 6;

AddNumbers(instanceOfMyClass);

public AddNumbers(MyClass sample)

{

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 int z = sample.a + sample.b; // z becomes 11
sample.a = sample.a + 5; // now we changed a to be 10
z = sample.a + sample.b; // now z becomes 16
}

This time, when we changed sample.a to 10, the value of instanceOfMyClass.a also changes, because it was passed
by reference. Passed by reference means that a reference (also sometimes called a pointer) to the object was passed
into the method, instead of a copy of the object itself.

Remember, Reference types live on the heap, and are passed by reference.

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Chapter 13: Code Contracts
Section 13.1: Contracts for Interfaces
Using Code Contracts it is possible to apply a contract to an interface. This is done by declaring an abstract class
that implments the interfaces. The interface should be tagged with the ContractClassAttribute and the contract
definition (the abstract class) should be tagged with the ContractClassForAttribute

C# Example...

[ContractClass(typeof(MyInterfaceContract))]
public interface IMyInterface
{
string DoWork(string input);
}
//Never inherit from this contract defintion class
[ContractClassFor(typeof(IMyInterface))]
internal abstract class MyInterfaceContract : IMyInterface
{
private MyInterfaceContract() { }

public string DoWork(string input)

{
Contract.Requires(!string.IsNullOrEmpty(input));
Contract.Ensures(!string.IsNullOrEmpty(Contract.Result<string>()));
throw new NotSupportedException();
}
}
public class MyInterfaceImplmentation : IMyInterface
{
public string DoWork(string input)
{
return input;
}
}

Static Analysis Result...

Section 13.2: Installing and Enabling Code Contracts

While System.Diagnostics.Contracts is included within the .Net Framework. To use Code Contracts you must
install the Visual Studio extensions.

Under Extensions and Updates search for Code Contracts then install the Code Contracts Tools

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After the tools are installed you must enable Code Contracts within your Project solution. At the minimum you
probably want to enable the Static Checking (check after build). If you are implementing a library that will be used
by other solutions you may want to consider also enabling Runtime Checking.

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Section 13.3: Preconditions
Preconditions allows methods to provide minimum required values for input parameters

Example...

void DoWork(string input)

{
Contract.Requires(!string.IsNullOrEmpty(input));

//do work
}

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Static Analysis Result...

Section 13.4: Postconditions

Postconditions ensure that the returned results from a method will match the provided definition. This provides the
caller with a definition of the expected result. Postconditions may allowed for simplied implmentations as some
possible outcomes can be provided by the static analyizer.

Example...

string GetValue()
{
Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<string>() != null);

return null;
}

Static Analyis Result...

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Chapter 14: Settings
Section 14.1: AppSettings from ConfigurationSettings in .NET
1.x
Deprecated usage

The ConfigurationSettings class was the original way to retrieve settings for an assembly in .NET 1.0 and 1.1. It has
been superseded by the ConfigurationManager class and the WebConfigurationManager class.

If you have two keys with the same name in the appSettings section of the configuration file, the last one is used.

app.config

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<configuration>
<appSettings>
<add key="keyName" value="anything, as a string"/>
<add key="keyNames" value="123"/>
<add key="keyNames" value="234"/>
</appSettings>
</configuration>

Program.cs

using System;
using System.Configuration;
using System.Diagnostics;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
string keyValue = ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings["keyName"];
Debug.Assert("anything, as a string".Equals(keyValue));

string twoKeys = ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings["keyNames"];

Debug.Assert("234".Equals(twoKeys));

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Section 14.2: Reading AppSettings from

ConfigurationManager in .NET 2.0 and later
The ConfigurationManager class supports the AppSettings property, which allows you to continue reading settings
from the appSettings section of a configuration file the same way as .NET 1.x supported.

app.config

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<configuration>

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 <appSettings>
<add key="keyName" value="anything, as a string"/>
<add key="keyNames" value="123"/>
<add key="keyNames" value="234"/>
</appSettings>
</configuration>

Program.cs

using System;
using System.Configuration;
using System.Diagnostics;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
string keyValue = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["keyName"];
Debug.Assert("anything, as a string".Equals(keyValue));

var twoKeys = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["keyNames"];

Debug.Assert("234".Equals(twoKeys));

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Section 14.3: Introduction to strongly-typed application and

user settings support from Visual Studio
Visual Studio helps manage user and application settings. Using this approach has these benefits over using the
appSettings section of the configuration file.

1. Settings can be made strongly typed. Any type which can be serialized can be used for a settings value.

2. Application settings can be easily separated from user settings. Application settings are stored in a single
configuration file: web.config for Web sites and Web applications, and app.config, renamed as
assembly.exe.config, where assembly is the name of the executable. User settings (not used by Web projects)
are stored in a user.config file in the user's Application Data folder (which varies with the operating system
version).

3. Application settings from class libraries can be combined into a single configuration file without risk of name
collisions, since each class library can have its own custom settings section.

In most project types, the Project Properties Designer has a Settings tab which is the starting point for creating
custom application and user settings. Initially, the Settings tab will be blank, with a single link to create a default
settings file. Clicking the link results in these changes:

1. If a configuration file (app.config or web.config) does not exist for the project, one will be created.

2. The Settings tab will be replaced with a grid control which enables you to create, edit, and delete individual
settings entries.

3. In Solution Explorer, a Settings.settings item is added under the Properties special folder. Opening this

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 item will open the Settings tab.

4. A new file with a new partial class is added under the Properties folder in the project folder. This new file is
named Settings.Designer.__ (.cs, .vb, etc.), and the class is named Settings. The class is code-generated,
so it should not be edited, but the class is a partial class, so you can extend the class by putting additional
members in a separate file. Furthermore, the class is implemented using the Singleton Pattern, exposing the
singleton instance with the property named Default.

As you add each new entry to the Settings tab, Visual Studio does these two things:

1. Saves the setting in the configuration file, in a custom configuration section designed to be managed by the
Settings class.

2. Creates a new member in the Settings class to read, write, and present the setting in the specific type
selected from the Settings tab.

Section 14.4: Reading strongly-typed settings from custom

section of configuration file
Starting from a new Settings class and custom configuration section:

Add an application setting named ExampleTimeout, using the time System.Timespan, and set the value to 1 minute:

Save the Project Properties, which saves the Settings tab entries, as well as re-generates the custom Settings class
and updates the project configuration file.

Use the setting from code (C#):

Program.cs

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using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using ConsoleApplication1.Properties;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
TimeSpan exampleTimeout = Settings.Default.ExampleTimeout;
Debug.Assert(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1).Equals(exampleTimeout));

Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}

Under the covers

Look in the project configuration file to see how the application setting entry has been created:

app.config (Visual Studio updates this automatically)

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<configuration>
<configSections>
<sectionGroup name="applicationSettings" type="System.Configuration.ApplicationSettingsGroup,
System, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" >
<section name="ConsoleApplication1.Properties.Settings"
type="System.Configuration.ClientSettingsSection, System, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral,
PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" requirePermission="false" />
</sectionGroup>
</configSections>
<appSettings />
<applicationSettings>
<ConsoleApplication1.Properties.Settings>
<setting name="ExampleTimeout" serializeAs="String">
<value>00:01:00</value>
</setting>
</ConsoleApplication1.Properties.Settings>
</applicationSettings>
</configuration>

Notice that the appSettings section is not used. The applicationSettings section contains a custom namespace-
qualified section that has a setting element for each entry. The type of the value is not stored in the configuration
file; it is only known by the Settings class.

Look in the Settings class to see how it uses the ConfigurationManager class to read this custom section.

Settings.designer.cs (for C# projects)

...
[global::System.Configuration.ApplicationScopedSettingAttribute()]
[global::System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCodeAttribute()]
[global::System.Configuration.DefaultSettingValueAttribute("00:01:00")]
public global::System.TimeSpan ExampleTimeout {
get {
return ((global::System.TimeSpan)(this["ExampleTimeout"]));

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 }
}
...

Notice that a DefaultSettingValueAttribute was created to stored the value entered in the Settings tab of the
Project Properties Designer. If the entry is missing from the configuration file, this default value is used instead.

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Chapter 15: Regular Expressions
(System.Text.RegularExpressions)
Section 15.1: Check if pattern matches input
public bool Check()
{
string input = "Hello World!";
string pattern = @"H.ll. W.rld!";

// true
return Regex.IsMatch(input, pattern);
}

Section 15.2: Remove non alphanumeric characters from

string
public string Remove()
{
string input = "Hello./!";

return Regex.Replace(input, "[^a-zA-Z0-9]", "");

}

Section 15.3: Passing Options

public bool Check()
{
string input = "Hello World!";
string pattern = @"H.ll. W.rld!";

// true
return Regex.IsMatch(input, pattern, RegexOptions.IgnoreCase | RegexOptions.Singleline);
}

Section 15.4: Match into groups

public string Check()
{
string input = "Hello World!";
string pattern = @"H.ll. (?<Subject>W.rld)!";

Match match = Regex.Match(input, pattern);

// World
return match.Groups["Subject"].Value;
}

Section 15.5: Find all matches

Using
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;

Code

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static void Main(string[] args)
{
string input = "Carrot Banana Apple Cherry Clementine Grape";
// Find words that start with uppercase 'C'
string pattern = @"\bC\w*\b";

MatchCollection matches = Regex.Matches(input, pattern);

foreach (Match m in matches)
Console.WriteLine(m.Value);
}

Output
Carrot
Cherry
Clementine

Section 15.6: Simple match and replace

public string Check()
{
string input = "Hello World!";
string pattern = @"W.rld";

// Hello Stack Overflow!

return Regex.Replace(input, pattern, "Stack Overflow");
}

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Chapter 16: File Input/Output
Parameter Details
string path Path of the file to check. (relative or fully qualified)

Section 16.1: C# File.Exists()

using System;
using System.IO;

public class Program

{
public static void Main()
{
string filePath = "somePath";

if(File.Exists(filePath))
{
Console.WriteLine("Exists");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Does not exist");
}
}
}

Can also be used in a ternary operator.

Console.WriteLine(File.Exists(pathToFile) ? "Exists" : "Does not exist");

Section 16.2: VB WriteAllText

Imports System.IO

Dim filename As String = "c:\path\to\file.txt"

File.WriteAllText(filename, "Text to write" & vbCrLf)

Section 16.3: VB StreamWriter

Dim filename As String = "c:\path\to\file.txt"
If System.IO.File.Exists(filename) Then
Dim writer As New System.IO.StreamWriter(filename)
writer.Write("Text to write" & vbCrLf) 'Add a newline
writer.close()
End If

Section 16.4: C# StreamWriter

using System.Text;
using System.IO;

string filename = "c:\path\to\file.txt";

//'using' structure allows for proper disposal of stream.
using (StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(filename"))

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{
writer.WriteLine("Text to Write\n");
}

Section 16.5: C# WriteAllText()

using System.IO;
using System.Text;

string filename = "c:\path\to\file.txt";

File.writeAllText(filename, "Text to write\n");

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Chapter 17: System.IO
Section 17.1: Reading a text file using StreamReader
string fullOrRelativePath = "testfile.txt";

string fileData;

using (var reader = new StreamReader(fullOrRelativePath))

{
fileData = reader.ReadToEnd();
}

Note that this StreamReader constructor overload does some auto encoding detection, which may or may not
conform to the actual encoding used in the file.

Please note that there are some convenience methods that read all text from file available on the System.IO.File
class, namely File.ReadAllText(path) and File.ReadAllLines(path).

Section 17.2: Serial Ports using System.IO.SerialPorts

Iterating over connected serial ports
using System.IO.Ports;
string[] ports = SerialPort.GetPortNames();
for (int i = 0; i < ports.Length; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(ports[i]);
}

Instantiating a System.IO.SerialPort object

using System.IO.Ports;
SerialPort port = new SerialPort();
SerialPort port = new SerialPort("COM 1"); ;
SerialPort port = new SerialPort("COM 1", 9600);

NOTE: Those are just three of the seven overloads of the constructor for the SerialPort type.

Reading/Writing data over the SerialPort

The simplest way is to use the SerialPort.Read and SerialPort.Write methods. However you can also retrieve a
System.IO.Stream object which you can use to stream data over the SerialPort. To do this, use
SerialPort.BaseStream.

Reading

int length = port.BytesToRead;

//Note that you can swap out a byte-array for a char-array if you prefer.
byte[] buffer = new byte[length];
port.Read(buffer, 0, length);

You can also read all data available:

string curData = port.ReadExisting();

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Or simply read to the first newline encountered in the incoming data:

string line = port.ReadLine();

Writing

The easiest way to write data over the SerialPort is:

port.Write("here is some text to be sent over the serial port.");

However you can also send data over like this when needed:

//Note that you can swap out the byte-array with a char-array if you so choose.
byte[] data = new byte[1] { 255 };
port.Write(data, 0, data.Length);

Section 17.3: Reading/Writing Data Using System.IO.File

First, let's see three different ways of extracting data from a file.

string fileText = File.ReadAllText(file);

string[] fileLines = File.ReadAllLines(file);
byte[] fileBytes = File.ReadAllBytes(file);

On the first line, we read all the data in the file as a string.
On the second line, we read the data in the file into a string-array. Each line in the file becomes an element in
the array.
On the third we read the bytes from the file.

Next, let's see three different methods of appending data to a file. If the file you specify doesn't exist, each method
will automatically create the file before attempting to append the data to it.

File.AppendAllText(file, "Here is some data that is\nappended to the file.");

File.AppendAllLines(file, new string[2] { "Here is some data that is", "appended to the file." });
using (StreamWriter stream = File.AppendText(file))
{
stream.WriteLine("Here is some data that is");
stream.Write("appended to the file.");
}

On the first line we simply add a string to the end of the specified file.
On the second line we add each element of the array onto a new line in the file.
Finally on the third line we use File.AppendText to open up a streamwriter which will append whatever data
is written to it.

And lastly, let's see three different methods of writing data to a file. The difference between appending and writing
being that writing over-writes the data in the file while appending adds to the data in the file. If the file you specify
doesn't exist, each method will automatically create the file before attempting to write the data to it.

File.WriteAllText(file, "here is some data\nin this file.");

File.WriteAllLines(file, new string[2] { "here is some data", "in this file" });
File.WriteAllBytes(file, new byte[2] { 0, 255 });

The first line writes a string to the file.

The second line writes each string in the array on it's own line in the file.

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 And the third line allows you to write a byte array to the file.

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Chapter 18: System.IO.File class
Parameter Details
source The file that is to be moved to another location.
The directory in which you would like to move source to (this variable should also contain the name
destination
(and file extension) of the file.

Section 18.1: Delete a file

To delete a file (if you have required permissions) is as simple as:

File.Delete(path);

However many things may go wrong:

You do not have required permissions (UnauthorizedAccessException is thrown).

File may be in use by someone else (IOException is thrown).
File cannot be deleted because of low level error or media is read-only (IOException is thrown).
File does not exist anymore (IOException is thrown).

Note that last point (file does not exist) is usually circumvented with a code snippet like this:

if (File.Exists(path))
File.Delete(path);

However it's not an atomic operation and file may be delete by someone else between the call to File.Exists()
and before File.Delete(). Right approach to handle I/O operation requires exception handling (assuming an
alternative course of actions may be taken when operation fails):

if (File.Exists(path))
{
try
{
File.Delete(path);
}
catch (IOException exception)
{
if (!File.Exists(path))
return; // Someone else deleted this file

// Something went wrong...

}
catch (UnauthorizedAccessException exception)
{
// I do not have required permissions
}
}

Note that this I/O errors sometimes are transitory (file in use, for example) and if a network connection is involved
then it may automatically recover without any action from our side. It's then common to retry an I/O operation few
times with a small delay between each attempt:

public static void Delete(string path)

{
if (!File.Exists(path))

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 return;

for (int i=1; ; ++i)

{
try
{
File.Delete(path);
return;
}
catch (IOException e)
{
if (!File.Exists(path))
return;

if (i == NumberOfAttempts)
throw;

Thread.Sleep(DelayBetweenEachAttempt);
}

// You may handle UnauthorizedAccessException but this issue

// will probably won't be fixed in few seconds...
}
}

private const int NumberOfAttempts = 3;

private const int DelayBetweenEachAttempt = 1000; // ms

Note: in Windows environment file will not be really deleted when you call this function, if someone else open the
file using FileShare.Delete then file can be deleted but it will effectively happen only when owner will close the
file.

Section 18.2: Strip unwanted lines from a text file

To change a text file is not easy because its content must be moved around. For small files easiest method is to
read its content in memory and then write back modified text.

In this example we read all lines from a file and drop all blank lines then we write back to original path:

File.WriteAllLines(path,
File.ReadAllLines(path).Where(x => !String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(x)));

If file is too big to load it in memory and output path is different from input path:

File.WriteAllLines(outputPath,
File.ReadLines(inputPath).Where(x => !String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(x)));

Section 18.3: Convert text file encoding

Text is saved encoded (see also Strings topic) then sometimes you may need to change its encoding, this example
assumes (for simplicity) that file is not too big and it can be entirely read in memory:

public static void ConvertEncoding(string path, Encoding from, Encoding to)

{
File.WriteAllText(path, File.ReadAllText(path, from), to);
}

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When performing conversions do not forget that file may contain BOM (Byte Order Mark), to better understand
how it's managed refer to Encoding.UTF8.GetString doesn't take into account the Preamble/BOM.

Section 18.4: Enumerate files older than a specified amount

This snippet is an helper function to enumerate all files older than a specified age, it's useful - for example - when
you have to delete old log files or old cached data.

static IEnumerable<string> EnumerateAllFilesOlderThan(

TimeSpan maximumAge,
string path,
string searchPattern = "*.*",
SearchOption options = SearchOption.TopDirectoryOnly)
{
DateTime oldestWriteTime = DateTime.Now - maximumAge;

return Directory.EnumerateFiles(path, searchPattern, options)

.Where(x => Directory.GetLastWriteTime(x) < oldestWriteTime);
}

Used like this:

var oldFiles = EnumerateAllFilesOlderThan(TimeSpan.FromDays(7), @"c:\log", "*.log");

Few things to note:

Search is performed using Directory.EnumerateFiles() instead of Directory.GetFiles(). Enumeration is

alive then you won't need to wait until all file system entries have been fetched.
We're checking for last write time but you may use creation time or last access time (for example to delete
unused cached files, note that access time may be disabled).
Granularity isn't uniform for all those properties (write time, access time, creation time), check MSDN for
details about this.

Section 18.5: Move a File from one location to another

File.Move
In order to move a file from one location to another, one simple line of code can achieve this:

File.Move(@"C:\TemporaryFile.txt", @"C:\TemporaryFiles\TemporaryFile.txt");

However, there are many things that could go wrong with this simple operation. For instance, what if the user
running your program does not have a Drive that is labelled 'C'? What if they did - but they decided to rename it to
'B', or 'M'?

What if the Source file (the file in which you would like to move) has been moved without your knowing - or what if
it simply doesn't exist.

This can be circumvented by first checking to see whether the source file does exist:

string source = @"C:\TemporaryFile.txt", destination = @"C:\TemporaryFiles\TemporaryFile.txt";

if(File.Exists("C:\TemporaryFile.txt"))
{
File.Move(source, destination);
}

This will ensure that at that very moment, the file does exist, and can be moved to another location. There may be
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times where a simple call to File.Exists won't be enough. If it isn't, check again, convey to the user that the
operation failed - or handle the exception.

