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70th MAINS NOTES Week-3 (Science and Tech) (English)

The document covers key topics in science and technology related to biodiversity, pollution, and climate change, emphasizing the importance of biodiversity conservation and the various strategies for protecting ecosystems. It discusses the causes and consequences of biodiversity loss, pollution types, and the role of government initiatives and laws in wildlife protection. Additionally, it highlights the impact of human activities on the environment and the need for sustainable practices to mitigate these effects.

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70th MAINS NOTES Week-3 (Science and Tech) (English)

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th

70 BPSC Mains Notes

03
MAINS CLASS MAINS ANSWER
PROGRAMME WRITING PROGRAMME

SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
Environment, Biodiversity Conservation, Pollution and Climate Change
Biodiversity International Solar Alliance
Pollution Climate-Friendly Agriculture
E-Waste Management Digital Agriculture Mission 2021-25
Role of Science & Technology in controlling Challenges, solutions and government eﬀorts
air pollution and water pollution in Bihar related to urbanization in India and Bihar
Global Warming And Climate Change Smart City Mission
Climate change and its eﬀects
1 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)

Biodiversity
Biodiversity implies the number of different kind of living beings,
such as species. However, defining biodiversity or measures of
biodiversity is not so simple. The living beings range from very
small size microbes to large size mammals. Certain common
features and are further subdivided into many categories.
The 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro defined biodiversity as:
“The variability among living organisms from all sources,
including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic
ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part:
this includes diversity within species, between species and of
ecosystems.”

Types of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is considered to exist on the following three levels:
(a) Species diversity- Species diversity is determined not only
by the number of species within a biological community
but also by the relative abundance of individuals in that community:
• Species abundance is the number of individuals per species, and
• Relative abundance refers to the evenness of distribution of individuals among species in a
community.
(b) Ecosystem diversity- Ecosystem diversity is the variety of ecosystems and habitats within a geographic
area. It includes the variety of communities, ecological processes, and the services they provide.
(c) Genetic diversity- is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species and is
distinguished from genetic variability, which describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary. The
magnitude of variation increases along with size and environmental parameters.
❖ Measurement of Biodiversity
The two main factors taken into account when measuring diversity richness and evenness.
(a) Species Richness can be divided into 3 types:
1) α-Diversity- Alpha diversity refers to diversity within a particular area, community
or ecosystem, and is measured by counting the number of taxa (usually species) within the
ecosystem.

❖ Conservation of Biodiversity
Conservation of biodiversity is the protection and management of the variety of life on Earth. This includes
preserving species, habitats, and ecosystems. Biodiversity conservation is important for sustainable development,
climate change, and future generations.
❖ Conservation Strategies
As per Worldwide Fund for nature, "illegal wildlife trade is estimated to reach $20 billion per year, which makes
wildlife trafficking the world's fourth largest illicit trade, after narcotics, human trafficking and trade in

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3 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
counterfeit goods. Illegal wildlife trade not only is a threat to conservation of species but also poses risks to
human health and negatively impacts a country’s natural resources and local communities.
Biodiversity conservation methods are of two types -
• In-situ conservation means “on-site conservation”. It is the process of protecting an endangered plant or
animal species in its natural habitat, either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself, or by defending
the species from predators. The benefit to in-situ conservation is that it maintains recovering populations in
the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive properties.
• Ex-situ conservation means, literally “off-site conservation”. It is the process of protecting population of an
endangered species of plant or animal by removing it from an unsafe or threatened habitat and placing it, or
part of it, under the care of humans. While ex-situ conservation is comprised of some of the oldest and best
known conservation methods known to human, it also involves newer, sometimes controversial laboratory
methods.
• Wildlife Sanctuaries
→ Wildlife Sanctuary, as the name implies, is the place that is reserved exclusively for wildlife use, which
includes animals, reptiles, insects, birds, etc. wild animals, especially those in danger of extinction and
the rare ones, so that they can live in peace for a lifetime and keep their population viable.
→ It has relatively less restrictions and is open to people, without the requirement of official permission.
→ It does not have fixed boundaries and
human activities are permitted to a
specified limit.
• National Parks
→ National parks provide protection to
the entire ecosystem, that is, flora,
fauna, landscape, etc. of that region.
The national parks not only conserve
wildlife but also provide a diversion of
environmental and landscape
heritage in a manner that does not
harm it, in order to provide
enjoyment to future generations.
→ National parks are given a greater
degree of protection, with human
activity greatly restricted. Boundaries
are fixed by the administration. Only
certain areas can be visited and only
activities permitted by the chief
wildlife warden of the state are
allowed in the park.
• Biosphere Reserves
→ Biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and remain under the sovereign
jurisdiction of the states where they are located. Biosphere Reserves are designated under the
intergovernmental MAB Programme by the Director-General of UNESCO following the decisions of the
MAB International Coordinating Council (MAB ICC). Their status is internationally recognized.

