Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB INSTRUCTOR : Sir Ali

Khalid
DATE : 28 FEB , 2025
SEMESTER : 6
SECTION : BEE 14 D

EE-351 Communication Systems

Lab 4: AM Reception and RF Stage ,Mixer , IF Filter,

Envelope Detector

Name Reg. No Viva / Teamwor Ethics Software Analysis

Quiz / Lab k tool of data in
Performan Usage Lab
ce Report

5 Marks 5 Marks 5 Marks 5 Marks 5 Marks

Raja Ibrahim 370239

Malik Noraiz 375113

Afnan Mirza 415896

Lab 4: AM Reception and RF stage , Mixer , IF Filter, Envelope Detector

Procedure A: Connect AM Transmitter circuit

1. Connect the AM transmitter circuit, as shown in Figure 3-6.

2. On the VCO-LO circuit block, insert the two-post connector in the 1000 kHz position.
3. Set switches S1 and S2 to OFF.
4. Set S3 to ON. When S3 is on, the ANTENNA MATCHING IMPEDANCE is automatically set to
3300.
5. Connect the oscilloscope channel 1 probe to the MODULATOR'S carrier signal input (C).
6. While observing the signal on channel 1, set the carrier signal amplitude to 0.1 Vpk-pk by
adjusting the knob on the VCO-LO circuit block.
7. While observing the signal on channel 1, set the carrier signal frequency to 1000 kHz by
adjusting the NEGATIVE SUPPLY knob on the base unit.
8. Connect the oscilloscope channel 2 probe to the MODULATOR message signal input (M).
9. While observing the signal on oscilloscope channel 2, adjust the signal generator for a 0.1
Vpk-pk. 2 kHz sine wave signal at the message input of the MODULATOR.
10. Connect the channel 1 oscilloscope probe to the output of the antenna (R5). Set the sweep
to 0.1 ms/DIV. and trigger on channel 2. Adjust the MODULATOR potentiometer knob so
that the AM waveform is 100% modulated, as shown in Figure 3-7 on the next page.

Procedure B: RF Filter: Input Power

11. With a two-post connector, connect the TRANSMITTER to the 1 M resistor (R8) at
the AM/SSB RECEIVER circuit block input (Figure 3-9). Connect the channel 1
oscilloscope probe to the R8 input. Is the transmitted AM signal at the R8 input?
Answer: Yes, the signal at the R8 input is AM signal

12. To simplify signal observations and adjustments at the RF FILTER and RF AMPLIFIER,
use only the 1000 kHz carrier signal as the transmitted signal. On the AM/SSB
TRANSMITTER circuit block. disconnect the signal generator from the MODULATOR
message signal input (M).

13. On channel 1, measure the peak-to-peak voltage of the carrier signal at the input to
R8.
Answer: Vr8 = 248 mV
 14. Calculate and record the carrier signal's peak-to-peak voltage at the RF FILTER
input. Use the voltage divider equation:
[VRF(1) = VR8 X (50/1,000,050)].
Answer: VRF(1) = 0.0124 mV
15. Convert the VRFpk-pk Value that you calculated in step 14 to an rms value (VRF)rms
= VRF(pk-pk X 0.3535). Use your result in the following equation to calculate the
carrier signal's rms power using 502 as the input impedance. Record your answer in
picowatts.
PRF(1)rms = (VRF (rms)^2 /50
Answer: PRF(1)rms = 384pW

Procedure C: RF Filter (Adjust for AM signal)

16. No connections are necessary in the RF FILTER and RF AMPLIFIER sections of the
receiver circuit except for the two-post connector that connects the TRANSMITTER
circuit. Figure 3-11 shows the RF FILTER and RF AMPLIFIER schematic.