A FileNotFoundException is not the only exception you are likely to encounter.

See below for possible exceptions:

Exception Type Description

IOException The file already exists or the source file could not be found.
ArgumentNullException The value of the Source and/or Destination parameters is null.
The value of the Source and/or Destination parameters are empty, or contain
ArgumentException
invalid characters.
UnauthorizedAccessException You do not have the required permissions in order to perform this action.
The Source, Destination or specified path(s) exceed the maximum length. On
PathTooLongException Windows, a Path's length must be less than 248 characters, while File names must
be less than 260 characters.
DirectoryNotFoundException The specified directory could not be found.
NotSupportedException The Source or Destination paths or file names are in an invalid format.

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Chapter 19: Reading and writing Zip files
The ZipFile class lives in the System.IO.Compression namespace. It can be used to read from, and write to Zip
files.

Section 19.1: Listing ZIP contents

This snippet will list all the filenames of a zip archive. The filenames are relative to the zip root.

using (FileStream fs = new FileStream("archive.zip", FileMode.Open))

using (ZipArchive archive = new ZipArchive(fs, ZipArchiveMode.Read))
{
for (int i = 0; i < archive.Entries.Count; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine($"{i}: {archive.Entries[i]}");
}
}

Section 19.2: Extracting files from ZIP files

Extracting all the files into a directory is very easy:

using (FileStream fs = new FileStream("archive.zip", FileMode.Open))

using (ZipArchive archive = new ZipArchive(fs, ZipArchiveMode.Read))
{
archive.ExtractToDirectory(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory);
}

When the file already exists, a System.IO.IOException will be thrown.

Extracting specific files:

using (FileStream fs = new FileStream("archive.zip", FileMode.Open))

using (ZipArchive archive = new ZipArchive(fs, ZipArchiveMode.Read))
{
// Get a root entry file
archive.GetEntry("test.txt").ExtractToFile("test_extracted_getentries.txt", true);

// Enter a path if you want to extract files from a subdirectory

archive.GetEntry("sub/subtest.txt").ExtractToFile("test_sub.txt", true);

// You can also use the Entries property to find files

archive.Entries.FirstOrDefault(f => f.Name ==
"test.txt")?.ExtractToFile("test_extracted_linq.txt", true);

// This will throw a System.ArgumentNullException because the file cannot be found

archive.GetEntry("nonexistingfile.txt").ExtractToFile("fail.txt", true);
}

Any of these methods will produce the same result.

Section 19.3: Updating a ZIP file

To update a ZIP file, the file has to be opened with ZipArchiveMode.Update instead.

using (FileStream fs = new FileStream("archive.zip", FileMode.Open))

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using (ZipArchive archive = new ZipArchive(fs, ZipArchiveMode.Update))
{
// Add file to root
archive.CreateEntryFromFile("test.txt", "test.txt");

// Add file to subfolder

archive.CreateEntryFromFile("test.txt", "symbols/test.txt");
}

There is also the option to write directly to a file within the archive:

var entry = archive.CreateEntry("createentry.txt");

using(var writer = new StreamWriter(entry.Open()))
{
writer.WriteLine("Test line");
}

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Chapter 20: Managed Extensibility
Framework
Section 20.1: Connecting (Basic)
See the other (Basic) examples above.

using System.ComponentModel.Composition;
using System.ComponentModel.Composition.Hosting;

namespace Demo
{
public static class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
using (var catalog = new ApplicationCatalog())
using (var exportProvider = new CatalogExportProvider(catalog))
using (var container = new CompositionContainer(exportProvider))
{
exportProvider.SourceProvider = container;

UserWriter writer = new UserWriter();

// at this point, writer's userProvider field is null

container.ComposeParts(writer);

// now, it should be non-null (or an exception will be thrown).

writer.PrintAllUsers();
}
}
}
}

As long as something in the application's assembly search path has [Export(typeof(IUserProvider))],

UserWriter's corresponding import will be satisfied and the users will be printed.

Other types of catalogs (e.g., DirectoryCatalog) can be used instead of (or in addition to) ApplicationCatalog, to
look in other places for exports that satisfy the imports.

Section 20.2: Exporting a Type (Basic)

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.ComponentModel.Composition;

namespace Demo
{
[Export(typeof(IUserProvider))]
public sealed class UserProvider : IUserProvider
{
public ReadOnlyCollection<User> GetAllUsers()
{
return new List<User>
{
new User(0, "admin"),
new User(1, "Dennis"),

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 new User(2, "Samantha"),
}.AsReadOnly();
}
}
}

This could be defined virtually anywhere; all that matters is that the application knows where to look for it (via the
ComposablePartCatalogs it creates).

Section 20.3: Importing (Basic)

using System;
using System.ComponentModel.Composition;

namespace Demo
{
public sealed class UserWriter
{
[Import(typeof(IUserProvider))]
private IUserProvider userProvider;

public void PrintAllUsers()

{
foreach (User user in this.userProvider.GetAllUsers())
{
Console.WriteLine(user);
}
}
}
}

This is a type that has a dependency on an IUserProvider, which could be defined anywhere. Like the previous
example, all that matters is that the application knows where to look for the matching export (via the
ComposablePartCatalogs it creates).

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Chapter 21: SpeechRecognitionEngine class
to recognize speech
LoadGrammar: Parameters Details
The grammar to load. For example, a DictationGrammar object to allow free
grammar
text dictation.
RecognizeAsync: Parameters Details
The RecognizeMode for the current recognition: Single for just one
mode
recognition, Multiple to allow multiple.
GrammarBuilder.Append: Parameters Details
Appends some choices to the grammar builder. This means that, when the
choices user inputs speech, the recognizer can follow different "branches" from a
grammar.
Choices constructor: Parameters Details
choices An array of choices for the grammar builder. See GrammarBuilder.Append.
Grammar constructor: Parameter Details
builder The GrammarBuilder to construct a Grammar from.

Section 21.1: Asynchronously recognizing speech based on a

restricted set of phrases
SpeechRecognitionEngine recognitionEngine = new SpeechRecognitionEngine();
GrammarBuilder builder = new GrammarBuilder();
builder.Append(new Choices("I am", "You are", "He is", "She is", "We are", "They are"));
builder.Append(new Choices("friendly", "unfriendly"));
recognitionEngine.LoadGrammar(new Grammar(builder));
recognitionEngine.SpeechRecognized += delegate(object sender, SpeechRecognizedEventArgs e)
{
Console.WriteLine("You said: {0}", e.Result.Text);
};
recognitionEngine.SetInputToDefaultAudioDevice();
recognitionEngine.RecognizeAsync(RecognizeMode.Multiple);

Section 21.2: Asynchronously recognizing speech for free text

dictation
using System.Speech.Recognition;

// ...

SpeechRecognitionEngine recognitionEngine = new SpeechRecognitionEngine();

recognitionEngine.LoadGrammar(new DictationGrammar());
recognitionEngine.SpeechRecognized += delegate(object sender, SpeechRecognizedEventArgs e)
{
Console.WriteLine("You said: {0}", e.Result.Text);
};
recognitionEngine.SetInputToDefaultAudioDevice();
recognitionEngine.RecognizeAsync(RecognizeMode.Multiple);

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Chapter 22:
System.Runtime.Caching.MemoryCache
(ObjectCache)
Section 22.1: Adding Item to Cache (Set)
Set function inserts a cache entry into the cache by using a CacheItem instance to supply the key and value for the
cache entry.

This function Overrides ObjectCache.Set(CacheItem, CacheItemPolicy)

private static bool SetToCache()

{
string key = "Cache_Key";
string value = "Cache_Value";

//Get a reference to the default MemoryCache instance.

var cacheContainer = MemoryCache.Default;

var policy = new CacheItemPolicy()

{
AbsoluteExpiration = DateTimeOffset.Now.AddMinutes(DEFAULT_CACHE_EXPIRATION_MINUTES)
};
var itemToCache = new CacheItem(key, value); //Value is of type object.
cacheContainer.Set(itemToCache, policy);
}

Section 22.2: System.Runtime.Caching.MemoryCache

(ObjectCache)
This function gets existing item form cache, and if the item don't exist in cache, it will fetch item based on the
valueFetchFactory function.

public static TValue GetExistingOrAdd<TValue>(string key, double minutesForExpiration,

Func<TValue> valueFetchFactory)
{
try
{
//The Lazy class provides Lazy initialization which will evaluate
//the valueFetchFactory only if item is not in the cache.
var newValue = new Lazy<TValue>(valueFetchFactory);

//Setup the cache policy if item will be saved back to cache.

CacheItemPolicy policy = new CacheItemPolicy()
{
AbsoluteExpiration = DateTimeOffset.Now.AddMinutes(minutesForExpiration)
};

//returns existing item form cache or add the new value if it does not exist.
var cachedItem = _cacheContainer.AddOrGetExisting(key, newValue, policy) as
Lazy<TValue>;

return (cachedItem ?? newValue).Value;

}
catch (Exception excep)
{

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 return default(TValue);
}
}

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Chapter 23: System.Reflection.Emit
namespace
Section 23.1: Creating an assembly dynamically
using System;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Reflection.Emit;

class DemoAssemblyBuilder
{
public static void Main()
{
// An assembly consists of one or more modules, each of which
// contains zero or more types. This code creates a single-module
// assembly, the most common case. The module contains one type,
// named "MyDynamicType", that has a private field, a property
// that gets and sets the private field, constructors that
// initialize the private field, and a method that multiplies
// a user-supplied number by the private field value and returns
// the result. In C# the type might look like this:
/*
public class MyDynamicType
{
private int m_number;

public MyDynamicType() : this(42) {}

public MyDynamicType(int initNumber)
{
m_number = initNumber;
}

public int Number

{
get { return m_number; }
set { m_number = value; }
}

public int MyMethod(int multiplier)

{
return m_number * multiplier;
}
}
*/

AssemblyName aName = new AssemblyName("DynamicAssemblyExample");

AssemblyBuilder ab =
AppDomain.CurrentDomain.DefineDynamicAssembly(
aName,
AssemblyBuilderAccess.RunAndSave);

// For a single-module assembly, the module name is usually

// the assembly name plus an extension.
ModuleBuilder mb =
ab.DefineDynamicModule(aName.Name, aName.Name + ".dll");

TypeBuilder tb = mb.DefineType(
"MyDynamicType",
TypeAttributes.Public);

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 // Add a private field of type int (Int32).
FieldBuilder fbNumber = tb.DefineField(
"m_number",
typeof(int),
FieldAttributes.Private);

// Next, we make a simple sealed method.

MethodBuilder mbMyMethod = tb.DefineMethod(
"MyMethod",
MethodAttributes.Public,
typeof(int),
new[] { typeof(int) });

ILGenerator il = mbMyMethod.GetILGenerator();
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // Load this - always the first argument of any instance method
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldfld, fbNumber);
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1); // Load the integer argument
il.Emit(OpCodes.Mul); // Multiply the two numbers with no overflow checking
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret); // Return

// Next, we build the property. This involves building the property itself, as well as the
// getter and setter methods.
PropertyBuilder pbNumber = tb.DefineProperty(
"Number", // Name
PropertyAttributes.None,
typeof(int), // Type of the property
new Type[0]); // Types of indices, if any

MethodBuilder mbSetNumber = tb.DefineMethod(

"set_Number", // Name - setters are set_Property by convention
// Setter is a special method and we don't want it to appear to callers from C#
MethodAttributes.PrivateScope | MethodAttributes.HideBySig | MethodAttributes.Public |
MethodAttributes.SpecialName,
typeof(void), // Setters don't return a value
new[] { typeof(int) }); // We have a single argument of type System.Int32

// To generate the body of the method, we'll need an IL generator

il = mbSetNumber.GetILGenerator();
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // Load this
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1); // Load the new value
il.Emit(OpCodes.Stfld, fbNumber); // Save the new value to this.m_number
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret); // Return

// Finally, link the method to the setter of our property

pbNumber.SetSetMethod(mbSetNumber);

MethodBuilder mbGetNumber = tb.DefineMethod(

"get_Number",
MethodAttributes.PrivateScope | MethodAttributes.HideBySig | MethodAttributes.Public |
MethodAttributes.SpecialName,
typeof(int),
new Type[0]);

il = mbGetNumber.GetILGenerator();
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // Load this
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldfld, fbNumber); // Load the value of this.m_number
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret); // Return the value

pbNumber.SetGetMethod(mbGetNumber);

// Finally, we add the two constructors.

// Constructor needs to call the constructor of the parent class, or another constructor in

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the same class
ConstructorBuilder intConstructor = tb.DefineConstructor(
MethodAttributes.Public, CallingConventions.Standard | CallingConventions.HasThis,
new[] { typeof(int) });
il = intConstructor.GetILGenerator();
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // this
il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, typeof(object).GetConstructor(new Type[0])); // call parent's
constructor
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // this
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1); // our int argument
il.Emit(OpCodes.Stfld, fbNumber); // store argument in this.m_number
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);

var parameterlessConstructor = tb.DefineConstructor(

MethodAttributes.Public, CallingConventions.Standard | CallingConventions.HasThis, new
Type[0]);
il = parameterlessConstructor.GetILGenerator();
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // this
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_S, (byte)42); // load 42 as an integer constant
il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, intConstructor); // call this(42)
il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);

// And make sure the type is created

Type ourType = tb.CreateType();

// The types from the assembly can be used directly using reflection, or we can save the
assembly to use as a reference
object ourInstance = Activator.CreateInstance(ourType);
Console.WriteLine(ourType.GetProperty("Number").GetValue(ourInstance)); // 42

// Save the assembly for use elsewhere. This is very useful for debugging - you can use e.g.
ILSpy to look at the equivalent IL/C# code.
ab.Save(@"DynamicAssemblyExample.dll");
// Using newly created type
var myDynamicType = tb.CreateType();
var myDynamicTypeInstance = Activator.CreateInstance(myDynamicType);

Console.WriteLine(myDynamicTypeInstance.GetType()); // MyDynamicType

var numberField = myDynamicType.GetField("m_number", BindingFlags.NonPublic |

BindingFlags.Instance);
numberField.SetValue (myDynamicTypeInstance, 10);

Console.WriteLine(numberField.GetValue(myDynamicTypeInstance)); // 10
}
}

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Chapter 24: .NET Core
.NET Core is a general purpose development platform maintained by Microsoft and the .NET community on GitHub.
It is cross-platform, supporting Windows, macOS and Linux, and can be used in device, cloud, and embedded/IoT
scenarios.

When you think of .NET Core the following should come to mind (flexible deployment, cross-platform, command-
line tools, open source).

Another great thing is that even if it's open source Microsoft is actively supporting it.

Section 24.1: Basic Console App

public class Program
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("\nWhat is your name? ");
var name = Console.ReadLine();
var date = DateTime.Now;
Console.WriteLine("\nHello, {0}, on {1:d} at {1:t}", name, date);
Console.Write("\nPress any key to exit...");
Console.ReadKey(true);
}
}

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Chapter 25: ADO.NET
ADO(ActiveX Data Objects).Net is a tool provided by Microsoft which provides access to data sources such as SQL
Server, Oracle, and XML through its components. .Net front-end applications can retrieve, create, and manipulate
data, once they are connected to a data source through ADO.Net with appropriate privileges.

ADO.Net provides a connection-less architecture. It is a secure approach to interact with a database, since, the
connection doesn't have to be maintained during the entire session.

Section 25.1: Best Practices - Executing Sql Statements

public void SaveNewEmployee(Employee newEmployee)
{
// best practice - wrap all database connections in a using block so they are always closed &
disposed even in the event of an Exception
// best practice - retrieve the connection string by name from the app.config or web.config
(depending on the application type) (note, this requires an assembly reference to
System.configuration)
using(SqlConnection con = new
SqlConnection(System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["MyConnectionName"].Conne
ctionString))
{
// best practice - use column names in your INSERT statement so you are not dependent on the
sql schema column order
// best practice - always use parameters to avoid sql injection attacks and errors if
malformed text is used like including a single quote which is the sql equivalent of escaping or
starting a string (varchar/nvarchar)
// best practice - give your parameters meaningful names just like you do variables in your
code
using(SqlCommand sc = new SqlCommand("INSERT INTO employee (FirstName, LastName,
DateOfBirth /*etc*/) VALUES (@firstName, @lastName, @dateOfBirth /*etc*/)", con))
{
// best practice - always specify the database data type of the column you are using
// best practice - check for valid values in your code and/or use a database constraint,
if inserting NULL then use System.DbNull.Value
sc.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@firstName", SqlDbType.VarChar, 200){Value =
newEmployee.FirstName ?? (object) System.DBNull.Value});
sc.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@lastName", SqlDbType.VarChar, 200){Value =
newEmployee.LastName ?? (object) System.DBNull.Value});

// best practice - always use the correct types when specifying your parameters, Value
is assigned to a DateTime instance and not a string representation of a Date
sc.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@dateOfBirth", SqlDbType.Date){ Value =
newEmployee.DateOfBirth });

// best practice - open your connection as late as possible unless you need to verify
that the database connection is valid and won't fail and the proceeding code execution takes a long
time (not the case here)
con.Open();
sc.ExecuteNonQuery();
}

// the end of the using block will close and dispose the SqlConnection
// best practice - end the using block as soon as possible to release the database connection
}
}

// supporting class used as parameter for example

public class Employee

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{
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
public DateTime DateOfBirth { get; set; }
}

Best practice for working with ADO.NET

Rule of thumb is to open connection for minimal time. Close the connection explicitly once your procedure
execution is over this will return the connection object back to connection pool. Default connection pool max
size = 100. As connection pooling enhances the performance of physical connection to SQL
Server.Connection Pooling in SQL Server
Wrap all database connections in a using block so they are always closed & disposed even in the event of an
Exception. See using Statement (C# Reference) for more information on using statements
Retrieve the connection strings by name from the app.config or web.config (depending on the application
type)
This requires an assembly reference to System.configuration
See Connection Strings and Configuration Files for additional information on how to structure your
configuration file
Always use parameters for incoming values to
Avoid sql injection attacks
Avoid errors if malformed text is used like including a single quote which is the sql equivalent of
escaping or starting a string (varchar/nvarchar)
Letting the database provider reuse query plans (not supported by all database providers) which
increases efficiency
When working with parameters
Sql parameters type and size mismatch is a common cause of insert/ updated/ select failure
Give your Sql parameters meaningful names just like you do variables in your code
Specify the database data type of the column you are using, this ensures the wrong parameter types is
not used which could lead to unexpected results
Validate your incoming parameters before you pass them into the command (as the saying goes,
"garbage in, garbage out"). Validate incoming values as early as possible in the stack
Use the correct types when assigning your parameter values, example: do not assign the string value
of a DateTime, instead assign an actual DateTime instance to the value of the parameter
Specify the size of string-type parameters. This is because SQL Server can re-use execution plans if the
parameters match in type and size. Use -1 for MAX
Do not use the method AddWithValue, the main reason is it is very easy to forget to specify the
parameter type or the precision/scale when needed. For additional information see Can we stop using
AddWithValue already?
When using database connections
Open the connection as late as possible and close it as soon as possible. This is a general guideline
when working with any external resource
Never share database connection instances (example: having a singleton host a shared instance of
type SqlConnection). Have your code always create a new database connection instance when needed
and then have the calling code dispose of it and "throw it away" when it is done. The reason for this is
Most database providers have some sort of connection pooling so creating new managed
connections is cheap
It eliminates any future errors if the code starts working with multiple threads

Section 25.2: Executing SQL statements as a command

// Uses Windows authentication. Replace the Trusted_Connection parameter with

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// User Id=...;Password=...; to use SQL Server authentication instead. You may
// want to find the appropriate connection string for your server.
string connectionString =
@"Server=myServer\myInstance;Database=myDataBase;Trusted_Connection=True;"

string sql = "INSERT INTO myTable (myDateTimeField, myIntField) " +

"VALUES (@someDateTime, @someInt);";

// Most ADO.NET objects are disposable and, thus, require the using keyword.
using (var connection = new SqlConnection(connectionString))
using (var command = new SqlCommand(sql, connection))
{
// Use parameters instead of string concatenation to add user-supplied
// values to avoid SQL injection and formatting issues. Explicitly supply datatype.