Constitutional safeguard: Under Article 51A (g), it is a fundamental duty of every citizen of India to protect
and improve natural environment including forests, lake, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living
creatures.
❖ Laws and Government Initiatives:
• Trade in over International Organizations for control of Wildlife Trafficking:
• TRAFFIC, established in 1976, is a wildlife trade monitoring network and a joint programme of WWF and IUCN.
→ It works closely with the National and the State Governments and various agencies to help study, monitor
and influence action to curb illegal wildlife trade and bring wildlife trade within sustainable levels.

❑ ❑ ❑

Pollution
Pollution, in essence, is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes harm. Here's
a breakdown of the definition:
Introduction of contaminants:
• This includes substances (solids, liquids, or gases) or forms of energy (like heat, sound, or radiation).
• These contaminants can be either foreign substances or naturally occurring ones present in excessive
amounts.
• Into the natural environment:
• This encompasses air, water, and land.
Causes harm:
• This harm can affect humans, animals, plants, and ecosystems. Here are some key points to consider:
• While natural events can cause pollution, the term often refers to contaminants from human activities.
• Pollution can take many forms, including air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, noise pollution, and
light pollution.
• The severity of pollution's effects depends on the type and concentration of the pollutant, as well as the
location.
In essence, pollution is a disruption of the natural balance of the environment, with negative consequences.

Environmental Pollution
Environmental pollution is defined as the unfavorable alteration of our surroundings, wholly as a by-product of
man’s activities through direct or indirect efforts of changes in the physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of land, air or water that harmfully affect human life or any desirable living thing. Human
population explosion, rapid industrialization, deforestation, unplanned urbanization, scientific and technological
advancement, etc. are the major causes of environment pollution.

I. Air Pollution
Normal composition of clean air (by volume) is as follows:
Gases Per cent
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Argon 0.93%
Carbon dioxide 0.03%
Other gases negligible
But due to air pollution, the composition of the air is changing all over the world, particularly in most
industrialized countries. Air pollution results from gaseous emission from industry, thermal power stations,
domestic combustion, etc. Most of the gaseous and particulate air pollutants are products of burning of fuels.
Burning of coal mainly produces carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide (so 2) and fly–ash. Lead, carbon monoxide and
nitrogen oxides are added to the atmosphere from automobile exhaust.
❖ Common Air Pollutants
Contaminants in the air are present either in gaseous form or as particles.
 Gaseous Pollutants:
1. Sulphur oxides, Hydrogen sulphide: These are released by the biological decomposition and from volcanic
eruptions, smelting of sulphide-containing ores, combustion of sulphur containing fuels such as coal and oil,
petroleum refining and geothermal energy sources are some of the important contributors.