17. Connect the channel 1 oscilloscope probe to the RF AMPLIFIER output. Adjust L5 at
about the midpoint so that a signal appears on channel 1. ‘

18. Adjust inductor L4 for the maximum peak-to-peak signal at the RF AMPLIFIER
output. What is the resonant frequency (f,) of the RF FILTER?
 Answer: The resonant frequency of the RF filter is same as that of the AM signal
which is 1MHz
19. With the 1000 kHz carrier signal and a 2 kHz message signal, what is the LSB that
the RF filter has to pass?
Answer: The LSB that the RF filter has to pass is 998 kHz.
20. With a 1000 kHz carrier signal and a 2 kHz message signal, what is the RF FILTER's
minimum bandwidth (bw) necessary to pass the received AM signal?
Answer: The minimum bandwidth necessary to pass the received AM signal is 4kHz.

Procedure D: RF Power Amplifier (Maximize Power gain)

21. While observing the signal on channel 1, adjust variable inductor R5 in the RF
AMPLIFIER collector circuit for the maximum peak-to- peak carrier signal at the RF
AMPLIFIER output.
22. On channel 1, measure the peak-to-peak voltage of the carrier signal at the RF
AMPLIFIER output (VRF(0)). Record your result.

23. Convert the VRF(o)pk-pk Value that you calculated in step 22 to an rms value (VRF (0)rms =
VRF (0)pk-pk) x 0.3535). Use your result in the following equation to calculate the carrier
signal's rms power at the RF AMPLIFIER output. The RF AMPLIFIER output
impedance is 2 k. Record your result in microwatts.
PRF(0) = VRF (0) 2/2 k≤2
VRo(pk-pk) = 201 mV
VRo(rms) = 0.07105 V
 PRF(o) = 2.524 uW
24. The carrier signal's input and output power to and from the RF stage (RF FILTER and
RF AMPLIFIER) are shown. Calculate and record the input power in decibels with
reference to 1 mW (dBm).
dBmRF(1) = 10 x [log10 (PRF/1 mW)]
Answer: Input Power = -94.156 db
25. Calculate the output power in decibels with reference to 1 mW (dBm).
dBmRF (0) = 10 x [log10 (PRF(0/1 mW)
Answer: Output Power = -25.97 db
26. From the input and output power in dBms, calculate the power gain of the RF stage
in dB.
ApRF = DBmRF(0) - DBmRF(1)
Answer: ApRF = 68.18 db

Mixer, IF Filter and Envelope Detector

1. In this PROCEDURE section, you will connect and adjust the AM transmitter. The
transmitter's output signal is used as the receiver's input signal. You will adjust the
RF stage.

2. Connect the AM transmitter circuit, as shown in Figure 3-20.

3. On the VCO-LO circuit block, insert the two-post connector in the 1000 KHz
position.
4. Set switches $1 and S2 to OFF.
5. Set S3 to ON. When S3 is on, the ANTENNA MATCHING IMPEDANCE is automatically
set to 33002.
6. Connect the oscilloscope channel 1 probe to the MODULATOR's carrier signal input
(C). While observing the signal on channel 1, set the carrier signal amplitude to 0 1
Varies by adjusting the knob on the VCO-LO circuit block.
7. While observing the signal on channel 1. set the carrier signal frequency to 1000
khz by adjusting the NEGATIVE SUPPLY knob on the base unit.
8. Connect the oscilloscope channel 2 probe to the MODULATOR message signal input
(M). While observing the signal on oscilloscope channel 2. adjust the signal
generator for a 0.1 Vp .. pk. 2 khz sine wave signal at the message input of the
MODULATOR.

9. Connect the channel 1 oscilloscope probe to the output of the antenna (R5). Set the
sweep to 0.1 ms/DIV, and trigger on channel 2 Adjust the MODULATOR
potentiometer knob so that the AM waveform is 100% modulated (see Figure 3-7).
 10. With a two-post connector, connect the TRANSMITTER to the 1 M
11. Connect the channel 1 oscilloscope probe to M at the MIXER Adjust L5 at about the
midpoint so that a signal appears on channel 1.
12. Tune inductor L4 for the maximum peak-to-peak AM signal at the RF AMPLIFIER
output.
13. Adjust the variable inductor (L5) in the RF AMPLIFIER collector circuit for the
maximum peak-to-peak AM signal at the RF AMPLIFIER output.