// System.Data.SqlDbType is an enumeration. See Note1

command.Parameters.Add("@someDateTime", SqlDbType.DateTime).Value = myDateTimeVariable;
command.Parameters.Add("@someInt", SqlDbType.Int).Value = myInt32Variable;

// Execute the SQL statement. Use ExecuteScalar and ExecuteReader instead

// for query that return results (or see the more specific examples, once
// those have been added).

connection.Open();
command.ExecuteNonQuery();
}

Note 1: Please see SqlDbType Enumeration for the MSFT SQL Server-specific variation.

Note 2: Please see MySqlDbType Enumeration for the MySQL-specific variation.

Section 25.3: Using common interfaces to abstract away

vendor specific classes
var providerName = "System.Data.SqlClient"; //Oracle.ManagedDataAccess.Client, IBM.Data.DB2
var connectionString = "{your-connection-string}";
//you will probably get the above two values in the ConnectionStringSettings object from .config file

var factory = DbProviderFactories.GetFactory(providerName);

using(var connection = factory.CreateConnection()) { //IDbConnection
connection.ConnectionString = connectionString;
connection.Open();

using(var command = connection.CreateCommand()) { //IDbCommand

command.CommandText = "{query}";

using(var reader = command.ExecuteReader()) { //IDataReader

while(reader.Read()) {
...
}
}
}
}

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Chapter 26: Dependency Injection
Section 26.1: How Dependency Injection Makes Unit Testing
Easier
This builds on the previous example of the Greeter class which has two dependencies, IGreetingProvider and
IGreetingWriter.

The actual implementation of IGreetingProvider might retrieve a string from an API call or a database. The
implementation of IGreetingWriter might display the greeting in the console. But because Greeter has its
dependencies injected into its constructor, it's easy to write a unit test that injects mocked versions of those
interfaces. In real life we might use a framework like Moq, but in this case I'll write those mocked implementations.

public class TestGreetingProvider : IGreetingProvider

{
public const string TestGreeting = "Hello!";

public string GetGreeting()

{
return TestGreeting;
}
}

public class TestGreetingWriter : List<string>, IGreetingWriter

{
public void WriteGreeting(string greeting)
{
Add(greeting);
}
}

[TestClass]
public class GreeterTests
{
[TestMethod]
public void Greeter_WritesGreeting()
{
var greetingProvider = new TestGreetingProvider();
var greetingWriter = new TestGreetingWriter();
var greeter = new Greeter(greetingProvider, greetingWriter);
greeter.Greet();
Assert.AreEqual(greetingWriter[0], TestGreetingProvider.TestGreeting);
}
}

The behavior of IGreetingProvider and IGreetingWriter are not relevant to this test. We want to test that
Greeter gets a greeting and writes it. The design of Greeter (using dependency injection) allows us to inject mocked
dependencies without any complicated moving parts. All we're testing is that Greeter interacts with those
dependencies as we expect it to.

Section 26.2: Dependency Injection - Simple example

This class is called Greeter. Its responsibility is to output a greeting. It has two dependencies. It needs something
that will give it the greeting to output, and then it needs a way to output that greeting. Those dependencies are
both described as interfaces, IGreetingProvider and IGreetingWriter. In this example, those two dependencies
are "injected" into Greeter. (Further explanation following the example.)

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public class Greeter
{
private readonly IGreetingProvider _greetingProvider;
private readonly IGreetingWriter _greetingWriter;

public Greeter(IGreetingProvider greetingProvider, IGreetingWriter greetingWriter)

{
_greetingProvider = greetingProvider;
_greetingWriter = greetingWriter;
}

public void Greet()

{
var greeting = _greetingProvider.GetGreeting();
_greetingWriter.WriteGreeting(greeting);
}
}

public interface IGreetingProvider

{
string GetGreeting();
}

public interface IGreetingWriter

{
void WriteGreeting(string greeting);
}

The Greeting class depends on both IGreetingProvider and IGreetingWriter, but it is not responsible for
creating instances of either. Instead it requires them in its constructor. Whatever creates an instance of Greeting
must provide those two dependencies. We can call that "injecting" the dependencies.

Because dependencies are provided to the class in its constructor, this is also called "constructor injection."

A few common conventions:

The constructor saves the dependencies as private fields. As soon as the class is instantiated, those
dependencies are available to all other non-static methods of the class.
The private fields are readonly. Once they are set in the constructor they cannot be changed. This indicates
that those fields should not (and cannot) be modified outside of the constructor. That further ensures that
those dependencies will be available for the lifetime of the class.
The dependencies are interfaces. This is not strictly necessary, but is common because it makes it easier to
substitute one implementation of the dependency with another. It also allows providing a mocked version of
the interface for unit testing purposes.

Section 26.3: Why We Use Dependency Injection Containers

(IoC Containers)
Dependency injection means writing classes so that they do not control their dependencies - instead, their
dependencies are provided to them ("injected.")

This is not the same thing as using a dependency injection framework (often called a "DI container", "IoC container",
or just "container") like Castle Windsor, Autofac, SimpleInjector, Ninject, Unity, or others.

A container just makes dependency injection easier. For example, suppose you write a number of classes that rely
on dependency injection. One class depends on several interfaces, the classes that implement those interfaces
depend on other interfaces, and so on. Some depend on specific values. And just for fun, some of those classes
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implement IDisposable and need to be disposed.

Each individual class is well-written and easy to test. But now there's a different problem: Creating an instance of a
class has become much more complicated. Suppose we're creating an instance of a CustomerService class. It has
dependencies and its dependencies have dependencies. Constructing an instance might look something like this:

public CustomerData GetCustomerData(string customerNumber)

{
var customerApiEndpoint = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["customerApi:customerApiEndpoint"];
var logFilePath = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["logwriter:logFilePath"];
var authConnectionString =
ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["authorization"].ConnectionString;
using(var logWriter = new LogWriter(logFilePath ))
{
using(var customerApiClient = new CustomerApiClient(customerApiEndpoint))
{
var customerService = new CustomerService(
new SqlAuthorizationRepository(authorizationConnectionString, logWriter),
new CustomerDataRepository(customerApiClient, logWriter),
logWriter
);

// All this just to create an instance of CustomerService!

return customerService.GetCustomerData(string customerNumber);
}
}
}

You might wonder, why not put the whole giant construction in a separate function that just returns
CustomerService? One reason is that because the dependencies for each class are injected into it, a class isn't
responsible for knowing whether those dependencies are IDisposable or disposing them. It just uses them. So if a
we had a GetCustomerService() function that returned a fully-constructed CustomerService, that class might
contain a number of disposable resources and no way to access or dispose them.

And aside from disposing IDisposable, who wants to call a series of nested constructors like that, ever? That's a
short example. It could get much, much worse. Again, that doesn't mean that we wrote the classes the wrong way.
The classes might be individually perfect. The challenge is composing them together.

A dependency injection container simplifies that. It allows us to specify which class or value should be used to fulfill
each dependency. This slightly oversimplified example uses Castle Windsor:

var container = new WindsorContainer()

container.Register(
Component.For<CustomerService>(),
Component.For<ILogWriter, LogWriter>()
.DependsOn(Dependency.OnAppSettingsValue("logFilePath", "logWriter:logFilePath")),
Component.For<IAuthorizationRepository, SqlAuthorizationRepository>()
.DependsOn(Dependency.OnValue(connectionString,
ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["authorization"].ConnectionString)),
Component.For<ICustomerDataProvider, CustomerApiClient>()
.DependsOn(Dependency.OnAppSettingsValue("apiEndpoint",
"customerApi:customerApiEndpoint"))
);

We call this "registering dependencies" or "configuring the container." Translated, this tells our WindsorContainer:

If a class requires ILogWriter, create an instance of LogWriter. LogWriter requires a file path. Use this value
from AppSettings.
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 If a class requires IAuthorizationRepository, create an instance of SqlAuthorizationRepository. It
requires a connection string. Use this value from the ConnectionStrings section.
If a class requires ICustomerDataProvider, create a CustomerApiClient and provide the string it needs from
AppSettings.

When we request a dependency from the container we call that "resolving" a dependency. It's bad practice to do
that directly using the container, but that's a different story. For demonstration purposes, we could now do this:

var customerService = container.Resolve<CustomerService>();

var data = customerService.GetCustomerData(customerNumber);
container.Release(customerService);

The container knows that CustomerService depends on IAuthorizationRepository and ICustomerDataProvider.

It knows what classes it needs to create to fulfill those requirements. Those classes, in turn, have more
dependencies, and the container knows how to fulfill those. It will create every class it needs to until it can return an
instance of CustomerService.

If it gets to a point where a class requires a dependency that we haven't registered, like IDoesSomethingElse, then
when we try to resolve CustomerService it will throw a clear exception telling us that we haven't registered
anything to fulfill that requirement.

Each DI framework behaves a little differently, but typically they give us some control over how certain classes are
instantiated. For example, do we want it to create one instance of LogWriter and provide it to every class that
depends on ILogWriter, or do we want it to create a new one every time? Most containers have a way to specify
that.

What about classes that implement IDisposable? That's why we call container.Release(customerService); at the
end. Most containers (including Windsor) will step back through all of the dependencies created and Dispose the
ones that need disposing. If CustomerService is IDisposable it will dispose that too.

Registering dependencies as seen above might just look like more code to write. But when we have lots of classes
with lots of dependencies then it really pays off. And if we had to write those same classes without using
dependency injection then that same application with lots of classes would become difficult to maintain and test.

This scratches the surface of why we use dependency injection containers. How we configure our application to use
one (and use it correctly) is not just one topic - it's a number of topics, as the instructions and examples vary from
one container to the next.

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Chapter 27: Platform Invoke
Section 27.1: Marshaling structs
Simple struct

C++ signature:

typedef struct _PERSON

{
int age;
char name[32];
} PERSON, *LP_PERSON;

void GetSpouse(PERSON person, LP_PERSON spouse);

C# definition

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Ansi)]

public struct PERSON
{
public int age;
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 32)]
public string name;
}

[DllImport("family.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]

public static extern bool GetSpouse(PERSON person, ref PERSON spouse);

Struct with unknown size array fields. Passing in

C++ signature

typedef struct
{
int length;
int *data;
} VECTOR;

void SetVector(VECTOR &vector);

When passed from managed to unmanaged code, this

The data array should be defined as IntPtr and memory should be explicitly allocated with
Marshal.AllocHGlobal() (and freed with Marshal.FreeHGlobal() afterwords):

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public struct VECTOR : IDisposable
{
int length;
IntPtr dataBuf;

public int[] data

{
set
{
FreeDataBuf();

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 if (value != null && value.Length > 0)
{
dataBuf = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(value.Length * Marshal.SizeOf(value[0]));
Marshal.Copy(value, 0, dataBuf, value.Length);
length = value.Length;
}
}
}
void FreeDataBuf()
{
if (dataBuf != IntPtr.Zero)
{
Marshal.FreeHGlobal(dataBuf);
dataBuf = IntPtr.Zero;
}
}
public void Dispose()
{
FreeDataBuf();
}
}

[DllImport("vectors.dll")]
public static extern void SetVector([In]ref VECTOR vector);

Struct with unknown size array fields. Receiving

C++ signature:

typedef struct
{
char *name;
} USER;

bool GetCurrentUser(USER *user);

When such data is passed out of unmanaged code and memory is allocated by the unmanaged functions, the
managed caller should receive it into an IntPrt variable and convert the buffer to a managed array. In case of
strings there is a convenient Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi() method:

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public struct USER
{
IntPtr nameBuffer;
public string name { get { return Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(nameBuffer); } }
}

[DllImport("users.dll")]
public static extern bool GetCurrentUser(out USER user);

Section 27.2: Marshaling unions

Value-type fields only

C++ declaration

typedef union
{
char c;

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 int i;
} CharOrInt;

C# declaration

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)]
public struct CharOrInt
{
[FieldOffset(0)]
public byte c;
[FieldOffset(0)]
public int i;
}

Mixing value-type and reference fields

Overlapping a reference value with a value type one is not allowed so you cannot simply use the FieldOffset(0)
text; FieldOffset(0) i; will not compile for

typedef union
{
char text[128];
int i;
} TextOrInt;

and generally you would have to employ custom marshaling. However, in particular cases like this simpler technics
may be used:

[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public struct TextOrInt
{
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValArray, SizeConst = 128)]
public byte[] text;
public int i { get { return BitConverter.ToInt32(text, 0); } }
}

Section 27.3: Calling a Win32 dll function

using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

class PInvokeExample
{
[DllImport("user32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
public static extern uint MessageBox(IntPtr hWnd, String text, String caption, int options);

public static void test()

{
MessageBox(IntPtr.Zero, "Hello!", "Message", 0);
}
}

Declare a function as static extern stting DllImportAttribute with its Value property set to .dll name. Don't
forget to use System.Runtime.InteropServices namespace. Then call it as an regular static method.

The Platform Invocation Services will take care of loading the .dll and finding the desired finction. The P/Invoke in
most simple cases will also marshal parameters and return value to and from the .dll (i.e. convert from .NET
datatypes to Win32 ones and vice versa).

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Section 27.4: Using Windows API
Use pinvoke.net.

Before declaring an extern Windows API function in your code, consider looking for it on pinvoke.net. They most
likely already have a suitable declaration with all supporting types and good examples.

Section 27.5: Marshalling arrays

Arrays of simple type

[DllImport("Example.dll")]
static extern void SetArray(
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.LPArray, SizeConst = 128)]
byte[] data);

Arrays of string

[DllImport("Example.dll")]
static extern void SetStrArray(string[] textLines);

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Chapter 28: NuGet packaging system
Section 28.1: Uninstalling a package from one project in a
solution
PM> Uninstall-Package -ProjectName MyProjectB EntityFramework

Section 28.2: Installing a specific version of a package

PM> Install-Package EntityFramework -Version 6.1.2

Section 28.3: Adding a package source feed (MyGet, Klondike,

ect)
nuget sources add -name feedname -source http://sourcefeedurl

Section 28.4: Installing the NuGet Package Manager

In order to be able to manage your projects' packages, you need the NuGet Package Manager. This is a Visual
Studio Extension, explained in the official docs: Installing and Updating NuGet Client.

Starting with Visual Studio 2012, NuGet is included in every edition, and can be used from: Tools -> NuGet Package
Manager -> Package Manager Console.

You do so through the Tools menu of Visual Studio, clicking Extensions and Updates:

This installs both the GUI:

Available through clicking "Manage NuGet Packages..." on a project or its References folder

And the Package Manager Console:

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 Tools -> NuGet Package Manager -> Package Manager Console.

Section 28.5: Managing Packages through the UI

When you right-click a project (or its References folder), you can click the "Manage NuGet Packages..." option. This
shows the Package Manager Dialog.

Section 28.6: Managing Packages through the console

Click the menus Tools -> NuGet Package Manager -> Package Manager Console to show the console in your IDE.
Official documentation here.

Here you can issue, amongst others, install-package commands which installs the entered package into the
currently selected "Default project":

Install-Package Elmah

You can also provide the project to install the package to, overriding the selected project in the "Default project"
dropdown:

Install-Package Elmah -ProjectName MyFirstWebsite

Section 28.7: Updating a package

To update a package use the following command:

PM> Update-Package EntityFramework

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where EntityFramework is the name of the package to be updated. Note that update will run for all projects, and so
is different from Install-Package EntityFramework which would install to "Default project" only.

You can also specify a single project explicitly:

PM> Update-Package EntityFramework -ProjectName MyFirstWebsite

Section 28.8: Uninstalling a package

PM> Uninstall-Package EntityFramework

Section 28.9: Uninstall a specific version of package

PM> uninstall-Package EntityFramework -Version 6.1.2

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Chapter 29: Globalization in ASP.NET MVC
using Smart internationalization for
ASP.NET
Section 29.1: Basic configuration and setup
1. Add the I18N nuget package to your MVC project.
2. In web.config, add the i18n.LocalizingModule to your <httpModules> or <modules> section.

<!-- IIS 6 -->

<httpModules>
<add name="i18n.LocalizingModule" type="i18n.LocalizingModule, i18n" />
</httpModules>

<!-- IIS 7 -->

<system.webServer>
<modules>
<add name="i18n.LocalizingModule" type="i18n.LocalizingModule, i18n" />
</modules>
</system.webServer>

3. Add a folder named "locale" to the root of your site. Create a subfolder for each culture you wish to support.
For example, /locale/fr/.
4. In each culture-specific folder, create a text file named messages.po.
5. For testing purposes, enter the following lines of text in your messages.po file:

#: Translation test
msgid "Hello, world!"
msgstr "Bonjour le monde!"

6. Add a controller to your project which returns some text to translate.

using System.Web.Mvc;

namespace I18nDemo.Controllers
{
public class DefaultController : Controller
{
public ActionResult Index()
{
// Text inside [[[triple brackets]]] must precisely match
// the msgid in your .po file.
return Content("[[[Hello, world!]]]");
}
}
}

7. Run your MVC application and browse to the route corresponding to your controller action, such as
http://localhost:[yourportnumber]/default.
Observe that the URL is changed to reflect your default culture, such as
http://localhost:[yourportnumber]/en/default.
8. Replace /en/ in the URL with /fr/ (or whatever culture you've selected.) The page should now display the
translated version of your text.
9. Change your browser's language setting to prefer your alternate culture and browse to /default again.
Observe that the URL is changed to reflect your alternate culture and the translated text appears.

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 10. In web.config, add handlers so that users cannot browse to your locale folder.