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7 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
Exposure to hydrogen sulphide results in leaf lesions, mottling, defoliation and reduced growth.
Sulphur dioxide damages lungs, lowers resistance to pneumonia and influenza. Sulphur dioxide reduce the
amount of surface area available for the transport of oxygen. Constrictions in the branches of bronchial
tubes also reduce the rate at which air is exchanged between alveoli and the external environment.
2. Hydrogen fluoride: Active volcanoes are natural sources of fluorides in the atmosphere. These are also
emitted from aluminium, steel and electrochemical reduction plants, blast furnaces, brick, tile and
superphosphate fertilizer industries and from the combustion of coal.
Fluoride burns the tip of leaves, low amounts impair plant growth, result in excessive dropping of bloom and
young fruits, development of small, partially or completely seedless fruits.
3. Nitrogen oxides: Anaerobic breakdown of nitrogenous compounds by bacteria, forest fires and lightning
constitute the natural causes. However chief sources are power generators and motor vehicles, burning of
organic wastes and manufacture of explosive and nitrogenous fertilizers further add to this problem.
Nitrogen dioxide leading to collapse of leaves.
4. Hydrogen chloride: It is infrequently expelled by accidental spills from chemical manufacturing plants.
Besides, it is released from combustion of coal, plastics and chlorinated hydrocarbons and ignition of solid-
fuel rocket engines.
5. Hydrocarons: Biological decomposition of organic matter seepage from natural gas and oil-fields and volatile
emissions from plants are major causes for the release of hydrocarbons such as methane and ethylene.
Incomplete combustion of fuels, motor vehicle exhaust, petroleum refineries, agricultural burning,
manufacture of explosives and cracking of natural gas in petrochemical plants constitute the anthropogenic
sources that emit hydrocarbons.
Ethylene causes yellowing of leaves, inhibition of terminal growth, shortening of internodes, thickening of
stems, reduced growth and decrease in amount of chlorophyll. In man, hydrocarbons bring about irritation
of mucous membrane, bronchial constriction and eye irritation. Some of these have been shown to trigger
development of lung cancer in experimental animals.
6. Ammonia: Refrigerator precooler systems of cold storages, manufacture of ammonium fertilizers and nitric
acids, domestic incineration are the prime sources of ammonia.
It induces bleaching of leaves, rusty spots on leaves and flowers reduction of root and shoot growth, browning
and softening of fruits, development of dark, corky lenticels in apples and reduction in the rate of seed
germination.
7. Carbon-monoxide: It is released chiefly from automobile engines and defective furnaces. It produces
headache, dizziness, inability to distinguish time intervals and other observable physical effects and cardiac
and pulmonary changes. It forms carboxy hemoglobin in RBC which prevents them from carrying oxygen to
all parts of the body.
8. Photochemical oxidant: These are secondary pollutants which are mainly formed by photochemical
reactions between primary pollutants-nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. The major oxidants are ozone and
peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), minor amounts of ozone are also added to the atmosphere by electrical
discharges such as lightning flashes by vertical flux of stratospheric ozone and by tropospheric electric
storms.
Ozone reduces growth of shoots and roots. It brings about shrinking of nuclei and cytoplasm of mesophyll
cells causing an increase in inter-cellular space. Ozone is now known to be the cause of several widespread
diseases such as tip burn of onions etc. In human beings oxidants cause stinging of eyes. Coughing, headache,
severe tired feeling, dry throat disorientation and altered breathing.