Procedure B: Mixer

14. Connect the oscilloscope channel 2 probe to the MIXER'S output Adjust the MIXER'S
balanced potentiometer knob until the output signal appears.
15. Connect the oscilloscope channel 2 probe to the output of the IF FILTER. While
observing the IF FILTER output, set the 1455 kHz VCO-HI frequency by adjusting the
POSITIVE SUPPLY knob on the base unit for the maximum peak-to-peak signal. If
this signal is not exact, the AM signal will not appear. Connect the oscilloscope
channel 2 probe to the MIXER'S output and connect the channel 1.

16. Adjust the MIXER'S potentiometer for a clear, sharp output signal Compare the output
signal on channel 2 with the MIXER'S input signal on channel 1. Is there another
modulation envelope, like the signal shown in Figure 3-25. within the AM MIXER output?
17. Set the oscilloscope sweep to 1us/DIV and trigger on channel 2.The mixer’s output signal
should be similar to the complex signal. Measure the time between peaks of the complex
waveform which is an approximate measure of the period(T). Each horizontal division in
1us.
T = 1/460k = 0.002 ms
18. From the period(T), calculate the frequency of the complex waveform(f=1/T). Record your
answer in Kilohertz.
Frequency = 460kHz
 19. To determine that frequencies in the range of 2455KHZ are present. Set the
oscilloscope sweep to 0.2 us/DIV. The signal on channel 2 should appear. Measure
and record the period(T). Each horizontal division is 0.2us.
4.48 - 2 u = 2.48u
20. From the period T, calculate the frequency of the complex waveform. Record your
answer in Kilohertz.
F = 0.403 M

Procedure C: IF Filter
21. Connect the channel 1 oscilloscope probe to the IF FILTER output Channel 2 should
be connected to the IF FILTER input. Set the oscilloscope sweep to 0.2 ms/DIV.
Trigger on channel 2.

22. Compare the IF FILTER output on channel 1 with the IF FILTER input on channel 2. Is
there another modulation envelope within the signal at the IF FILTER output?
Answer: Yes
23. While observing the IF FILTER output signal on channel 1, slightly vary the
frequency of the 1455 kHz signal to the MIXER by adjusting the POSITIVE SUPPLY
fine tune knob on the base unit.
 24. Why does the IF FILTER output signal disappear when the frequency of the 1455
kHz signal to the MIXER is slightly increased or decreased?
Answer: Changing the frequency prevents signals from exceeding the 20kHz limit of
the capacity.

Procedure D: Envelope Detector

25. Connect the oscilloscope channel 1 probe to the MODULATOR message signal input
on the AM/SSB TRANSMITTER circuit block and connect the channel 2 probe to the
ENVELOPE DETECTOR output.
26. Does the signal at the ENVELOPE DETECTOR output have the same frequency as the
message signal?
Answer: YES

27. At the signal generator, vary the frequency of the 2 kHz message signal. Did the
ENVELOPE DETECTOR output frequency vary with the frequency of the message
signal?
Answer: YES, it changes.
 28. The distorted flattened negative peaks of the message signal are caused by the
100% modulated signal to the ENVELOPE DETECTOR. Reduce the modulation index
of the transmitted AM signal by slowly turning the potentiometer knob on the
MODULATOR CCW. while observing the negative peaks of the recovered message
signal become normal.
Answer: We observed that the neagtive peaks were resolved.

29. At the signal generator. vary the amplitude of the 2 kHz message signal, Did the
ENVELOPE DETECTOR output amplitude vary with the amplitude of the message
signal?
Answer: YES

Conclusion:
In this lab, we learnt about calculation of AM signal power at the RF filter input. We understood
the gain calculation and what is the use of RF filter and also how to get it working as well. We
learnt the formulas that are used in these calculations. We concluded that the Mixer, IF Filter,
and Envelope Detector are essential components in the process of demodulating an
amplitudemodulated (AM) signal. These components work together to demodulate an AM
signal and extract the original information.