<!-- IIS 6 -->

<system.web>
<httpHandlers>
<add path="*" verb="*" type="System.Web.HttpNotFoundHandler"/>
</httpHandlers>
</system.web>

<!-- IIS 7 -->

<system.webServer>
<handlers>
<remove name="BlockViewHandler"/>
<add name="BlockViewHandler" path="*" verb="*" preCondition="integratedMode"
type="System.Web.HttpNotFoundHandler"/>
</handlers>
</system.webServer>

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Chapter 30: System.Net.Mail
Section 30.1: MailMessage
Here is the example of creating of mail message with attachments. After creating we send this message with the
help of SmtpClient class. Default 25 port is used here.

public class clsMail

{
private static bool SendMail(string mailfrom, List<string>replytos, List<string> mailtos,
List<string> mailccs, List<string> mailbccs, string body, string subject, List<string> Attachment)
{
try
{
using(MailMessage MyMail = new MailMessage())
{
MyMail.From = new MailAddress(mailfrom);
foreach (string mailto in mailtos)
MyMail.To.Add(mailto);

if (replytos != null && replytos.Any())

{
foreach (string replyto in replytos)
MyMail.ReplyToList.Add(replyto);
}

if (mailccs != null && mailccs.Any())

{
foreach (string mailcc in mailccs)
MyMail.CC.Add(mailcc);
}

if (mailbccs != null && mailbccs.Any())

{
foreach (string mailbcc in mailbccs)
MyMail.Bcc.Add(mailbcc);
}

MyMail.Subject = subject;
MyMail.IsBodyHtml = true;
MyMail.Body = body;
MyMail.Priority = MailPriority.Normal;

if (Attachment != null && Attachment.Any())

{
System.Net.Mail.Attachment attachment;
foreach (var item in Attachment)
{
attachment = new System.Net.Mail.Attachment(item);
MyMail.Attachments.Add(attachment);
}
}

SmtpClient smtpMailObj = new SmtpClient();

smtpMailObj.Host = "your host";
smtpMailObj.Port = 25;
smtpMailObj.Credentials = new System.Net.NetworkCredential("uid", "pwd");

smtpMailObj.Send(MyMail);
return true;
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 }
}
catch
{
return false;
}
}
}

Section 30.2: Mail with Attachment

MailMessage represents mail message which can be sent further using SmtpClient class. Several attachments (files)
can be added to mail message.

using System.Net.Mail;

using(MailMessage myMail = new MailMessage())

{
Attachment attachment = new Attachment(path);
myMail.Attachments.Add(attachment);

// further processing to send the mail message

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Chapter 31: Using Progress<T> and
IProgress<T>
Section 31.1: Simple Progress reporting
IProgress<T> can be used to report progress of some procedure to another procedure. This example shows how
you can create a basic method that reports its progress.

void Main()
{
IProgress<int> p = new Progress<int>(progress =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Running Step: {0}", progress);
});
LongJob(p);
}

public void LongJob(IProgress<int> progress)

{
var max = 10;
for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
{
progress.Report(i);
}
}

Output:

Running Step: 0
Running Step: 3
Running Step: 4
Running Step: 5
Running Step: 6
Running Step: 7
Running Step: 8
Running Step: 9
Running Step: 2
Running Step: 1

Note that when you this code runs, you may see numbers be output out of order. This is because the
IProgress<T>.Report() method is run asynchronously, and is therefore not as suitable for situations where the
progress must be reported in order.

Section 31.2: Using IProgress<T>

It's important to note that the System.Progress<T> class does not have the Report() method available on it. This
method was implemented explicitly from the IProgress<T> interface, and therefore must be called on a
Progress<T> when it's cast to an IProgress<T>.

var p1 = new Progress<int>();

p1.Report(1); //compiler error, Progress does not contain method 'Report'

IProgress<int> p2 = new Progress<int>();

p2.Report(2); //works

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var p3 = new Progress<int>();
((IProgress<int>)p3).Report(3); //works

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Chapter 32: JSON Serialization
Section 32.1: Deserialization using
System.Web.Script.Serialization.JavaScriptSerializer
The JavaScriptSerializer.Deserialize<T>(input) method attempts to deserialize a string of valid JSON into an
object of the specified type <T>, using the default mappings natively supported by JavaScriptSerializer.

using System.Collections;
using System.Web.Script.Serialization;

// ...

string rawJSON = "{\"Name\":\"Fibonacci Sequence\",\"Numbers\":[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13]}";

JavaScriptSerializer JSS = new JavaScriptSerializer();

Dictionary<string, object> parsedObj = JSS.Deserialize<Dictionary<string, object>>(rawJSON);

string name = parsedObj["Name"].toString();

ArrayList numbers = (ArrayList)parsedObj["Numbers"]

Note: The JavaScriptSerializer object was introduced in .NET version 3.5

Section 32.2: Serialization using Json.NET

[JsonObject("person")]
public class Person
{
[JsonProperty("name")]
public string PersonName { get; set; }
[JsonProperty("age")]
public int PersonAge { get; set; }
[JsonIgnore]
public string Address { get; set; }
}

Person person = new Person { PersonName = "Andrius", PersonAge = 99, Address = "Some address" };
string rawJson = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(person);

Console.WriteLine(rawJson); // {"name":"Andrius","age":99}

Notice how properties (and classes) can be decorated with attributes to change their appearance in resulting json
string or to remove them from json string at all (JsonIgnore).

More information about Json.NET serialization attributes can be found here.

In C#, public identifiers are written in PascalCase by convention. In JSON, the convention is to use camelCase for all
names. You can use a contract resolver to convert between the two.

using Newtonsoft.Json;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Serialization;

public class Person

{
public string Name { get; set; }
public int Age { get; set; }
[JsonIgnore]

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 public string Address { get; set; }
}

public void ToJson() {

Person person = new Person { Name = "Andrius", Age = 99, Address = "Some address" };
var resolver = new CamelCasePropertyNamesContractResolver();
var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings { ContractResolver = resolver };
string json = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(person, settings);

Console.WriteLine(json); // {"name":"Andrius","age":99}
}

Section 32.3: Serialization-Deserialization using

Newtonsoft.Json
Unlike the other helpers, this one uses static class helpers to serialize and deserialize, hence it is a little bit easier
than the others to use.

using Newtonsoft.Json;

var rawJSON = "{\"Name\":\"Fibonacci Sequence\",\"Numbers\":[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13]}";

var fibo = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Dictionary<string, object>>(rawJSON);
var rawJSON2 = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(fibo);

Section 32.4: Deserialization using Json.NET

internal class Sequence{
public string Name;
public List<int> Numbers;
}

// ...

string rawJSON = "{\"Name\":\"Fibonacci Sequence\",\"Numbers\":[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13]}";

Sequence sequence = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Sequence>(rawJSON);

For more information, refer to the Json.NET official site.

Note: Json.NET supports .NET version 2 and higher.

Section 32.5: Dynamic binding

Newtonsoft's Json.NET allows you to bind json dynamically (using ExpandoObject / Dynamic objects) without the
need to create the type explicitly.

Serialization

dynamic jsonObject = new ExpandoObject();

jsonObject.Title = "Merchent of Venice";
jsonObject.Author = "William Shakespeare";
Console.WriteLine(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(jsonObject));

De-serialization

var rawJson = "{\"Name\":\"Fibonacci Sequence\",\"Numbers\":[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13]}";

dynamic parsedJson = JObject.Parse(rawJson);
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Console.WriteLine("Name: " + parsedJson.Name);
Console.WriteLine("Name: " + parsedJson.Numbers.Length);

Notice that the keys in the rawJson object have been turned into member variables in the dynamic object.

This is useful in cases where an application can accept/ produce varying formats of JSON. It is however suggested to
use an extra level of validation for the Json string or to the dynamic object generated as a result of serialization/ de-
serialization.

Section 32.6: Serialization using Json.NET with

JsonSerializerSettings
This serializer has some nice features that the default .net json serializer doesn't have, like Null value handling, you
just need to create the JsonSerializerSettings :

public static string Serialize(T obj)

{
string result = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(obj, new JsonSerializerSettings { NullValueHandling
= NullValueHandling.Ignore});
return result;
}

Another serious serializer issue in .net is the self referencing loop. In the case of a student that is enrolled in a
course, its instance has a course property and a course has a collection of students that means a List<Student>
which will create a reference loop. You can handle this with JsonSerializerSettings :

public static string Serialize(T obj)

{
string result = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(obj, new JsonSerializerSettings {
ReferenceLoopHandling = ReferenceLoopHandling.Ignore});
return result;
}

You can put various serializations option like this:

public static string Serialize(T obj)

{
string result = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(obj, new JsonSerializerSettings { NullValueHandling
= NullValueHandling.Ignore, ReferenceLoopHandling = ReferenceLoopHandling.Ignore});
return result;
}

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Chapter 33: JSON in .NET with
Newtonsoft.Json
The NuGet package Newtonsoft.Json has become the defacto standard for using and manipulating JSON formatted
text and objects in .NET. It is a robust tool that is fast, and easy to use.

Section 33.1: Deserialize an object from JSON text

var json = "{\"Name\":\"Joe Smith\",\"Age\":21}";
var person = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Person>(json);

This yields a Person object with Name "Joe Smith" and Age 21.

Section 33.2: Serialize object into JSON

using Newtonsoft.Json;

var obj = new Person

{
Name = "Joe Smith",
Age = 21
};
var serializedJson = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(obj);

This results in this JSON: {"Name":"Joe Smith","Age":21}

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Chapter 34: XmlSerializer
Section 34.1: Formatting: Custom DateTime format
public class Dog
{
private const string _birthStringFormat = "yyyy-MM-dd";

[XmlIgnore]
public DateTime Birth {get; set;}

[XmlElement(ElementName="Birth")]
public string BirthString
{
get { return Birth.ToString(_birthStringFormat); }
set { Birth = DateTime.ParseExact(value, _birthStringFormat, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
}
}
}

Section 34.2: Serialize object

public void SerializeFoo(string fileName, Foo foo)
{
var serializer = new XmlSerializer(typeof(Foo));
using (var stream = File.Open(fileName, FileMode.Create))
{
serializer.Serialize(stream, foo);
}
}

Section 34.3: Deserialize object

public Foo DeserializeFoo(string fileName)
{
var serializer = new XmlSerializer(typeof(Foo));
using (var stream = File.OpenRead(fileName))
{
return (Foo)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
}
}

Section 34.4: Behaviour: Map array name to property

(XmlArray)
<Store>
<Articles>
<Product/>
<Product/>
</Articles>
</Store>

public class Store

{
[XmlArray("Articles")]

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 public List<Product> Products {get; set; }
}

Section 34.5: Behaviour: Map Element name to Property

<Foo>
<Dog/>
</Foo>

public class Foo

{
// Using XmlElement
[XmlElement(Name="Dog")]
public Animal Cat { get; set; }
}

Section 34.6: Eciently building multiple serializers with

derived types specified dynamically
Where we came from

Sometimes we can't provide all of the required metadata needed for the XmlSerializer framework in attribute.
Suppose we have a base class of serialized objects, and some of the derived classes are unknown to the base class.
We can't place an attribute for all of the classes which are not know at the design time of the base type. We could
have another team developing some of the derived classes.

What can we do

We can use new XmlSerializer(type, knownTypes), but that would be a O(N^2) operation for N serializers, at least
to discover all of the types supplied in arguments:

// Beware of the N^2 in terms of the number of types.

var allSerializers = allTypes.Select(t => new XmlSerializer(t, allTypes));
var serializerDictionary = Enumerable.Range(0, allTypes.Length)
.ToDictionary (i => allTypes[i], i => allSerializers[i])

In this example, the the Base type is not aware of it's derived types, which is normal in OOP.

Doing it efficiently

Luckily, there is a method which addresses this particular problem - supplying known types for multiple serializers
efficiently:

System.Xml.Serialization.XmlSerializer.FromTypes Method (Type[])

The FromTypes method allows you to efficiently create an array of XmlSerializer objects for processing an
array of Type objects.

var allSerializers = XmlSerializer.FromTypes(allTypes);

var serializerDictionary = Enumerable.Range(0, allTypes.Length)
.ToDictionary(i => allTypes[i], i => allSerializers[i]);

Here is a complete code sample:

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using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Xml.Serialization;
using System.Linq;
using System.Linq;

public class Program

{
public class Container
{
public Base Base { get; set; }
}

public class Base

{
public int JustSomePropInBase { get; set; }
}

public class Derived : Base

{
public int JustSomePropInDerived { get; set; }
}

public void Main()

{
var sampleObject = new Container { Base = new Derived() };
var allTypes = new[] { typeof(Container), typeof(Base), typeof(Derived) };

Console.WriteLine("Trying to serialize without a derived class metadata:");

SetupSerializers(allTypes.Except(new[] { typeof(Derived) }).ToArray());
try
{
Serialize(sampleObject);
}
catch (InvalidOperationException e)
{
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("This error was anticipated,");
Console.WriteLine("we have not supplied a derived class.");
Console.WriteLine(e);
}
Console.WriteLine("Now trying to serialize with all of the type information:");
SetupSerializers(allTypes);
Serialize(sampleObject);
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Slides down well this time!");
}

static void Serialize<T>(T o)

{
serializerDictionary[typeof(T)].Serialize(Console.Out, o);
}

private static Dictionary<Type, XmlSerializer> serializerDictionary;

static void SetupSerializers(Type[] allTypes)

{
var allSerializers = XmlSerializer.FromTypes(allTypes);
serializerDictionary = Enumerable.Range(0, allTypes.Length)
.ToDictionary(i => allTypes[i], i => allSerializers[i]);
}

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}

Output:

Trying to serialize without a derived class metadata:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?>
System.InvalidOperationException: The type Program+Derived was not expected. Use the XmlInclude
or SoapInclude attribute to specify types that are not known statically.
at Microsoft.Xml.Serialization.GeneratedAssembly.XmlSerializationWriter1.Write2_Base(String n,
String ns, Base o, Boolean isNullable, Boolean needType)
at Microsoft.Xml.Serialization.GeneratedAssembly.XmlSerializationWriter1.Write3_Container(String
n, String ns, Container o, Boolean isNullable, Boolean needType)
at Microsoft.Xml.Serialization.GeneratedAssembly.XmlSerializationWriter1.Write4_Container(Object
o)
at System.Xml.Serialization.XmlSerializer.Serialize(XmlWriter xmlWriter, Object o,
XmlSerializerNamespaces namespaces, String encodingStyle, String id)
--- End of inner exception stack trace ---
at System.Xml.Serialization.XmlSerializer.Serialize(XmlWriter xmlWriter, Object o,
XmlSerializerNamespaces namespaces, String encodingStyle, String id)
at System.Xml.Serialization.XmlSerializer.Serialize(XmlWriter xmlWriter, Object o,
XmlSerializerNamespaces namespaces, String encodingStyle)
at System.Xml.Serialization.XmlSerializer.Serialize(XmlWriter xmlWriter, Object o,
XmlSerializerNamespaces namespaces)
at Program.Serialize[T](T o)
at Program.Main()
Now trying to serialize with all of the type information:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?>

0
0

Slides down well this time!

What's in the output

This error message recommends what we tried to avoid (or what we can not do in some scenarios) - referencing
derived types from base class:

Use the XmlInclude or SoapInclude attribute to specify types that are not known statically.

This is how we get our derived class in the XML:

<Base xsi:type="Derived">

Base corresponds to the property type declared in the Container type, and Derived being the type of the instance
actually supplied.

Here is a working example fiddle

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Chapter 35: VB Forms
Section 35.1: Hello World in VB.NET Forms
To show a message box when the form has been shown:

Public Class Form1

Private Sub Form1_Shown(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Shown
MessageBox.Show("Hello, World!")
End Sub
End Class
To show a message box before the form has been shown:

Public Class Form1

Private Sub Form1_Load(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load
MessageBox.Show("Hello, World!")
End Sub
End Class

Load() will be called first, and only once, when the form first loads. Show() will be called every time the user
launches the form. Activate() will be called every time the user makes the form active.

Load() will execute before Show() is called, but be warned: calling msgBox() in show can cause that msgBox() to
execute before Load() is finished. It is generally a bad idea to depend on event ordering between Load(),
Show(), and similar.

Section 35.2: For Beginners

Some things all beginners should know / do that will help them have a good start with VB .Net:

Set the following Options:

'can be permanently set

' Tools / Options / Projects and Soluntions / VB Defaults
Option Strict On
Option Explicit On
Option Infer Off

Public Class Form1

End Class

Use &, not + for string concatenation. Strings should be studied in some detail as they are widely used.

Spend some time understanding Value and Reference Types.

Never use Application.DoEvents. Pay attention to the 'Caution'. When you reach a point where this seems like
something you must use, ask.

The documentation is your friend.

Section 35.3: Forms Timer

The Windows.Forms.Timer component can be used to provide the user information that is not time critical. Create
a form with one button, one label, and a Timer component.

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For example it could be used to show the user the time of day periodically.

'can be permanently set

' Tools / Options / Projects and Soluntions / VB Defaults
Option Strict On
Option Explicit On
Option Infer Off

Public Class Form1

Private Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

Button1.Enabled = False
Timer1.Interval = 60 * 1000 'one minute intervals
'start timer
Timer1.Start()
Label1.Text = DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString
End Sub

Private Sub Timer1_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Timer1.Tick

Label1.Text = DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString
End Sub
End Class

But this timer is not suited for timing. An example would be using it for a countdown. In this example we will
simulate a countdown to three minutes. This may very well be one of the most boringly important examples here.

'can be permanently set

' Tools / Options / Projects and Soluntions / VB Defaults
Option Strict On
Option Explicit On
Option Infer Off

Public Class Form1

Private Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

Button1.Enabled = False
ctSecs = 0 'clear count
Timer1.Interval = 1000 'one second in ms.
'start timers
stpw.Reset()
stpw.Start()
Timer1.Start()
End Sub

Dim stpw As New Stopwatch

Dim ctSecs As Integer

Private Sub Timer1_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Timer1.Tick

ctSecs += 1
If ctSecs = 180 Then 'about 2.5 seconds off on my PC!
'stop timing
stpw.Stop()
Timer1.Stop()
'show actual elapsed time
'Is it near 180?
Label1.Text = stpw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds.ToString("n1")
End If
End Sub
End Class

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After button1 is clicked, about three minutes pass and label1 shows the results. Does label1 show 180? Probably
not. On my machine it showed 182.5!

The reason for the discrepancy is in the documentation, "The Windows Forms Timer component is single-threaded,
and is limited to an accuracy of 55 milliseconds." This is why it shouldn't be used for timing.

By using the timer and stopwatch a little differently we can obtain better results.

'can be permanently set

' Tools / Options / Projects and Soluntions / VB Defaults
Option Strict On
Option Explicit On
Option Infer Off

Public Class Form1

Private Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

Button1.Enabled = False
Timer1.Interval = 100 'one tenth of a second in ms.
'start timers
stpw.Reset()
stpw.Start()
Timer1.Start()
End Sub

Dim stpw As New Stopwatch

Dim threeMinutes As TimeSpan = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(3)

Private Sub Timer1_Tick(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Timer1.Tick

If stpw.Elapsed >= threeMinutes Then '0.1 off on my PC!
'stop timing
stpw.Stop()
Timer1.Stop()
'show actual elapsed time
'how close?
Label1.Text = stpw.Elapsed.TotalSeconds.ToString("n1")
End If
End Sub
End Class

There are other timers that can be used as needed. This search should help in that regard.

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Chapter 36: JIT compiler
JIT compilation, or just-in-time compilation, is an alternative approach to interpretation of code or ahead-of-time
compilation. JIT compilation is used in the .NET framework. The CLR code (C#, F#, Visual Basic, etc.) is first compiled
into something called Interpreted Language, or IL. This is lower level code that is closer to machine code, but is not
platform specific. Rather, at runtime, this code is compiled into machine code for the relevant system.