 Particulate Pollutants
1. Fluorides: The particulate fluorides originate the same way as the gaseous fluorides. However, these are less
phytotoxic. They cause an increase in the fluoride content of the leaves and occasional tip burn but the
growth and yield are not greatly affected. The ingestion by cattle of various fluorine compounds causes
abnormal calcification of bones and teeth called fluorosis, eventually resulting in loss of their weight.
2. Lead: Its chief source is tetraethyl lead used as an antiknock additive in fuels of motor vehicles.
That is why its concentration is higher in urban areas, where automotive and industrial exhausts are more,
significant deposition also comes from smelting complexes, ceramic paints, pesticides and solder used for
sealing lead accumulates in considerable amounts in the leaf tissues as also in the tissues of human body
where it interferes with the development and maturation of RBC. Being a cumulative poison it disrupts the
functioning of cells and organs of the muscular, circulatory and nervous systems by binding with the cellular
enzymes also causing coagulation of proteins. It damages liver, kidney and gastrointestine and induces
abnormalities in fertility and pregnancy.
3. Cement Kiln and Other dust: Formation of more stomata and vichonnes reduction in number and size of
cobs and weight of seeds and increase in the number of infertile seeds.
4. Sodium chloride: The de-icing salts mainly sodium chloride used to remove ice and snow in winters have
been recognized to cause damage to the road side trees in the form of leaf necrosis defoliation and
suppression of flowering.
5. Agricultural chemicals: Several chemicals such as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and pesticides used
widely in agriculture are known to produce foliar lesions, chlorosis and abscission of leaves and reduction in
fruit set.
Nitrogen oxides & sulphur dioxide together are responsible for acid rain. Carbon monoxide is highly toxic
and impairs oxygen–carrying capacity of blood. Several cases of death are reported every year from carbon
monoxide poisoning from gas heaters, heating devices and coal mines. Lead which is emitted by automobile
is known to hamper haemoglobin formation. Compounds containing chlorine and fluorine, especially the
chloroflurocarbons, are widely used as propellants and as refrigerants. They cause ozone depletion in
stratosphere. Air–borne solid and liquid particulates are emitted by various industries and also in operations
such as blasting, drilling, crushing, grinding and drying. These particulate may cause lung diseases, if inhaled.
Haemoglobin is known to absorb NO2 more easily than oxygen. About 80 to 90 per cent NO2 inhaled is
easily absorbed into the bloodstream. This reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. NO2 causes lung tissue
to become leathery and can cause lung cancer and emphysema (breathing problem). Emphysema occurs due to
the breakdown of the air sacs in the lungs, which then progressively diminishes the ability of the lungs to
exchange and carbon dioxide in the blood stream. In the presence of sunlight, NO 2 reacts with hydrocarbons to
produce ozone, a highly toxic gas, known to cause asthma.
New Form of Carbon Pollution: An international team of sceintists has found new carbon-bearing
particles in the lower atmosphere over Hungary, Indian Ocean and Southern Africa. This implies that the
particles probably form gases in smoke plumes.
At first glance, tar balls look like soot a common form of carbon pollution in the air. But when observed
carefully, the difference becomes clear. The internal structure affects the properties of a particle — the more

II. Water Pollution

Water pollution adversely changes the quality of water. It disturbs the balance of ecosystem and it causes health
hazards to humans and animals. Water becomes polluted by the presence or addition of inorganic, organic or
biological substances.
Effluents from factories, paper mills, sugar mills, tanneries, urban and rural sewage are being dumped
into rivers. Water pollution also occurs due to the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture. Enrichment of
water by nutrient (especially phosphates and nitrate) results in eutrophication of lakes and water bodies. This
results in excessive growth of harmful blue green algae and depletion of dissolved oxygen present in the lake.
Oil spills from oil tankers also causes marine pollution. Various harmful chemicals like DDT can enter
into the food chain through polluted water.
For example the DDT which enters with sewage into the river can be absorbed by aquatic plants which,
in turn, will be eaten by harbivorous small animals. These small organisms when eaten by fish get DDT with the
organism, and finally when man eats this contaminated fish, he gets DDT. Not only DDT as such in its original
form keeps on moving from water to different living components of the pond system, but more threatening is
that DDT concentration continuously increases in successive trophic levels in a food chain. This phenomena is
known as biological magnification. Besides DDT, there are also heavy metals like lead, mercury, copper which also
show similar behaviour in food chain.

❖ Oil Spill and its Effect

Conservationists saw their worst nightmare coming true when oil started spilling into the sea from the
Al-Ahmadi pipeline in Kuwait. The oil spillage has affected aquatic life. Oil formed a thin layer on the surface of

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10 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
the sea, cutting the oxygen supply causing death of aquatic animal life. The oil accumulated in the gills of the
fishes, the wings of birds which came to drink water got stuck in oil thus the oil spill has caused innumerable loss
of animal life.
The release of oil into the sea may affect the monsoon, resulting in dramatic change of climate of that
area. Formation of the oil layer on the sea surface will cause less evaporation of water. The ocean-to-land
monsoon winds will be affected because of increase temperature due to burning of oil and as a result there will
be unequal rainfall.
Today a number of methods have been evolved to combat oil spills – with varying degrees of efficacy. Some of
them are:
• The first course of action in containing the spill is generally to prevent it from hitting the shoreline, where it
threatens the wildlife. Mechanical booms or barriers are generally spread around the oil slick to check its
progress. But high waves can always splash the oil over the boom. Or the oil may even pass below the boom,
after piling up against the barrier. So once the oil is contained, it is scooped up from the surface by vessels
known as skimmers. This is a slow process and useful only in the early stages. As oil hardens this method
becomes used.
• Dispersants – chemicals that break up oil – are used routinely on small spills. dispersants are similar to soap
in their action on oils, and can disperse oil through large volume of water. Dispersants reduce the surface
tension between oil and water and break up the oil in small droplets, which then disperse in the water body.
But through highly visible damage is prevented, toxic components like toluene and benzene linger on and
enter the food chain with disastrous effects.
• Absorbents, like polystyrene, polypropylene and polyurethane are often used to absorb the oil and prevent it
from spreading. But again it has had limited success.
• Burning oil slicks has also been tried. Unfortunately, water removes heat faster than it can be created to
support combustion. Also, it creates air pollution.
• Perhaps, the safest method of degrading oil spills is by using microbial surfactants. They mix with the oil,
emulsify it and disperse it. This speeds up the process of evaporation and degradation of oil through other
natural means.
Remedies: It is essential to have sewage treatment plants for every town and city so that the biodegradable as
well as non-biodegradable pollutants can be removed from it and pure water obtained for recirculation.
Currently water hyacinth (Eicchornia erassipes), an otherwise pernicious weed has come into prominence for
purifying domestic and industrial waste waters. The plant regenerates rapidly and has a tremendous capacity to
accumulate heavy and even radioactive metals. It is efficient in adsorbing nitrogen, phosphorus and other similar
chemical pollutants. The polluted water fed into reservoirs or lagoons with water hyacinth becomes markedly
clean and free from 75-90 per cent of its pollutants. Besides, this plant has been used as a new source of food,
fertilizer, energy (biogas).
Although the enactment of water pollution control acts has helped to a certain extent to prevent water pollution
in the country, adequate legislative measures by every state are a must to ensure:-
(a) proper disposal of sewage and industrial wastes
(b) prevention of abuse of water resources
(c) recycling of waste waters through proper methods of purification
(d) punishment to erring industries which do not install effluent devices in their factories.
Synthetic herbicides and pesticides pose a challenge to the natural degradative process, therefore judicious,
efficient and optimum use of organic manures requires to be encouraged. The use of microbes for the breakdown
of these synthetic compounds is another answer to this problem.

III. Radioactive Pollution

Radioactive pollution is related to all major life supporting systems–air, water and soil. Radioactivity is a
phenomenon of spontaneous emission of proton, electrons and gamma rays as a result of disintegration of atomic
nuclei of some elements. Many radio-nucliedes such as radium–224, uranium-235 & 238, thorium–232, radon–222,
potassium–40 and carbon–14 occur naturally in rocks, soil and water. Man–made sources of radiation pollution
are mining and refining of radioactive material, production and explosion of nuclear weapons, nuclear power
plants and fuels, and preparation of radioactive Isotopes.
All organisms are affected by radiation pollution. In high doses, radiation can cause death. In lower doses, it can
affect all organs seriously and impair their functions. Long or repeated exposure can cause cancer and leukaemia
and induce mutation.

IV. Noise Pollution

Noise can be defined as unwanted sound. Whether a sound is pleasant or a noise depends upon loudness,
duration, rhythm and the mood of the person. The most significant attribute of noise is its loudness. Exposure to
loud sound is annoying and harmful.
The most immediate and acute effect of noise pollution is impairment of hearing. Damage to the ear drum can
be caused by loud sound or by prolonged exposure to noise. In addition to impairment of hearing, the first effects
are anxiety and stress and in extreme cases fright. The physiological manifestation of noise pollution are :
increase in the rate of heart beat, constriction of blood vessels, digestive spasms and dilation of pupil of the eye.
Loudness is the strength of sensation of sound perceived by the individual. It is measured in terms of decibels.
Just audible sound is about 10 dB, a whisper about 20 dB, library place 30 dB, normal conversation 35-60 dB, heavy
street traffic 60-80 dB, boiler factories 120 dB, jet planes 150 dB and rocket engine about 180 dB. Sound beyond 80 dB
can be regarded as pollution as it harms hearing system.