Section 36.1: IL compilation sample

Simple Hello World Application:

using System;

namespace HelloWorld
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
}
}
}

Equivalent IL Code (which will be JIT compiled)

// Microsoft (R) .NET Framework IL Disassembler. Version 4.6.1055.0

// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

// Metadata version: v4.0.30319

.assembly extern mscorlib
{
.publickeytoken = (B7 7A 5C 56 19 34 E0 89 ) // .z\V.4..
.ver 4:0:0:0
}
.assembly HelloWorld
{
.custom instance void
[mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CompilationRelaxationsAttribute::.ctor(int32) = ( 01 00
08 00 00 00 00 00 )
.custom instance void
[mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.RuntimeCompatibilityAttribute::.ctor() = ( 01 00 01 00
54 02 16 57 72 61 70 4E 6F 6E 45 78 // ....T..WrapNonEx
63 65 70 74 69 6F 6E 54 68 72 6F 77 73 01 ) // ceptionThrows.

// --- The following custom attribute is added automatically, do not uncomment -------
// .custom instance void [mscorlib]System.Diagnostics.DebuggableAttribute::.ctor(valuetype
[mscorlib]System.Diagnostics.DebuggableAttribute/DebuggingModes) = ( 01 00 07 01 00 00 00 00 )

.custom instance void [mscorlib]System.Reflection.AssemblyTitleAttribute::.ctor(string) = ( 01 00

0A 48 65 6C 6C 6F 57 6F 72 6C 64 00 00 ) // ...HelloWorld..
.custom instance void [mscorlib]System.Reflection.AssemblyDescriptionAttribute::.ctor(string) = (
01 00 00 00 00 )
.custom instance void [mscorlib]System.Reflection.AssemblyConfigurationAttribute::.ctor(string) =
( 01 00 00 00 00 )
.custom instance void [mscorlib]System.Reflection.AssemblyCompanyAttribute::.ctor(string) = ( 01
00 00 00 00 )
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.custom instance void [mscorlib]System.Reflection.AssemblyProductAttribute::.ctor(string) = ( 01
00 0A 48 65 6C 6C 6F 57 6F 72 6C 64 00 00 ) // ...HelloWorld..
.custom instance void [mscorlib]System.Reflection.AssemblyCopyrightAttribute::.ctor(string) = ( 01
00 12 43 6F 70 79 72 69 67 68 74 20 C2 A9 20 // ...Copyright ..
20 32 30 31 37 00 00 ) // 2017..
.custom instance void [mscorlib]System.Reflection.AssemblyTrademarkAttribute::.ctor(string) = ( 01
00 00 00 00 )
.custom instance void [mscorlib]System.Runtime.InteropServices.ComVisibleAttribute::.ctor(bool) =
( 01 00 00 00 00 )
.custom instance void [mscorlib]System.Runtime.InteropServices.GuidAttribute::.ctor(string) = ( 01
00 24 33 30 38 62 33 64 38 36 2D 34 31 37 32 // ..$308b3d86-4172
2D 34 30 32 32 2D 61 66 63 63 2D 33 66 38 65 33 // -4022-afcc-3f8e3
32 33 33 63 35 62 30 00 00 ) // 233c5b0..
.custom instance void [mscorlib]System.Reflection.AssemblyFileVersionAttribute::.ctor(string) = (
01 00 07 31 2E 30 2E 30 2E 30 00 00 ) // ...1.0.0.0..
.custom instance void [mscorlib]System.Runtime.Versioning.TargetFrameworkAttribute::.ctor(string)
= ( 01 00 1C 2E 4E 45 54 46 72 61 6D 65 77 6F 72 6B // ....NETFramework
2C 56 65 72 73 69 6F 6E 3D 76 34 2E 35 2E 32 01 // ,Version=v4.5.2.
00 54 0E 14 46 72 61 6D 65 77 6F 72 6B 44 69 73 // .T..FrameworkDis
70 6C 61 79 4E 61 6D 65 14 2E 4E 45 54 20 46 72 // playName..NET Fr
61 6D 65 77 6F 72 6B 20 34 2E 35 2E 32 ) // amework 4.5.2
.hash algorithm 0x00008004
.ver 1:0:0:0
}
.module HelloWorld.exe
// MVID: {2A7E1D59-1272-4B47-85F6-D7E1ED057831}
.imagebase 0x00400000
.file alignment 0x00000200
.stackreserve 0x00100000
.subsystem 0x0003 // WINDOWS_CUI
.corflags 0x00020003 // ILONLY 32BITPREFERRED
// Image base: 0x0000021C70230000

// =============== CLASS MEMBERS DECLARATION ===================

.class private auto ansi beforefieldinit HelloWorld.Program

extends [mscorlib]System.Object
{
.method private hidebysig static void Main(string[] args) cil managed
{
.entrypoint
// Code size 13 (0xd)
.maxstack 8
IL_0000: nop
IL_0001: ldstr "Hello World"
IL_0006: call void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(string)
IL_000b: nop
IL_000c: ret
} // end of method Program::Main

.method public hidebysig specialname rtspecialname

instance void .ctor() cil managed
{
// Code size 8 (0x8)
.maxstack 8
IL_0000: ldarg.0
IL_0001: call instance void [mscorlib]System.Object::.ctor()
IL_0006: nop
IL_0007: ret
} // end of method Program::.ctor

} // end of class HelloWorld.Program

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Generated with MS ILDASM tool (IL disassembler)

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Chapter 37: CLR
Section 37.1: An introduction to Common Language Runtime
The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is a virtual machine environment and part of the .NET Framework. It
contains:

A portable bytecode language called Common Intermediate Language (abbreviated CIL, or IL)
A Just-In-Time compiler that generates machine code
A tracing garbage collector that provides automatic memory management
Support for lightweight sub-processes called AppDomains
Security mechanisms through the concepts of verifiable code and trust levels

Code that runs in the CLR is referred to as managed code to distinguish it from code running outside the CLR
(usually native code) which is referred to as unmanaged code. There are various mechanisms that facilitate
interoperability between managed and unmanaged code.

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Chapter 38: TPL Dataflow
Section 38.1: Asynchronous Producer Consumer With A
Bounded BuerBlock
var bufferBlock = new BufferBlock<int>(new DataflowBlockOptions
{
BoundedCapacity = 1000
});

var cancellationToken = new CancellationTokenSource(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10)).Token;

var producerTask = Task.Run(async () =>

{
var random = new Random();

while (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
{
var value = random.Next();
await bufferBlock.SendAsync(value, cancellationToken);
}
});

var consumerTask = Task.Run(async () =>

{
while (await bufferBlock.OutputAvailableAsync())
{
var value = bufferBlock.Receive();
Console.WriteLine(value);
}
});

await Task.WhenAll(producerTask, consumerTask);

Section 38.2: Posting to an ActionBlock and waiting for

completion
// Create a block with an asynchronous action
var block = new ActionBlock<string>(async hostName =>
{
IPAddress[] ipAddresses = await Dns.GetHostAddressesAsync(hostName);
Console.WriteLine(ipAddresses[0]);
});

block.Post("google.com"); // Post items to the block's InputQueue for processing

block.Post("reddit.com");
block.Post("stackoverflow.com");

block.Complete(); // Tell the block to complete and stop accepting new items
await block.Completion; // Asynchronously wait until all items completed processingu

Section 38.3: Linking blocks to create a pipeline

var httpClient = new HttpClient();

// Create a block the accepts a uri and returns its contents as a string
var downloaderBlock = new TransformBlock<string, string>(

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 async uri => await httpClient.GetStringAsync(uri));

// Create a block that accepts the content and prints it to the console
var printerBlock = new ActionBlock<string>(
contents => Console.WriteLine(contents));

// Make the downloaderBlock complete the printerBlock when its completed.

var dataflowLinkOptions = new DataflowLinkOptions {PropagateCompletion = true};

// Link the block to create a pipeline

downloaderBlock.LinkTo(printerBlock, dataflowLinkOptions);

// Post urls to the first block which will pass their contents to the second one.
downloaderBlock.Post("http://youtube.com");
downloaderBlock.Post("http://github.com");
downloaderBlock.Post("http://twitter.com");

downloaderBlock.Complete(); // Completion will propagate to printerBlock

await printerBlock.Completion; // Only need to wait for the last block in the pipeline

Section 38.4: Synchronous Producer/Consumer with

BuerBlock<T>
public class Producer
{
private static Random random = new Random((int)DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks);
//produce the value that will be posted to buffer block
public double Produce ( )
{
var value = random.NextDouble();
Console.WriteLine($"Producing value: {value}");
return value;
}
}

public class Consumer

{
//consume the value that will be received from buffer block
public void Consume (double value) => Console.WriteLine($"Consuming value: {value}");
}

class Program
{
private static BufferBlock<double> buffer = new BufferBlock<double>();
static void Main (string[] args)
{
//start a task that will every 1 second post a value from the producer to buffer block
var producerTask = Task.Run(async () =>
{
var producer = new Producer();
while(true)
{
buffer.Post(producer.Produce());
await Task.Delay(1000);
}
});
//start a task that will recieve values from bufferblock and consume it
var consumerTask = Task.Run(() =>
{
var consumer = new Consumer();
while(true)
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 {
consumer.Consume(buffer.Receive());
}
});

Task.WaitAll(new[] { producerTask, consumerTask });

}
}

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Chapter 39: Threading
Section 39.1: Accessing form controls from other threads
If you want to change an attribute of a control such as a textbox or label from another thread than the GUI thread
that created the control, you will have to invoke it or else you might get an error message stating:

"Cross-thread operation not valid: Control 'control_name' accessed from a thread other than the thread it
was created on."

Using this example code on a system.windows.forms form will cast an exception with that message:

private void button4_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
Thread thread = new Thread(updatetextbox);
thread.Start();
}

private void updatetextbox()

{
textBox1.Text = "updated"; // Throws exception
}

Instead when you want to change a textbox's text from within a thread that doesn't own it use Control.Invoke or
Control.BeginInvoke. You can also use Control.InvokeRequired to check if invoking the control is necessary.

private void updatetextbox()

{
if (textBox1.InvokeRequired)
textBox1.BeginInvoke((Action)(() => textBox1.Text = "updated"));
else
textBox1.Text = "updated";
}

If you need to do this often, you can write an extension for invokeable objects to reduce the amount of code
necessary to make this check:

public static class Extensions

{
public static void BeginInvokeIfRequired(this ISynchronizeInvoke obj, Action action)
{
if (obj.InvokeRequired)
obj.BeginInvoke(action, new object[0]);
else
action();
}
}

And updating the textbox from any thread becomes a bit simpler:

private void updatetextbox()

{
textBox1.BeginInvokeIfRequired(() => textBox1.Text = "updated");
}

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Be aware that Control.BeginInvoke as used in this example is asynchronous, meaning that code coming after a call
to Control.BeginInvoke can be run immedeately after, whether or not the passed delegate has been executed yet.

If you need to be sure that textBox1 is updated before continuing, use Control.Invoke instead, which will block the
calling thread until your delegate has been executed. Do note that this approach can slow your code down
significantly if you make many invoke calls and note that it will deadlock your application if your GUI thread is
waiting for the calling thread to complete or release a held resource.

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Chapter 40: Process and Thread anity
setting
Parameter Details
integer that describes the set of processors on which the process is allowed to run. For example, on a 8
affinity processor system if you want your process to be executed only on processors 3 and 4 than you choose
affinity like this : 00001100 which equals 12

Section 40.1: Get process anity mask

public static int GetProcessAffinityMask(string processName = null)
{
Process myProcess = GetProcessByName(ref processName);

int processorAffinity = (int)myProcess.ProcessorAffinity;

Console.WriteLine("Process {0} Affinity Mask is : {1}", processName,
FormatAffinity(processorAffinity));

return processorAffinity;
}

public static Process GetProcessByName(ref string processName)

{
Process myProcess;
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(processName))
{
myProcess = Process.GetCurrentProcess();
processName = myProcess.ProcessName;
}
else
{
Process[] processList = Process.GetProcessesByName(processName);
myProcess = processList[0];
}
return myProcess;
}

private static string FormatAffinity(int affinity)

{
return Convert.ToString(affinity, 2).PadLeft(Environment.ProcessorCount, '0');
}
}

Example of usage :

private static void Main(string[] args)

{
GetProcessAffinityMask();

Console.ReadKey();
}
// Output:
// Process Test.vshost Affinity Mask is : 11111111

Section 40.2: Set process anity mask

public static void SetProcessAffinityMask(int affinity, string processName = null)

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 {
Process myProcess = GetProcessByName(ref processName);

Console.WriteLine("Process {0} Old Affinity Mask is : {1}", processName,

FormatAffinity((int)myProcess.ProcessorAffinity));

myProcess.ProcessorAffinity = new IntPtr(affinity);

Console.WriteLine("Process {0} New Affinity Mask is : {1}", processName,
FormatAffinity((int)myProcess.ProcessorAffinity));
}

Example of usage :

private static void Main(string[] args)

{
int newAffinity = Convert.ToInt32("10101010", 2);
SetProcessAffinityMask(newAffinity);

Console.ReadKey();
}
// Output :
// Process Test.vshost Old Affinity Mask is : 11111111
// Process Test.vshost New Affinity Mask is : 10101010

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Chapter 41: Parallel processing using .Net
framework
This Topic is about Multi core programming using Task Parallel Library with .NET framework. The task parallel
library allows you to write code which is human readable and adjusts itself with the number of Cores available. So
you can be sure that your software would auto-upgrade itself with the upgrading environment.

Section 41.1: Parallel Extensions

Parallel extensions have been introduced along with the Task Parallel Library to achieve data Parallelism. Data
parallelism refers to scenarios in which the same operation is performed concurrently (that is, in parallel) on
elements in a source collection or array. The .NET provides new constructs to achieve data parallelism by using
Parallel.For and Parallel.Foreach constructs.

//Sequential version

foreach (var item in sourcecollection){

Process(item);

// Parallel equivalent

Parallel.foreach(sourcecollection, item => Process(item));

The above mentioned Parallel.ForEach construct utilizes the multiple cores and thus enhances the performance in
the same fashion.

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Chapter 42: Task Parallel Library (TPL)
Section 42.1: Basic producer-consumer loop
(BlockingCollection)
var collection = new BlockingCollection<int>(5);
var random = new Random();

var producerTask = Task.Run(() => {

for(int item=1; item<=10; item++)
{
collection.Add(item);
Console.WriteLine("Produced: " + item);
Thread.Sleep(random.Next(10,1000));
}
collection.CompleteAdding();
Console.WriteLine("Producer completed!");
});

It is worth noting that if you do not call collection.CompleteAdding();, you are able to keep adding to the
collection even if your consumer task is running. Just call collection.CompleteAdding(); when you are sure there
are no more additions. This functionality can be used to make a Multiple Producer to a Single Consumer pattern
where you have multiple sources feeding items into the BlockingCollection and a single consumer pulling items out
and doing something with them. If your BlockingCollection is empty before you call complete adding, the
Enumerable from collection.GetConsumingEnumerable() will block until a new item is added to the collection or
BlockingCollection.CompleteAdding(); is called and the queue is empty.

var consumerTask = Task.Run(() => {

foreach(var item in collection.GetConsumingEnumerable())
{
Console.WriteLine("Consumed: " + item);
Thread.Sleep(random.Next(10,1000));
}
Console.WriteLine("Consumer completed!");
});

Task.WaitAll(producerTask, consumerTask);

Console.WriteLine("Everything completed!");

Section 42.2: Parallel.Invoke

var actions = Enumerable.Range(1, 10).Select(n => new Action(() =>
{
Console.WriteLine("I'm task " + n);
if((n & 1) == 0)
throw new Exception("Exception from task " + n);
})).ToArray();

try
{
Parallel.Invoke(actions);
}
catch(AggregateException ex)
{
foreach(var inner in ex.InnerExceptions)
Console.WriteLine("Task failed: " + inner.Message);
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}

Section 42.3: Task: Returning a value

Task that return a value has return type of Task< TResult > where TResult is the type of value that needs to be
returned. You can query the outcome of a Task by its Result property.

Task<int> t = Task.Run(() =>

{
int sum = 0;

for(int i = 0; i < 500; i++)

sum += i;

return sum;
});

Console.WriteLine(t.Result); // Outuput 124750

If the Task execute asynchronously than awaiting the Task returns it's result.

public async Task DoSomeWork()

{
WebClient client = new WebClient();
// Because the task is awaited, result of the task is assigned to response
string response = await client.DownloadStringTaskAsync("http://somedomain.com");
}

Section 42.4: Parallel.ForEach

This example uses Parallel.ForEach to calculate the sum of the numbers between 1 and 10000 by using multiple
threads. To achieve thread-safety, Interlocked.Add is used to sum the numbers.

using System.Threading;

int Foo()
{
int total = 0;
var numbers = Enumerable.Range(1, 10000).ToList();
Parallel.ForEach(numbers,
() => 0, // initial value,
(num, state, localSum) => num + localSum,
localSum => Interlocked.Add(ref total, localSum));
return total; // total = 50005000
}

Section 42.5: Parallel.For

This example uses Parallel.For to calculate the sum of the numbers between 1 and 10000 by using multiple
threads. To achieve thread-safety, Interlocked.Add is used to sum the numbers.

using System.Threading;

int Foo()
{
int total = 0;
Parallel.For(1, 10001,

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 () => 0, // initial value,
(num, state, localSum) => num + localSum,
localSum => Interlocked.Add(ref total, localSum));
return total; // total = 50005000
}

Section 42.6: Task: basic instantiation and Wait

A task can be created by directly instantiating the Task class...

var task = new Task(() =>

{
Console.WriteLine("Task code starting...");
Thread.Sleep(2000);
Console.WriteLine("...task code ending!");
});

Console.WriteLine("Starting task...");
task.Start();
task.Wait();
Console.WriteLine("Task completed!");

...or by using the static Task.Run method:

Console.WriteLine("Starting task...");
var task = Task.Run(() =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Task code starting...");
Thread.Sleep(2000);
Console.WriteLine("...task code ending!");
});
task.Wait();
Console.WriteLine("Task completed!");

Note that only in the first case it is necessary to explicitly invoke Start.

Section 42.7: Task.WhenAll

var random = new Random();
IEnumerable<Task<int>> tasks = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(n => Task.Run(() =>
{
Console.WriteLine("I'm task " + n);
return n;
}));

Task<int[]> task = Task.WhenAll(tasks);

int[] results = await task;

Console.WriteLine(string.Join(",", results.Select(n => n.ToString())));

// Output: 1,2,3,4,5

Section 42.8: Flowing execution context with AsyncLocal

When you need to pass some data from the parent task to its children tasks, so it logically flows with the execution,
use AsyncLocal class:

void Main()
{
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 AsyncLocal<string> user = new AsyncLocal<string>();
user.Value = "initial user";

// this does not affect other tasks - values are local relative to the branches of execution flow
Task.Run(() => user.Value = "user from another task");

var task1 = Task.Run(() =>

{
Console.WriteLine(user.Value); // outputs "initial user"
Task.Run(() =>
{
// outputs "initial user" - value has flown from main method to this task without being
changed
Console.WriteLine(user.Value);
}).Wait();

user.Value = "user from task1";

Task.Run(() =>
{
// outputs "user from task1" - value has flown from main method to task1
// than value was changed and flown to this task.
Console.WriteLine(user.Value);
}).Wait();
});

task1.Wait();

// outputs "initial user" - changes do not propagate back upstream the execution flow
Console.WriteLine(user.Value);
}

Note: As can be seen from the example above AsynLocal.Value has copy on read semantic, but if you flow some
reference type and change its properties you will affect other tasks. Hence, best practice with AsyncLocal is to use
value types or immutable types.