V. Soil Pollution and Land Degradation

Because the process of soil formation is very slow, the soil may be considered as a non-renewable resource. There
are many natural and synthetic materials that can adversely affect the physical, chemical and biological
properties of soil and seriously affect its productivity.
The soil pollutants include pesticides, fertilizers, industrial wastes, mining wastes, salts, radioactive materials, tin,
iron, lead, mercury, aluminum & plastics. Pesticides adversely affect the micro-organisms present in soil. In
addition to this, pesticides enter in human food chain either through plants or through water which accumulates
as surface run–off or leaches down in the ground water with pesticide dissolved in it.
Poisonous waste render soil unfit for crop production. The dangerous metals like fluoride and arsenic when
present in soil, not only contaminate the crops, but also groundwater of that area.
Increase in the concentration of soluble salts adversely affect the soil productivity and degrades the quality of
land. Salts dissolved in irrigation water accumulate on soil surface due to capillary salinisation. Total amount of
saline land in our country is estimated at six million hectares. (total arable land being about 140 m hectares.)
Land and soil surface face several problems other than pollution. These are deforestation, erosion, flooding and
water logging, salinisation and ill-planned urban encroachment. If soil depletion and land degradation continue
at current rates, it is estimated that about one-third of the arable land will be destroyed by the end of the
century.

VI. Acid Rain

Today, the problem of acid rain is one of the major environmental issues facing the world in general and India in
particular. This phenomenon is fast becoming grave global ecological problem, threatening forests, farms, human
health and aquatic life. During recent decades, the anthropogenic addition of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen into
atmosphere has resulted in further lowering of PH of rain water often as low as 2.4. (The degree of acidity,
alkalinity of a liquid is measured on the ph scale value variate from 1 to 14. Any neutral solution has 7 ph value,
for example milk. The ph value below 7 is called acidic and more than 7 ph value is called alkaline.) This
precipitation mainly of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen with rain is termed as acid rain. The phenomenon of acid
rain was first discovered in 1952 by Robert Angus Smith at Manchester. Later in 1984 this place was converted into
the Acid Rain Information Centre (ARIC).
The main harmful effects of acid rain are the following:
1. Mineral balance in forests, Rivers, fields and lakes are being disturbed : Due to effects of acid rain, the
mineral balance in forests, rivers, fields and lakes are being disturbed and react against the ecosystem.
2. Heavy decrease in the productivity of crops, forests and aquatic life : There is heavy decrease in the
productivity of crop, forests and aquatic life. Acid rain kills nutrient algae, fungi and many useful bacteria
which are so essential for the fertility of the soil and thus, adversely affect the fertility of land and decrease
the productivity.
3. Resistance power of the life in Terrestrial and Aquatic system is decreasing : Due to increasing
acidification, the resistance power of the lives in terrestrial and aquatic system is decreasing. Acidity kills
fish, bacteria and algae and the aquatic ecosystem collapses in to sterility leaving a crystal-clear but
ultimately a dead lake. Due to heavy acid rains thousands of fishes collapse in one day.
According to the ‘World wildlife Fund (W.W.F.)’ the effect of acid rain on both forests and fresh water lakes
was not simply to eliminate one or two species. It could inhibit fundamental nutrient cycling and cause
major losses to vital nutrients, interfere with primary productions, disrupt the main biological process and
relationship of the ecosystem.
4. Micro-organisms are gradually becoming inactive due to acid rain.
1. Nitrogen Fixation by Lichen, Lobario Orenga (epiphyte) is markedly decreased by treatment with
simulated acid rain containing H2 SO4.
2. Azotobacter’s efficiency likewise is also reduced under acid precipitation.
3. Root mycorrhiza relationship and Rhizosphere organisms and soil respiration due to soil acidity are also
reduced.
4. Pathogenic Phyllosphere organisms are also affected.
5. Decrease in nitrogen fixation (symbiotic) nitrification and ammonification in terrestrial ecosystem.
6. Release of aluminium and heavy metal ions which are toxic to plant growth.
5. Continuous decay of physical elements are going on : Dry deposition has several direct effects on the
environment. It attacks building materials, principally sand stone, lime-stone, marble, steel and nickel,

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Mob. 8084994876 | Bhagalpur Centre Mob. 9431690496 | Delhi Mukherjee Nagar Centre Mob. 8603855800 | Delhi Karol Bagh Centre Mob. 9870288703
13 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
which is called, stone cancer. When deposited in gaseous form it causes direct damage to plants and trees.
Visible injury leads to gradual yellowing (i. e. chlorosis, in which the chlorophyll making mechanism is
impeded) or depigmentation of leaf tissues occurs.
Way to Stop Acid Rain : The only way to stop the acid rain is to emit less SO2 & NO2 in the atmophere. An
international treaty, signed by 25 countries in November 1988 in Bulgaria, puts emphasis on ways to lessen the
quantity of emission of oxides of nitrogen. A similar treaty was also signed in 1985 in which the participant
countries laid stress on ways to bring a reduction of 30% in extraction of sulphur during the year 1990-93.
The questions arise about what should be done to the lakes and other water reservoirs which have already
become acidic. Such lakes elsewhere are being treated with lime. Lime, too, has its adverse effects on the aquatic
lives, yet the effects are less dangerous compared with the effect of acidity of the lakes.
Pollution has been found to be present widely in the environment. There are a number of effects of this:
• Biomagnification describes situations where toxins (such as heavy metals) may pass through trophic levels,
becoming exponentially more concentrated in the process.
• Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as
CO2 becomes dissolved.
• The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.
• Invasive species can out compete native species and reduce biodiversity. Invasive plants can contribute debris
and biomolecules (allelopathy) that can alter soil and chemical compositions of an environment, often
reducing native species competitiveness.
• Nitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain and fertilise land which can change the species composition
of ecosystems.
• Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out photosynthesis and leads to
the production of tropospheric ozone which damages plants.
• Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect other organisms in the food web.
• Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause acid rain which lowers the pH value of soil.
• Regulation and monitoring:- To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many
nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the
adverse effects of pollution.
❖ Pollution control
Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and
effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from consumption, heating,
agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or
disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste
minimization are more desirable than pollution control.
Practices
• Recycling
• Dust collection systems
→ Baghouses
→ Cyclonic dust collectors
→ Electrostatic precipitators
• Scrubbers
→ Baffle spray scrubber
→ Cyclonic spray scrubber

Indian Laws To Control Pollution

India has many laws to control pollution, including acts that control air and water pollution, and acts that
protect forests and biodiversity.
 Air pollution
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981: This act aims to reduce air pollution by
establishing central and state boards to implement the act. It also requires that only approved appliances
be used for burning fuel.
 Water pollution
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974: This act aims to reduce water pollution by
regulating the discharge of pollutants. It's implemented by the Central Pollution Control Board and State
Pollution Control Boards.
 Factories
• The Factories Act, 1948: This act includes provisions for the running of a factory, including pollution and
hazards.
 Environmental protection
• The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: This act enables the government to protect and improve the
environment.
Details of Pollution Related Laws
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 and Amendment, 1988
Some important provisions of this Act are given below:
• The Act vests regulatory authority in State Pollution Control Boards to establish and enforce effluent
standards for factories.
• A Central Pollution Control Board performs the same functions for Union Territories and formulate
policies and coordinates activities of different State Boards.
• The Act grants power to SPCB and CPCB to test equipment and to take the sample for the purpose of
analysis.
• Prior to its amendment in 1988, enforcement under the Act was achieved through criminal prosecutions
initiated by the Boards.
• The 1988 amendment act empowered SPCB and CPCB to close a defaulting industrial plant.

Environment (Protection) Act of 1986

• In the wake of the Bhopal tragedy, the government of India enacted the Environment Act of 1986.
• The purpose of the Act is to implement the decisions of the United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment of 1972.
• The decisions relate to the protection and improvement of the human environment and the prevention
of hazards to human beings, other living creatures, plants and property.
• The Act is an “umbrella” for legislations designed to provide a framework for Central Government,
coordination of the activities of various central and state authorities established under previous Acts, such
as the Water Act and the Air Act.
• In this Act, main emphasis is given to “Environment”, defined to include water, air and land and the
inter-relationships which exist among water, air and land and human beings and other living creatures,
plants, micro-organisms and property.
• “Environmental pollution” is the presence of pollutant, defined as any solid, liquid or gaseous substance
present in such a concentration as may be or may tend to be injurious to the environment.