Section 42.9: Parallel.ForEach in VB.NET

For Each row As DataRow In FooDataTable.Rows
Me.RowsToProcess.Add(row)
Next

Dim myOptions As ParallelOptions = New ParallelOptions()

myOptions.MaxDegreeOfParallelism = environment.processorcount

Parallel.ForEach(RowsToProcess, myOptions, Sub(currentRow, state)

ProcessRowParallel(currentRow, state)
End Sub)

Section 42.10: Task: WaitAll and variable capturing

var tasks = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(n => new Task<int>(() =>
{
Console.WriteLine("I'm task " + n);
return n;
})).ToArray();

foreach(var task in tasks) task.Start();

Task.WaitAll(tasks);

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foreach(var task in tasks)
Console.WriteLine(task.Result);

Section 42.11: Task: WaitAny

var allTasks = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(n => new Task<int>(() => n)).ToArray();
var pendingTasks = allTasks.ToArray();

foreach(var task in allTasks) task.Start();

while(pendingTasks.Length > 0)
{
var finishedTask = pendingTasks[Task.WaitAny(pendingTasks)];
Console.WriteLine("Task {0} finished", finishedTask.Result);
pendingTasks = pendingTasks.Except(new[] {finishedTask}).ToArray();
}

Task.WaitAll(allTasks);

Note: The final WaitAll is necessary becasue WaitAny does not cause exceptions to be observed.

Section 42.12: Task: handling exceptions (using Wait)

var task1 = Task.Run(() =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Task 1 code starting...");
throw new Exception("Oh no, exception from task 1!!");
});

var task2 = Task.Run(() =>

{
Console.WriteLine("Task 2 code starting...");
throw new Exception("Oh no, exception from task 2!!");
});

Console.WriteLine("Starting tasks...");
try
{
Task.WaitAll(task1, task2);
}
catch(AggregateException ex)
{
Console.WriteLine("Task(s) failed!");
foreach(var inner in ex.InnerExceptions)
Console.WriteLine(inner.Message);
}

Console.WriteLine("Task 1 status is: " + task1.Status); //Faulted

Console.WriteLine("Task 2 status is: " + task2.Status); //Faulted

Section 42.13: Task: handling exceptions (without using Wait)

var task1 = Task.Run(() =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Task 1 code starting...");
throw new Exception("Oh no, exception from task 1!!");
});

var task2 = Task.Run(() =>

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{
Console.WriteLine("Task 2 code starting...");
throw new Exception("Oh no, exception from task 2!!");
});

var tasks = new[] {task1, task2};

Console.WriteLine("Starting tasks...");
while(tasks.All(task => !task.IsCompleted));

foreach(var task in tasks)

{
if(task.IsFaulted)
Console.WriteLine("Task failed: " +
task.Exception.InnerExceptions.First().Message);
}

Console.WriteLine("Task 1 status is: " + task1.Status); //Faulted

Console.WriteLine("Task 2 status is: " + task2.Status); //Faulted

Section 42.14: Task: cancelling using CancellationToken

var cancellationTokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource();
var cancellationToken = cancellationTokenSource.Token;

var task = new Task((state) =>

{
int i = 1;
var myCancellationToken = (CancellationToken)state;
while(true)
{
Console.Write("{0} ", i++);
Thread.Sleep(1000);
myCancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
}
},
cancellationToken: cancellationToken,
state: cancellationToken);

Console.WriteLine("Counting to infinity. Press any key to cancel!");

task.Start();
Console.ReadKey();

cancellationTokenSource.Cancel();
try
{
task.Wait();
}
catch(AggregateException ex)
{
ex.Handle(inner => inner is OperationCanceledException);
}

Console.WriteLine($"{Environment.NewLine}You have cancelled! Task status is: {task.Status}");

//Canceled

As an alternative to ThrowIfCancellationRequested, the cancellation request can be detected with

IsCancellationRequested and a OperationCanceledException can be thrown manually:

//New task delegate

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int i = 1;
var myCancellationToken = (CancellationToken)state;
while(!myCancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
{
Console.Write("{0} ", i++);
Thread.Sleep(1000);
}
Console.WriteLine($"{Environment.NewLine}Ouch, I have been cancelled!!");
throw new OperationCanceledException(myCancellationToken);

Note how the cancellation token is passed to the task constructor in the cancellationToken parameter. This is
needed so that the task transitions to the Canceled state, not to the Faulted state, when
ThrowIfCancellationRequested is invoked. Also, for the same reason, the cancellation token is explicitly supplied
in the constructor of OperationCanceledException in the second case.

Section 42.15: Task.WhenAny

var random = new Random();
IEnumerable<Task<int>> tasks = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(n => Task.Run(async() =>
{
Console.WriteLine("I'm task " + n);
await Task.Delay(random.Next(10,1000));
return n;
}));

Task<Task<int>> whenAnyTask = Task.WhenAny(tasks);

Task<int> completedTask = await whenAnyTask;
Console.WriteLine("The winner is: task " + await completedTask);

await Task.WhenAll(tasks);
Console.WriteLine("All tasks finished!");

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Chapter 43: Task Parallel Library (TPL) API
Overviews
Section 43.1: Perform work in response to a button click and
update the UI
This example demonstrates how you can respond to a button click by performing some work on a worker thread
and then update the user interface to indicate completion

void MyButton_OnClick(object sender, EventArgs args)

{
Task.Run(() => // Schedule work using the thread pool
{
System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(5000); // Sleep for 5 seconds to simulate work.
})
.ContinueWith(p => // this continuation contains the 'update' code to run on the UI thread
{
this.TextBlock_ResultText.Text = "The work completed at " + DateTime.Now.ToString()
},
TaskScheduler.FromCurrentSynchronizationContext()); // make sure the update is run on the UI
thread.

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Chapter 44: Synchronization Contexts
Section 44.1: Execute code on the UI thread after performing
background work
This example shows how to update a UI component from a background thread by using a SynchronizationContext

void Button_Click(object sender, EventArgs args)

{
SynchronizationContext context = SynchronizationContext.Current;
Task.Run(() =>
{
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
Thread.Sleep(500); //simulate work being done
context.Post(ShowProgress, "Work complete on item " + i);
}
}
}

void UpdateCallback(object state)

{
// UI can be safely updated as this method is only called from the UI thread
this.MyTextBox.Text = state as string;
}

In this example, if you tried to directly update MyTextBox.Text inside the for loop, you would get a threading error.
By posting the UpdateCallback action to the SynchronizationContext, the text box is updated on the same thread
as the rest of the UI.

In practice, progress updates should be performed using an instance of System.IProgress<T>. The default
implementation System.Progress<T> automatically captures the synchronisation context it is created on.

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Chapter 45: Memory management
Section 45.1: Use SafeHandle when wrapping unmanaged
resources
When writing wrappers for unmanaged resources, you should subclass SafeHandle rather than trying to implement
IDisposable and a finalizer yourself. Your SafeHandle subclass should be as small and simple as possible to
minimize the chance of a handle leak. This likely means that your SafeHandle implementation would an internal
implementation detail of a class which wraps it to provide a usable API. This class ensures that, even if a program
leaks your SafeHandle instance, your unmanaged handle is released.

using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

class MyHandle : SafeHandle

{
public override bool IsInvalid => handle == IntPtr.Zero;
public MyHandle() : base(IntPtr.Zero, true)
{ }

public MyHandle(int length) : this()

{
SetHandle(Marshal.AllocHGlobal(length));
}

protected override bool ReleaseHandle()

{
Marshal.FreeHGlobal(handle);
return true;
}
}

Disclaimer: This example is an attempt to show how to guard a managed resource with SafeHandle which
implements IDisposable for you and configures finalizers appropriately. It is very contrived and likely pointless to
allocate a chunk of memory in this manner.

Section 45.2: Unmanaged Resources

When we talk about the GC and the "heap", we're really talking about what's called the managed heap. Objects on
the managed heap can access resources not on the managed heap, for example, when writing to or reading from a
file. Unexpected behavior can occur when, a file is opened for reading and then an exception occurs, preventing the
file handle from closing as it normally would. For this reason, .NET requires that unmanaged resources implement
the IDisposable interface. This interface has a single method called Dispose with no parameters:

public interface IDisposable

{
Dispose();
}

When handling unmanaged resources, you should make sure that they are properly disposed. You can do this by
explicitly calling Dispose() in a finally block, or with a using statement.

StreamReader sr;
string textFromFile;
string filename = "SomeFile.txt";
try

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{
sr = new StreamReader(filename);
textFromFile = sr.ReadToEnd();
}
finally
{
if (sr != null) sr.Dispose();
}

or

string textFromFile;
string filename = "SomeFile.txt";

using (StreamReader sr = new Streamreader(filename))

{
textFromFile = sr.ReadToEnd();
}

The latter is the preferred method, and is automatically expanded to the former during compilation.

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Chapter 46: Garbage Collection
In .Net, objects created with new() are allocated on the managed heap. These objects are never explicitly finalized
by the program that uses them; instead, this process is controlled by the .Net Garbage Collector.

Some of the examples below are "lab cases" to show the Garbage Collector at work and some significant details of
its behavior, while other focus on how to prepare classes for proper handling by the Garbage Collector.

Section 46.1: A basic example of (garbage) collection

Given the following class:

public class FinalizableObject

{
public FinalizableObject()
{
Console.WriteLine("Instance initialized");
}

~FinalizableObject()
{
Console.WriteLine("Instance finalized");
}
}

A program that creates an instance, even without using it:

new FinalizableObject(); // Object instantiated, ready to be used

Produces the following output:

<namespace>.FinalizableObject initialized

If nothing else happens, the object is not finalized until the program ends (which frees all objects on the managed
heap, finalizing these in the process).

It is possible to force the Garbage Collector to run at a given point, as follows:

new FinalizableObject(); // Object instantiated, ready to be used

GC.Collect();

Which produces the following result:

<namespace>.FinalizableObject initialized
<namespace>.FinalizableObject finalized

This time, as soon as the Garbage Collector was invoked, the unused (aka "dead") object was finalized and freed
from the managed heap.

Section 46.2: Live objects and dead objects - the basics

Rule of thumb: when garbage collection occurs, "live objects" are those still in use, while "dead objects" are those
no longer used (any variable or field referencing them, if any, has gone out of scope before the collection occurs).

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In the following example (for convenience, FinalizableObject1 and FinalizableObject2 are subclasses of
FinalizableObject from the example above and thus inherit the initialization / finalization message behavior):

var obj1 = new FinalizableObject1(); // Finalizable1 instance allocated here

var obj2 = new FinalizableObject2(); // Finalizable2 instance allocated here
obj1 = null; // No more references to the Finalizable1 instance
GC.Collect();

The output will be:

<namespace>.FinalizableObject1 initialized
<namespace>.FinalizableObject2 initialized
<namespace>.FinalizableObject1 finalized

At the time when the Garbage Collector is invoked, FinalizableObject1 is a dead object and gets finalized, while
FinalizableObject2 is a live object and it is kept on the managed heap.

Section 46.3: Multiple dead objects

What if two (or several) otherwise dead objects reference one another? This is shown in the example below,
supposing that OtherObject is a public property of FinalizableObject:

var obj1 = new FinalizableObject1();

var obj2 = new FinalizableObject2();
obj1.OtherObject = obj2;
obj2.OtherObject = obj1;
obj1 = null; // Program no longer references Finalizable1 instance
obj2 = null; // Program no longer references Finalizable2 instance
// But the two objects still reference each other
GC.Collect();

This produces the following output:

<namespace>.FinalizedObject1 initialized
<namespace>.FinalizedObject2 initialized
<namespace>.FinalizedObject1 finalized
<namespace>.FinalizedObject2 finalized

The two objects are finalized and freed from the managed heap despite referencing each other (because no other
reference exists to any of them from an actually live object).

Section 46.4: Weak References

Weak references are... references, to other objects (aka "targets"), but "weak" as they do not prevent those objects
from being garbage-collected. In other words, weak references do not count when the Garbage Collector evaluates
objects as "live" or "dead".

The following code:

var weak = new WeakReference<FinalizableObject>(new FinalizableObject());

GC.Collect();

Produces the output:

<namespace>.FinalizableObject initialized

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<namespace>.FinalizableObject finalized

The object is freed from the managed heap despite being referenced by the WeakReference variable (still in scope
when the Garbage collector was invoked).

Consequence #1: at any time, it is unsafe to assume whether a WeakReference target is still allocated on the
managed heap or not.

Consequence #2: whenever a program needs to access the target of a Weakreference, code should be provided for
both cases, of the target being still allocated or not. The method to access the target is TryGetTarget:

var target = new object(); // Any object will do as target

var weak = new WeakReference<object>(target); // Create weak reference
target = null; // Drop strong reference to the target

// ... Many things may happen in-between

// Check whether the target is still available

if(weak.TryGetTarget(out target))
{
// Use re-initialized target variable
// To do whatever the target is needed for
}
else
{
// Do something when there is no more target object
// The target variable value should not be used here
}

The generic version of WeakReference is available since .Net 4.5. All framework versions provide a non-generic,
untyped version that is built in the same way and checked as follows:

var target = new object(); // Any object will do as target

var weak = new WeakReference(target); // Create weak reference
target = null; // Drop strong reference to the target

// ... Many things may happen in-between

// Check whether the target is still available

if (weak.IsAlive)
{
target = weak.Target;

// Use re-initialized target variable

// To do whatever the target is needed for
}
else
{
// Do something when there is no more target object
// The target variable value should not be used here
}

Section 46.5: Dispose() vs. finalizers

Implement Dispose() method (and declare the containing class as IDisposable) as a means to ensure any memory-
heavy resources are freed as soon as the object is no longer used. The "catch" is that there is no strong guarantee
the the Dispose() method would ever be invoked (unlike finalizers that always get invoked at the end of the life of
the object).

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One scenario is a program calling Dispose() on objects it explicitly creates:

private void SomeFunction()

{
// Initialize an object that uses heavy external resources
var disposableObject = new ClassThatImplementsIDisposable();

// ... Use that object

// Dispose as soon as no longer used

disposableObject.Dispose();

// ... Do other stuff

// The disposableObject variable gets out of scope here

// The object will be finalized later on (no guarantee when)
// But it no longer holds to the heavy external resource after it was disposed
}

Another scenario is declaring a class to be instantiated by the framework. In this case the new class usually inherits
a base class, for instance in MVC one creates a controller class as a subclass of System.Web.Mvc.ControllerBase.
When the base class implements IDisposable interface, this is a good hint that Dispose() would be invoked properly
by the framework - but again there is no strong guarantee.

Thus Dispose() is not a substitute for a finalizer; instead, the two should be used for different purposes:

A finalizer eventually frees resources to avoid memory leaks that would occur otherwise
Dispose() frees resources (possibly the same ones) as soon as these are no longer needed, to ease pressure
on overall memory allocation.

Section 46.6: Proper disposal and finalization of objects

As Dispose() and finalizers are aimed to different purposes, a class managing external memory-heavy resources
should implement both of them. The consequence is writing the class so that it handles well two possible scenarios:

When only the finalizer is invoked

When Dispose() is invoked first and later the finalizer is invoked as well

One solution is writing the cleanup code in such a way that running it once or twice would produce the same result
as running it only once. Feasibility depends on the nature of the cleanup, for instance:

Closing an already closed database connection would probably have no effect so it works
Updating some "usage count" is dangerous and would produce a wrong result when called twice instead of
once.

A safer solution is ensuring by design that the cleanup code is called once and only once whatever the external
context. This can be achieved the "classic way" using a dedicated flag:

public class DisposableFinalizable1: IDisposable

{
private bool disposed = false;

~DisposableFinalizable1() { Cleanup(); }

public void Dispose() { Cleanup(); }

private void Cleanup()

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 {
if(!disposed)
{
// Actual code to release resources gets here, then
disposed = true;
}
}
}

Alternately, the Garbage Collector provides a specific method SuppressFinalize() that allows skipping the finalizer
after Dispose has been invoked:

public class DisposableFinalizable2 : IDisposable

{
~DisposableFinalizable2() { Cleanup(); }

public void Dispose()

{
Cleanup();
GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
}

private void Cleanup()

{
// Actual code to release resources gets here
}
}

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Chapter 47: Exceptions
Section 47.1: Catching and rethrowing caught exceptions
When you want to catch an exception and do something, but you can't continue execution of the current block of
code because of the exception, you may want to rethrow the exception to the next exception handler in the call
stack. There are good ways and bad ways to do this.

private static void AskTheUltimateQuestion()

{
try
{
var x = 42;
var y = x / (x - x); // will throw a DivideByZeroException

// IMPORTANT NOTE: the error in following string format IS intentional

// and exists to throw an exception to the FormatException catch, below
Console.WriteLine("The secret to life, the universe, and everything is {1}", y);
}
catch (DivideByZeroException)
{
// we do not need a reference to the exception
Console.WriteLine("Dividing by zero would destroy the universe.");

// do this to preserve the stack trace:

throw;
}
catch (FormatException ex)
{
// only do this if you need to change the type of the Exception to be thrown
// and wrap the inner Exception

// remember that the stack trace of the outer Exception will point to the
// next line

// you'll need to examine the InnerException property to get the stack trace
// to the line that actually started the problem

throw new InvalidOperationException("Watch your format string indexes.", ex);

}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine("Something else horrible happened. The exception: " + ex.Message);

// do not do this, because the stack trace will be changed to point to

// this location instead of the location where the exception
// was originally thrown:
throw ex;
}
}

static void Main()

{
try
{
AskTheUltimateQuestion();
}
catch
{
// choose this kind of catch if you don't need any information about
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 // the exception that was caught

// this block "eats" all exceptions instead of rethrowing them

}
}

You can filter by exception type and even by exception properties (new in C# 6.0, a bit longer available in VB.NET
(citation needed)):

Documentation/C#/new features

Section 47.2: Using a finally block

The finally { ... } block of a try-finally or try-catch-finally will always execute, regardless of whether an
exception occurred or not (except when a StackOverflowException has been thrown or call has been made to
Environment.FailFast()).

It can be utilized to free or clean up resources acquired in the try { ... } block safely.

Console.Write("Please enter a filename: ");

string filename = Console.ReadLine();

Stream fileStream = null;

try
{
fileStream = File.Open(filename);
}
catch (FileNotFoundException)
{
Console.WriteLine("File '{0}' could not be found.", filename);
}
finally
{
if (fileStream != null)
{
fileStream.Dispose();
}
}

Section 47.3: Exception Filters

Since C# 6.0 exceptions can be filtered using the when operator.

This is similar to using a simple if but does not unwind the stack if the condition inside the when is not met.

Example

try
{
// ...
}
catch (Exception e) when (e.InnerException != null) // Any condition can go in here.
{
// ...
}

The same info can be found in the C# 6.0 Features here: Exception filters
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Section 47.4: Rethrowing an exception within a catch block
Within a catch block the throw keyword can be used on its own, without specifying an exception value, to rethrow
the exception which was just caught. Rethrowing an exception allows the original exception to continue up the
exception handling chain, preserving its call stack or associated data:

try {...}
catch (Exception ex) {
// Note: the ex variable is *not* used
throw;
}

A common anti-pattern is to instead throw ex, which has the effect of limiting the next exception handler's view of
the stack trace:

try {...}
catch (Exception ex) {
// Note: the ex variable is thrown
// future stack traces of the exception will not see prior calls
throw ex;
}

In general using throw ex isn't desirable, as future exception handlers which inspect the stack trace will only be
able to see calls as far back as throw ex. By omitting the ex variable, and using the throw keyword alone the
original exception will "bubble-up".

Section 47.5: Throwing an exception from a dierent method

while preserving its information
Occasionally you'd want to catch an exception and throw it from a different thread or method while preserving the
original exception stack. This can be done with ExceptionDispatchInfo:

using System.Runtime.ExceptionServices;

void Main()
{
ExceptionDispatchInfo capturedException = null;
try
{
throw new Exception();
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
capturedException = ExceptionDispatchInfo.Capture(ex);
}

Foo(capturedException);
}

void Foo(ExceptionDispatchInfo exceptionDispatchInfo)

{
// Do stuff

if (capturedException != null)
{
// Exception stack trace will show it was thrown from Main() and not from Foo()
exceptionDispatchInfo.Throw();
}
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}

Section 47.6: Catching an exception

Code can and should throw exceptions in exceptional circumstances. Examples of this include:

Attempting to read past the end of a stream

Not having necessary permissions to access a file
Attempting to perform an invalid operation, such as dividing by zero
A timeout occurring when downloading a file from the internet

The caller can handle these exceptions by "catching" them, and should only do so when:

It can actually resolve the exceptional circumstance or recover appropriately, or;

It can provide additional context to the exception that would be useful if the exception needs to be re-thrown
(re-thrown exceptions are caught by exception handlers further up the call stack)

It should be noted that choosing not to catch an exception is perfectly valid if the intention is for it to be handled at
a higher level.

Catching an exception is done by wrapping the potentially-throwing code in a try { ... } block as follows, and
catching the exceptions it's able to handle in a catch (ExceptionType) { ... } block:

Console.Write("Please enter a filename: ");

string filename = Console.ReadLine();

Stream fileStream;

try
{
fileStream = File.Open(filename);
}
catch (FileNotFoundException)
{
Console.WriteLine("File '{0}' could not be found.", filename);
}

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Chapter 48: System.Diagnostics
Section 48.1: Run shell commands
string strCmdText = "/C copy /b Image1.jpg + Archive.rar Image2.jpg";
System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("CMD.exe",strCmdText);

This is to hide the cmd window.

System.Diagnostics.Process process = new System.Diagnostics.Process();

System.Diagnostics.ProcessStartInfo startInfo = new System.Diagnostics.ProcessStartInfo();
startInfo.WindowStyle = System.Diagnostics.ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden;
startInfo.FileName = "cmd.exe";
startInfo.Arguments = "/C copy /b Image1.jpg + Archive.rar Image2.jpg";
process.StartInfo = startInfo;
process.Start();

Section 48.2: Send Command to CMD and Receive Output

This method allows a command to be sent to Cmd.exe, and returns the standard output (including standard error) as
a string:

private static string SendCommand(string command)

{
var cmdOut = string.Empty;

var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo("cmd", command)

{
WorkingDirectory = @"C:\Windows\System32", // Directory to make the call from
WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden, // Hide the window
UseShellExecute = false, // Do not use the OS shell to start the process
CreateNoWindow = true, // Start the process in a new window
RedirectStandardOutput = true, // This is required to get STDOUT
RedirectStandardError = true // This is required to get STDERR
};

var p = new Process {StartInfo = startInfo};

p.Start();

p.OutputDataReceived += (x, y) => cmdOut += y.Data;

p.ErrorDataReceived += (x, y) => cmdOut += y.Data;
p.BeginOutputReadLine();
p.BeginErrorReadLine();
p.WaitForExit();
return cmdOut;
}

Usage

var servername = "SVR-01.domain.co.za";

var currentUsers = SendCommand($"/C QUERY USER /SERVER:{servername}")

Output

string currentUsers = "USERNAME SESSIONNAME ID STATE IDLE TIME LOGON TIME Joe.Bloggs ica-cgp#0 2
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 Active 24692+13:29 25/07/2016 07:50 Jim.McFlannegan ica-cgp#1 3 Active . 25/07/2016 08:33
Andy.McAnderson ica-cgp#2 4 Active . 25/07/2016 08:54 John.Smith ica-cgp#4 5 Active 14 25/07/2016
08:57 Bob.Bobbington ica-cgp#5 6 Active 24692+13:29 25/07/2016 09:05 Tim.Tom ica-cgp#6 7 Active .
25/07/2016 09:08 Bob.Joges ica-cgp#7 8 Active 24692+13:29 25/07/2016 09:13"

On some occasions, access to the server in question may be restricted to certain users. If you have the login
credentials for this user, then it is possible to send queries with this method:

private static string SendCommand(string command)

{
var cmdOut = string.Empty;

var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo("cmd", command)

{
WorkingDirectory = @"C:\Windows\System32",
WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden, // This does not actually work in conjunction
with "runas" - the console window will still appear!
UseShellExecute = false,
CreateNoWindow = true,
RedirectStandardOutput = true,
RedirectStandardError = true,

Verb = "runas",
Domain = "doman1.co.za",
UserName = "administrator",
Password = GetPassword()
};

var p = new Process {StartInfo = startInfo};

p.Start();

p.OutputDataReceived += (x, y) => cmdOut += y.Data;

p.ErrorDataReceived += (x, y) => cmdOut += y.Data;
p.BeginOutputReadLine();
p.BeginErrorReadLine();
p.WaitForExit();
return cmdOut;
}

Getting the password:

static SecureString GetPassword()

{
var plainText = "password123";
var ss = new SecureString();
foreach (char c in plainText)
{
ss.AppendChar(c);
}

return ss;
}

Notes

Both of the above methods will return a concatenation of STDOUT and STDERR, as OutputDataReceived and
ErrorDataReceived are both appending to the same variable - cmdOut.

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Section 48.3: Stopwatch
This example shows how Stopwatch can be used to benchmark a block of code.

using System;
using System.Diagnostics;

public class Benchmark : IDisposable

{
private Stopwatch sw;

public Benchmark()
{
sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
}

public void Dispose()

{
sw.Stop();
Console.WriteLine(sw.Elapsed);
}
}

public class Program

{
public static void Main()
{
using (var bench = new Benchmark())
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
}
}
}

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Chapter 49: Encryption / Cryptography
Section 49.1: Encryption and Decryption using Cryptography
(AES)
Decryption Code

public static string Decrypt(string cipherText)

{
if (cipherText == null)
return null;

byte[] cipherBytes = Convert.FromBase64String(cipherText);

using (Aes encryptor = Aes.Create())
{
Rfc2898DeriveBytes pdb = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(CryptKey, new byte[] { 0x49, 0x76,
0x61, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x4d, 0x65, 0x64, 0x76, 0x65, 0x64, 0x65, 0x76 });
encryptor.Key = pdb.GetBytes(32);
encryptor.IV = pdb.GetBytes(16);

using (MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream())

{
using (CryptoStream cs = new CryptoStream(ms, encryptor.CreateDecryptor(),
CryptoStreamMode.Write))
{
cs.Write(cipherBytes, 0, cipherBytes.Length);
cs.Close();
}

cipherText = Encoding.Unicode.GetString(ms.ToArray());
}
}

return cipherText;
}

Encryption Code

public static string Encrypt(string cipherText)

{
if (cipherText == null)
return null;

byte[] clearBytes = Encoding.Unicode.GetBytes(cipherText);

using (Aes encryptor = Aes.Create())
{
Rfc2898DeriveBytes pdb = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(CryptKey, new byte[] { 0x49, 0x76,
0x61, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x4d, 0x65, 0x64, 0x76, 0x65, 0x64, 0x65, 0x76 });
encryptor.Key = pdb.GetBytes(32);
encryptor.IV = pdb.GetBytes(16);

using (MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream())

{
using (CryptoStream cs = new CryptoStream(ms, encryptor.CreateEncryptor(),
CryptoStreamMode.Write))
{
cs.Write(clearBytes, 0, clearBytes.Length);
cs.Close();
}

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 cipherText = Convert.ToBase64String(ms.ToArray());
}
}
return cipherText;
}

Usage

var textToEncrypt = "TestEncrypt";

var encrypted = Encrypt(textToEncrypt);

var decrypted = Decrypt(encrypted);

Section 49.2: RijndaelManaged

Required Namespace: System.Security.Cryptography

private class Encryption {

private const string SecretKey = "topSecretKeyusedforEncryptions";

private const string SecretIv = "secretVectorHere";

public string Encrypt(string data) {

return string.IsNullOrEmpty(data) ? data :
Convert.ToBase64String(this.EncryptStringToBytesAes(data, this.GetCryptographyKey(),
this.GetCryptographyIv()));
}

public string Decrypt(string data) {

return string.IsNullOrEmpty(data) ? data :
this.DecryptStringFromBytesAes(Convert.FromBase64String(data), this.GetCryptographyKey(),
this.GetCryptographyIv());
}

private byte[] GetCryptographyKey() {

return Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(SecretKey.Replace('e', '!'));
}

private byte[] GetCryptographyIv() {

return Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(SecretIv.Replace('r', '!'));
}

private byte[] EncryptStringToBytesAes(string plainText, byte[] key, byte[] iv) {

MemoryStream encrypt;
RijndaelManaged aesAlg = null;
try {
aesAlg = new RijndaelManaged {
Key = key,
IV = iv
};
var encryptor = aesAlg.CreateEncryptor(aesAlg.Key, aesAlg.IV);
encrypt = new MemoryStream();
using (var csEncrypt = new CryptoStream(encrypt, encryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Write))
{
using (var swEncrypt = new StreamWriter(csEncrypt)) {
swEncrypt.Write(plainText);
}
}

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 } finally {
aesAlg?.Clear();
}
return encrypt.ToArray();
}

private string DecryptStringFromBytesAes(byte[] cipherText, byte[] key, byte[] iv) {

RijndaelManaged aesAlg = null;
string plaintext;
try {
aesAlg = new RijndaelManaged {
Key = key,
IV = iv
};
var decryptor = aesAlg.CreateDecryptor(aesAlg.Key, aesAlg.IV);
using (var msDecrypt = new MemoryStream(cipherText)) {
using (var csDecrypt = new CryptoStream(msDecrypt, decryptor,
CryptoStreamMode.Read)) {
using (var srDecrypt = new StreamReader(csDecrypt))
plaintext = srDecrypt.ReadToEnd();
}
}
} finally {
aesAlg?.Clear();
}
return plaintext;
}
}

Usage

var textToEncrypt = "hello World";

var encrypted = new Encryption().Encrypt(textToEncrypt); //-> zBmW+FUxOvdbpOGm9Ss/vQ==

var decrypted = new Encryption().Decrypt(encrypted); //-> hello World

Note:

Rijndael is the predecessor of the standard symmetric cryptographic algorithm AES.

Section 49.3: Encrypt and decrypt data using AES (in C#)
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Security.Cryptography;

namespace Aes_Example
{
class AesExample
{
public static void Main()
{
try
{
string original = "Here is some data to encrypt!";

// Create a new instance of the Aes class.

// This generates a new key and initialization vector (IV).
using (Aes myAes = Aes.Create())

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 {
// Encrypt the string to an array of bytes.
byte[] encrypted = EncryptStringToBytes_Aes(original,
myAes.Key,
myAes.IV);

// Decrypt the bytes to a string.

string roundtrip = DecryptStringFromBytes_Aes(encrypted,
myAes.Key,
myAes.IV);

//Display the original data and the decrypted data.

Console.WriteLine("Original: {0}", original);
Console.WriteLine("Round Trip: {0}", roundtrip);
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
Console.WriteLine("Error: {0}", e.Message);
}
}

static byte[] EncryptStringToBytes_Aes(string plainText, byte[] Key, byte[] IV)

{
// Check arguments.
if (plainText == null || plainText.Length <= 0)
throw new ArgumentNullException("plainText");
if (Key == null || Key.Length <= 0)
throw new ArgumentNullException("Key");
if (IV == null || IV.Length <= 0)
throw new ArgumentNullException("IV");

byte[] encrypted;

// Create an Aes object with the specified key and IV.

using (Aes aesAlg = Aes.Create())
{
aesAlg.Key = Key;
aesAlg.IV = IV;

// Create a decrytor to perform the stream transform.

ICryptoTransform encryptor = aesAlg.CreateEncryptor(aesAlg.Key,
aesAlg.IV);

// Create the streams used for encryption.

using (MemoryStream msEncrypt = new MemoryStream())
{
using (CryptoStream csEncrypt = new CryptoStream(msEncrypt,
encryptor,
CryptoStreamMode.Write))
{
using (StreamWriter swEncrypt = new StreamWriter(csEncrypt))
{
//Write all data to the stream.
swEncrypt.Write(plainText);
}

encrypted = msEncrypt.ToArray();
}
}
}

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 // Return the encrypted bytes from the memory stream.
return encrypted;
}

static string DecryptStringFromBytes_Aes(byte[] cipherText, byte[] Key, byte[] IV)

{
// Check arguments.
if (cipherText == null || cipherText.Length <= 0)
throw new ArgumentNullException("cipherText");
if (Key == null || Key.Length <= 0)
throw new ArgumentNullException("Key");
if (IV == null || IV.Length <= 0)
throw new ArgumentNullException("IV");

// Declare the string used to hold the decrypted text.

string plaintext = null;

// Create an Aes object with the specified key and IV.

using (Aes aesAlg = Aes.Create())
{
aesAlg.Key = Key;
aesAlg.IV = IV;

// Create a decrytor to perform the stream transform.

ICryptoTransform decryptor = aesAlg.CreateDecryptor(aesAlg.Key,
aesAlg.IV);

// Create the streams used for decryption.

using (MemoryStream msDecrypt = new MemoryStream(cipherText))
{
using (CryptoStream csDecrypt = new CryptoStream(msDecrypt,
decryptor,
CryptoStreamMode.Read))
{
using (StreamReader srDecrypt = new StreamReader(csDecrypt))
{

// Read the decrypted bytes from the decrypting stream

// and place them in a string.
plaintext = srDecrypt.ReadToEnd();
}
}
}
}

return plaintext;
}
}
}

This example is from MSDN.

It is a console demo application, showing how to encrypt a string by using the standard AES encryption, and how to
decrypt it afterwards.

(AES = Advanced Encryption Standard, a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U.S.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001 which is still the de-facto standard for symmetric
encryption)

Notes:

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 In a real encryption scenario, you need to choose a proper cipher mode (can be assigned to the Mode
property by selecting a value from the CipherMode enumeration). Never use the CipherMode.ECB (electronic
codebook mode), since this procuces a weak cypher stream

To create a good (and not a weak) Key, either use a cryptographic random generator or use the example
above (Create a Key from a Password). The recommended KeySize is 256 bit. Supported key sizes are
available via the LegalKeySizes property.

To initialize the initialization vector IV, you can use a SALT as shown in the example above (Random SALT)

Supported block sizes are available via the SupportedBlockSizes property, the block size can be assigned via
the BlockSize property

Usage: see Main() method.

Section 49.4: Create a Key from a Password / Random SALT

(in C#)
using System;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;

public class PasswordDerivedBytesExample

{
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
// Get a password from the user.
Console.WriteLine("Enter a password to produce a key:");

byte[] pwd = Encoding.Unicode.GetBytes(Console.ReadLine());

byte[] salt = CreateRandomSalt(7);

// Create a TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider object.

TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider tdes = new TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider();

try
{
Console.WriteLine("Creating a key with PasswordDeriveBytes...");

// Create a PasswordDeriveBytes object and then create

// a TripleDES key from the password and salt.
PasswordDeriveBytes pdb = new PasswordDeriveBytes(pwd, salt);

// Create the key and set it to the Key property

// of the TripleDESCryptoServiceProvider object.
tdes.Key = pdb.CryptDeriveKey("TripleDES", "SHA1", 192, tdes.IV);

Console.WriteLine("Operation complete.");
}
catch (Exception e)
{
Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
}
finally
{
// Clear the buffers
ClearBytes(pwd);
ClearBytes(salt);

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 // Clear the key.
tdes.Clear();
}

Console.ReadLine();
}

#region Helper methods

/// <summary>
/// Generates a random salt value of the specified length.
/// </summary>
public static byte[] CreateRandomSalt(int length)
{
// Create a buffer
byte[] randBytes;

if (length >= 1)
{
randBytes = new byte[length];
}
else
{
randBytes = new byte[1];
}

// Create a new RNGCryptoServiceProvider.

RNGCryptoServiceProvider rand = new RNGCryptoServiceProvider();

// Fill the buffer with random bytes.

rand.GetBytes(randBytes);

// return the bytes.

return randBytes;
}

/// <summary>
/// Clear the bytes in a buffer so they can't later be read from memory.
/// </summary>
public static void ClearBytes(byte[] buffer)
{
// Check arguments.
if (buffer == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException("buffer");
}

// Set each byte in the buffer to 0.

for (int x = 0; x < buffer.Length; x++)
{
buffer[x] = 0;
}
}

#endregion
}

This example is taken from MSDN.

It is a console demo, and it shows how to create a secure key based on a user-defined password, and how to create
a random SALT based on the cryptographic random generator.

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Notes:

The built-in function PasswordDeriveBytes uses the standard PBKDF1 algorithm to generate a key from the
password. Per default, it uses 100 iterations to generate the key to slow down brute force attacks. The SALT
generated randomly further strenghens the key.

The function CryptDeriveKey converts the key generated by PasswordDeriveBytes into a key compatible
with the specified encryption algorithm (here "TripleDES") by using the specified hash algorithm (here
"SHA1"). The keysize in this example is 192 bytes, and the initialization vector IV is taken from the triple-DES
crypto provider

Usually, this mechanism is used to protect a stronger random generated key by a password, which encrypts
large amount of data. You can also use it to provide multiple passwords of different users to give access to
the same data (being protected by a different random key).

Unfortunately, CryptDeriveKey does currently not support AES. See here.

NOTE: As a workaround, you can create a random AES key for encryption of the data to be protected with
AES and store the AES key in a TripleDES-Container which uses the key generated by CryptDeriveKey. But
that limits the security to TripleDES, does not take advantage of the larger keysizes of AES and creates a
dependency to TripleDES.

Usage: See Main() method.

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Chapter 50: Work with SHA1 in C#
in this project you see how to work with SHA1 cryptographic hash function. for example get hash from string and
how to crack SHA1 hash.

source compelete on github: https://github.com/mahdiabasi/SHA1Tool

Section 50.1: #Generate SHA1 checksum of a file

first you add System.Security.Cryptography namespace to your project

public string GetSha1Hash(string filePath)

{
using (FileStream fs = File.OpenRead(filePath))
{
SHA1 sha = new SHA1Managed();
return BitConverter.ToString(sha.ComputeHash(fs));
}
}

Section 50.2: #Generate hash of a text

public static string TextToHash(string text)
{
var sh = SHA1.Create();
var hash = new StringBuilder();
byte[] bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(text);
byte[] b = sh.ComputeHash(bytes);
foreach (byte a in b)
{
var h = a.ToString("x2");
hash.Append(h);
}
return hash.ToString();
}

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Chapter 51: Unit testing
Section 51.1: Adding MSTest unit testing project to an existing
solution
Right click on the solution, Add new project
From the Test section, select an Unit Test Project
Pick a name for the assembly - if you are testing project Foo, the name can be Foo.Tests
Add a reference to the tested project in the unit test project references

Section 51.2: Creating a sample test method

MSTest (the default testing framework) requires you to have your test classes decorated by a [TestClass] attribute,
and the test methods with a [TestMethod] attribute, and to be public.

[TestClass]
public class FizzBuzzFixture
{
[TestMethod]
public void Test1()
{
//arrange
var solver = new FizzBuzzSolver();
//act
var result = solver.FizzBuzz(1);
//assert
Assert.AreEqual("1",result);
}
}

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Chapter 52: Write to and read from StdErr
stream
Section 52.1: Write to standard error output using Console
var sourceFileName = "NonExistingFile";
try
{
System.IO.File.Copy(sourceFileName, "DestinationFile");
}
catch (Exception e)
{
var stdErr = Console.Error;
stdErr.WriteLine($"Failed to copy '{sourceFileName}': {e.Message}");
}

Section 52.2: Read from standard error of child process

var errors = new System.Text.StringBuilder();
var process = new Process
{
StartInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
{
RedirectStandardError = true,
FileName = "xcopy.exe",
Arguments = "\"NonExistingFile\" \"DestinationFile\"",
UseShellExecute = false
},

};
process.ErrorDataReceived += (s, e) => errors.AppendLine(e.Data);
process.Start();
process.BeginErrorReadLine();
process.WaitForExit();

if (errors.Length > 0) // something went wrong

System.Console.Error.WriteLine($"Child process error: \r\n {errors}");

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Chapter 53: Upload file and POST data to
webserver
Section 53.1: Upload file with WebRequest
To send a file and form data in single request, content should have multipart/form-data type.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Net;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public async Task<string> UploadFile(string url, string filename,

Dictionary<string, object> postData)
{
var request = WebRequest.CreateHttp(url);
var boundary = $"{Guid.NewGuid():N}"; // boundary will separate each parameter
request.ContentType = $"multipart/form-data; {nameof(boundary)}={boundary}";
request.Method = "POST";

using (var requestStream = request.GetRequestStream())

using (var writer = new StreamWriter(requestStream))
{
foreach (var data in postData)
await writer.WriteAsync( // put all POST data into request
$"\r\n--{boundary}\r\nContent-Disposition: " +
$"form-data; name=\"{data.Key}\"\r\n\r\n{data.Value}");

await writer.WriteAsync( // file header

$"\r\n--{boundary}\r\nContent-Disposition: " +
$"form-data; name=\"File\"; filename=\"{Path.GetFileName(filename)}\"\r\n" +
"Content-Type: application/octet-stream\r\n\r\n");

await writer.FlushAsync();
using (var fileStream = File.OpenRead(filename))
await fileStream.CopyToAsync(requestStream);

await writer.WriteAsync($"\r\n--{boundary}--\r\n");
}

using (var response = (HttpWebResponse) await request.GetResponseAsync())

using (var responseStream = response.GetResponseStream())
{
if (responseStream == null)
return string.Empty;
using (var reader = new StreamReader(responseStream))
return await reader.ReadToEndAsync();
}
}

Usage:
var response = await uploader.UploadFile("< YOUR URL >", "< PATH TO YOUR FILE >",
new Dictionary<string, object>
{
{"Comment", "test"},
{"Modified", DateTime.Now }

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 });

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Chapter 54: Networking
Section 54.1: Basic TCP chat (TcpListener, TcpClient,
NetworkStream)
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using System.Text;

class TcpChat
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
if(args.Length == 0)
{
Console.WriteLine("Basic TCP chat");
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Usage:");
Console.WriteLine("tcpchat server <port>");
Console.WriteLine("tcpchat client <url> <port>");
return;
}

try
{
Run(args);
}
catch(IOException)
{
Console.WriteLine("--- Connection lost");
}
catch(SocketException ex)
{
Console.WriteLine("--- Can't connect: " + ex.Message);
}
}

static void Run(string[] args)

{
TcpClient client;
NetworkStream stream;
byte[] buffer = new byte[256];
var encoding = Encoding.ASCII;

if(args[0].StartsWith("s", StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase))
{
var port = int.Parse(args[1]);
var listener = new TcpListener(IPAddress.Any, port);
listener.Start();
Console.WriteLine("--- Waiting for a connection...");
client = listener.AcceptTcpClient();
}
else
{
var hostName = args[1];
var port = int.Parse(args[2]);
client = new TcpClient();
client.Connect(hostName, port);

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 }

stream = client.GetStream();
Console.WriteLine("--- Connected. Start typing! (exit with Ctrl-C)");

while(true)
{
if(Console.KeyAvailable)
{
var lineToSend = Console.ReadLine();
var bytesToSend = encoding.GetBytes(lineToSend + "\r\n");
stream.Write(bytesToSend, 0, bytesToSend.Length);
stream.Flush();
}

if (stream.DataAvailable)
{
var receivedBytesCount = stream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
var receivedString = encoding.GetString(buffer, 0, receivedBytesCount);
Console.Write(receivedString);
}
}
}
}

Section 54.2: Basic SNTP client (UdpClient)

See RFC 2030 for details on the SNTP protocol.

using System;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Sockets;

class SntpClient
{
const int SntpPort = 123;
static DateTime BaseDate = new DateTime(1900, 1, 1);

static void Main(string[] args)

{
if(args.Length == 0) {
Console.WriteLine("Simple SNTP client");
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Usage: sntpclient <sntp server url> [<local timezone>]");
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("<local timezone>: a number between -12 and 12 as hours from UTC");
Console.WriteLine("(append .5 for an extra half an hour)");
return;
}

double localTimeZoneInHours = 0;
if(args.Length > 1)
localTimeZoneInHours = double.Parse(args[1], CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);

var udpClient = new UdpClient();

udpClient.Client.ReceiveTimeout = 5000;

var sntpRequest = new byte[48];

sntpRequest[0] = 0x23; //LI=0 (no warning), VN=4, Mode=3 (client)

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 udpClient.Send(
dgram: sntpRequest,
bytes: sntpRequest.Length,
hostname: args[0],
port: SntpPort);

byte[] sntpResponse;
try
{
IPEndPoint remoteEndpoint = null;
sntpResponse = udpClient.Receive(ref remoteEndpoint);
}
catch(SocketException)
{
Console.WriteLine("*** No response received from the server");
return;
}

uint numberOfSeconds;
if(BitConverter.IsLittleEndian)
numberOfSeconds = BitConverter.ToUInt32(
sntpResponse.Skip(40).Take(4).Reverse().ToArray()
,0);
else
numberOfSeconds = BitConverter.ToUInt32(sntpResponse, 40);

var date = BaseDate.AddSeconds(numberOfSeconds).AddHours(localTimeZoneInHours);

Console.WriteLine(
$"Current date in server: {date:yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss}
UTC{localTimeZoneInHours:+0.#;-0.#;.}");
}
}

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Chapter 55: HTTP servers
Section 55.1: Basic read-only HTTP file server (ASP.NET Core)
1 - Create an empty folder, it will contain the files created in the next steps.

2 - Create a file named project.json with the following content (adjust the port number and rootDirectory as
appropriate):

{
"dependencies": {
"Microsoft.AspNet.Server.Kestrel": "1.0.0-rc1-final",
"Microsoft.AspNet.StaticFiles": "1.0.0-rc1-final"
},

"commands": {
"web": "Microsoft.AspNet.Server.Kestrel --server.urls http://localhost:60000"
},

"frameworks": {
"dnxcore50": { }
},

"fileServer": {
"rootDirectory": "c:\\users\\username\\Documents"
}
}

3 - Create a file named Startup.cs with the following code:

using System;
using Microsoft.AspNet.Builder;
using Microsoft.AspNet.FileProviders;
using Microsoft.AspNet.Hosting;
using Microsoft.AspNet.StaticFiles;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;

public class Startup

{
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
{
var builder = new ConfigurationBuilder();
builder.AddJsonFile("project.json");
var config = builder.Build();
var rootDirectory = config["fileServer:rootDirectory"];
Console.WriteLine("File server root directory: " + rootDirectory);

var fileProvider = new PhysicalFileProvider(rootDirectory);

var options = new StaticFileOptions();

options.ServeUnknownFileTypes = true;
options.FileProvider = fileProvider;
options.OnPrepareResponse = context =>
{
context.Context.Response.ContentType = "application/octet-stream";
context.Context.Response.Headers.Add(
"Content-Disposition",
$"Attachment; filename=\"{context.File.Name}\"");
};

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 app.UseStaticFiles(options);
}
}

4 - Open a command prompt, navigate to the folder and execute:

dnvm use 1.0.0-rc1-final -r coreclr -p

dnu restore

Note: These commands need to be run only once. Use dnvm list to check the actual number of the latest installed
version of the core CLR.

5 - Start the server with: dnx web. Files can now be requested at http://localhost:60000/path/to/file.ext.

For simplicity, filenames are assumed to be all ASCII (for the filename part in the Content-Disposition header) and
file access errors are not handled.

Section 55.2: Basic read-only HTTP file server (HttpListener)

Notes:

This example must be run in administrative mode.

Only one simultaneous client is supported.

For simplicity, filenames are assumed to be all ASCII (for the filename part in the Content-Disposition header) and file
access errors are not handled.

using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Net;

class HttpFileServer
{
private static HttpListenerResponse response;
private static HttpListener listener;
private static string baseFilesystemPath;

static void Main(string[] args)

{
if (!HttpListener.IsSupported)
{
Console.WriteLine(
"*** HttpListener requires at least Windows XP SP2 or Windows Server 2003.");
return;
}

if(args.Length < 2)
{
Console.WriteLine("Basic read-only HTTP file server");
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Usage: httpfileserver <base filesystem path> <port>");
Console.WriteLine("Request format: http://url:port/path/to/file.ext");
return;
}

baseFilesystemPath = Path.GetFullPath(args[0]);
var port = int.Parse(args[1]);
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 listener = new HttpListener();
listener.Prefixes.Add("http://*:" + port + "/");
listener.Start();

Console.WriteLine("--- Server stated, base path is: " + baseFilesystemPath);

Console.WriteLine("--- Listening, exit with Ctrl-C");
try
{
ServerLoop();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine(ex);
if(response != null)
{
SendErrorResponse(500, "Internal server error");
}
}
}

static void ServerLoop()

{
while(true)
{
var context = listener.GetContext();

var request = context.Request;

response = context.Response;
var fileName = request.RawUrl.Substring(1);
Console.WriteLine(
"--- Got {0} request for: {1}",
request.HttpMethod, fileName);

if (request.HttpMethod.ToUpper() != "GET")
{
SendErrorResponse(405, "Method must be GET");
continue;
}

var fullFilePath = Path.Combine(baseFilesystemPath, fileName);

if(!File.Exists(fullFilePath))
{
SendErrorResponse(404, "File not found");
continue;
}

Console.Write(" Sending file...");

using (var fileStream = File.OpenRead(fullFilePath))
{
response.ContentType = "application/octet-stream";
response.ContentLength64 = (new FileInfo(fullFilePath)).Length;
response.AddHeader(
"Content-Disposition",
"Attachment; filename=\"" + Path.GetFileName(fullFilePath) + "\"");
fileStream.CopyTo(response.OutputStream);
}

response.OutputStream.Close();
response = null;
Console.WriteLine(" Ok!");
}
}

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 static void SendErrorResponse(int statusCode, string statusResponse)
{
response.ContentLength64 = 0;
response.StatusCode = statusCode;
response.StatusDescription = statusResponse;
response.OutputStream.Close();
Console.WriteLine("*** Sent error: {0} {1}", statusCode, statusResponse);
}
}

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Chapter 56: HTTP clients
Section 56.1: Reading GET response as string using
System.Net.HttpClient
HttpClient is available through NuGet: Microsoft HTTP Client Libraries.

string requestUri = "http://www.example.com";

string responseData;

using (var client = new HttpClient())

{
using(var response = client.GetAsync(requestUri).Result)
{
response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
responseData = response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
}
}

Section 56.2: Basic HTTP downloader using

System.Net.Http.HttpClient
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

class HttpGet
{
private static async Task DownloadAsync(string fromUrl, string toFile)
{
using (var fileStream = File.OpenWrite(toFile))
{
using (var httpClient = new HttpClient())
{
Console.WriteLine("Connecting...");
using (var networkStream = await httpClient.GetStreamAsync(fromUrl))
{
Console.WriteLine("Downloading...");
await networkStream.CopyToAsync(fileStream);
await fileStream.FlushAsync();
}
}
}
}

static void Main(string[] args)

{
try
{
Run(args).Wait();
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
if (ex is AggregateException)
ex = ((AggregateException)ex).Flatten().InnerExceptions.First();

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 Console.WriteLine("--- Error: " +
(ex.InnerException?.Message ?? ex.Message));
}
}
static async Task Run(string[] args)
{
if (args.Length < 2)
{
Console.WriteLine("Basic HTTP downloader");
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Usage: httpget <url>[<:port>] <file>");
return;
}

await DownloadAsync(fromUrl: args[0], toFile: args[1]);

Console.WriteLine("Done!");
}
}

Section 56.3: Reading GET response as string using

System.Net.HttpWebRequest
string requestUri = "http://www.example.com";
string responseData;

HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(parameters.Uri);

WebResponse response = request.GetResponse();

using (StreamReader responseReader = new StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream()))

{
responseData = responseReader.ReadToEnd();
}

Section 56.4: Reading GET response as string using

System.Net.WebClient
string requestUri = "http://www.example.com";
string responseData;

using (var client = new WebClient())

{
responseData = client.DownloadString(requestUri);
}

Section 56.5: Sending a POST request with a string payload

using System.Net.HttpWebRequest
string requestUri = "http://www.example.com";
string requestBodyString = "Request body string.";
string contentType = "text/plain";
string requestMethod = "POST";

HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(requestUri)

{
Method = requestMethod,
ContentType = contentType,
};

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byte[] bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(requestBodyString);
Stream stream = request.GetRequestStream();
stream.Write(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
stream.Close();

HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();

Section 56.6: Sending a POST request with a string payload

using System.Net.WebClient
string requestUri = "http://www.example.com";
string requestBodyString = "Request body string.";
string contentType = "text/plain";
string requestMethod = "POST";

byte[] responseBody;
byte[] requestBodyBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(requestBodyString);

using (var client = new WebClient())

{
client.Headers[HttpRequestHeader.ContentType] = contentType;
responseBody = client.UploadData(requestUri, requestMethod, requestBodyBytes);
}

Section 56.7: Sending a POST request with a string payload

using System.Net.HttpClient
HttpClient is available through NuGet: Microsoft HTTP Client Libraries.

string requestUri = "http://www.example.com";

string requestBodyString = "Request body string.";
string contentType = "text/plain";
string requestMethod = "POST";

var request = new HttpRequestMessage

{
RequestUri = requestUri,
Method = requestMethod,
};

byte[] requestBodyBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(requestBodyString);

request.Content = new ByteArrayContent(requestBodyBytes);

request.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue(contentType);

HttpResponseMessage result = client.SendAsync(request).Result;

result.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();

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Chapter 57: Serial Ports
Section 57.1: Basic operation
var serialPort = new SerialPort("COM1", 9600, Parity.Even, 8, StopBits.One);
serialPort.Open();
serialPort.WriteLine("Test data");
string response = serialPort.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine(response);
serialPort.Close();

Section 57.2: List available port names

string[] portNames = SerialPort.GetPortNames();

Section 57.3: Asynchronous read

void SetupAsyncRead(SerialPort serialPort)
{
serialPort.DataReceived += (sender, e) => {
byte[] buffer = new byte[4096];
switch (e.EventType)
{
case SerialData.Chars:
var port = (SerialPort)sender;
int bytesToRead = port.BytesToRead;
if (bytesToRead > buffer.Length)
Array.Resize(ref buffer, bytesToRead);
int bytesRead = port.Read(buffer, 0, bytesToRead);
// Process the read buffer here
// ...
break;
case SerialData.Eof:
// Terminate the service here
// ...
break;
}
};

Section 57.4: Synchronous text echo service

using System.IO.Ports;

namespace TextEchoService
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
var serialPort = new SerialPort("COM1", 9600, Parity.Even, 8, StopBits.One);
serialPort.Open();
string message = "";
while (message != "quit")
{
message = serialPort.ReadLine();
serialPort.WriteLine(message);
}
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 serialPort.Close();
}
}
}

Section 57.5: Asynchronous message receiver

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO.Ports;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;

namespace AsyncReceiver
{
class Program
{
const byte STX = 0x02;
const byte ETX = 0x03;
const byte ACK = 0x06;
const byte NAK = 0x15;
static ManualResetEvent terminateService = new ManualResetEvent(false);
static readonly object eventLock = new object();
static List<byte> unprocessedBuffer = null;

static void Main(string[] args)

{
try
{
var serialPort = new SerialPort("COM11", 9600, Parity.Even, 8, StopBits.One);
serialPort.DataReceived += DataReceivedHandler;
serialPort.ErrorReceived += ErrorReceivedHandler;
serialPort.Open();
terminateService.WaitOne();
serialPort.Close();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception occurred: {0}", e.Message);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}

static void DataReceivedHandler(object sender, SerialDataReceivedEventArgs e)

{
lock (eventLock)
{
byte[] buffer = new byte[4096];
switch (e.EventType)
{
case SerialData.Chars:
var port = (SerialPort)sender;
int bytesToRead = port.BytesToRead;
if (bytesToRead > buffer.Length)
Array.Resize(ref buffer, bytesToRead);
int bytesRead = port.Read(buffer, 0, bytesToRead);
ProcessBuffer(buffer, bytesRead);
break;
case SerialData.Eof:
terminateService.Set();
break;

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 }
}
}
static void ErrorReceivedHandler(object sender, SerialErrorReceivedEventArgs e)
{
lock (eventLock)
if (e.EventType == SerialError.TXFull)
{
Console.WriteLine("Error: TXFull. Can't handle this!");
terminateService.Set();
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Error: {0}. Resetting everything", e.EventType);
var port = (SerialPort)sender;
port.DiscardInBuffer();
port.DiscardOutBuffer();
unprocessedBuffer = null;
port.Write(new byte[] { NAK }, 0, 1);
}
}

static void ProcessBuffer(byte[] buffer, int length)

{
List<byte> message = unprocessedBuffer;
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
if (buffer[i] == ETX)
{
if (message != null)
{
Console.WriteLine("MessageReceived: {0}",
Encoding.ASCII.GetString(message.ToArray()));
message = null;
}
}
else if (buffer[i] == STX)
message = null;
else if (message != null)
message.Add(buffer[i]);
unprocessedBuffer = message;
}
}
}

This program waits for messages enclosed in STX and ETX bytes and outputs the text coming between them.
Everything else is discarded. On write buffer overflow it stops. On other errors it reset input and output buffers and
waits for further messages.

The code illustrates:

Asynchronous serial port reading (see SerialPort.DataReceived usage).

Serial port error processing (see SerialPort.ErrorReceived usage).
Non-text message-based protocol implementation.
Partial message reading.
The SerialPort.DataReceived event may happen earlier than entire message (up to ETX) comes. The
entire message may also not be available in the input buffer (SerialPort.Read(..., ..., port.BytesToRead)
reads only a part of the message). In this case we stash the received part (unprocessedBuffer) and
carry on waiting for further data.
Dealing with several messages coming in one go.

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 The SerialPort.DataReceived event may happen only after several messages have been sent by the
other end.

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