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Mob. 8084994876 | Bhagalpur Centre Mob. 9431690496 | Delhi Mukherjee Nagar Centre Mob. 8603855800 | Delhi Karol Bagh Centre Mob. 9870288703
16 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
• “Hazardous substances” include any substance or preparation, which may cause harm to human beings,
other living creatures, plants, microorganisms, property or the environment.
• Through this Act Central Government gets full power for the purpose of protecting and improving the
quality of the environment.
The main provisions of this Act are given below
• The Act empowers the centre to “take all such measures as it deems necessary”.
• By virtue of this Act, Central Government has armed itself with considerable powers which include,
• coordination of action by state,
• planning and execution of nationwide programmes,
• laying down environmental quality standards, especially those governing emission or discharge of
environmental pollutants,
• placing restriction on the location of industries and so on.
• authority to issue direct orders, included orders to close, prohibit or regulate any industry.
• power of entry for examination, testing of equipment and other purposes and power to analyse the
sample of air, water, soil or any other substance from any place.
• The Act explicitly prohibits discharges of environmental pollutants in excess of prescribed regulatory
standards.
• There is also a specific prohibition against handling hazardous substances except those in compliance
with regulatory procedures and standards.
• The Act provides provision for penalties. For each failure or contravention, the punishment included a
prison term up to five years or fine up to Rs. 1 lakh, or both.
• The Act imposed an additional fine of up to Rs. 5,000 for every day of continuing violation.
• If a failure or contravention occurs for more than one year, offender may be punished with imprisonment
which may be extended to seven years.
• Section 19 provides that any person, in addition to authorized government officials, may file a complaint
with a court alleging an offence under the Act.
• This “Citizens’ Suit” provision requires that the person has to give notice of not less than 60 days of the
alleged offence of pollution to the Central Government.
Key Legislation:
Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008:
• This legislation and it's amendments, regulate the proper handling and management of hazardous waste.
• There are many other rules and notifications, that pertain to specific types of pollution, like plastic waste
management rules, and solid waste management rules.
Key Government Bodies:
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC):
• This is the nodal agency for planning, promoting, coordinating, and overseeing the implementation of
environmental and forestry programs in India.
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB):
• This is a statutory organization under the MoEFCC.
• It performs technical functions related to pollution control and monitors environmental quality.
• CPCB also assists the MoEFCC by providing data and recommending policy.
State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs):
• These are state-level authorities responsible for implementing pollution control laws and regulations within
their respective states.

Pollution Control Measures

❖ National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
MoEFCC launched National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) in January, 2019 with an aim to improve air quality in
131 cities (non-attainment cities and Million Plus Cities) ap per WHO Air Quality Guidelines under the National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQs). The programme envisages to achieve reductions up to 40% or
achievement of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter10 (PM 10) concentrations by
2025-26.
❖ Bharat Stage – VI (BS-VI)
India has adopted Bharat Stage (BS) Emission Standards since 2000, modelled on EU norms. Government had
decided to leapfrog directly from BS-IV to BS-VI emission norms bypassing BS-V from 1st April, 2020. The fuel
quality has improved significantly from BS-IV to BS-VI norms by reducing the permissible Sulphur content
from 50 Parts Per Million (ppm) in BS-IV to maximum 10 ppm in BS-VI compliant fuel. This has enabled the
introduction of advanced emission control technologies, including Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) to reduce
Particulate Matter (PM) and Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) systems for reduction in Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
emissions in BS-VI vehicles. As per Bharat Stage-6 norms, the emission of carbon monoxide is to be reduced by
30% and NO2 by 80%.
❖ AQI (Air Quality Index)
Central Pollution Control Board along with State Pollution Control Boards has been operating National Air
Monitoring Program (NAMP) covering 240 cities of the country. There are six AQI categories, namely Good,
Satisfactory, Moderately polluted, Poor, Very Poor, and Severe. The proposed AQI will consider eight pollutants
(PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3, and Pb) for which short-term (up to 24-hourly averaging period) National
Ambient Air Quality Standards are prescribed. The AQI values and corresponding ambient concentrations
(health breakpoints) as well as associated likely health impacts for the identified eight pollutants are as
follows:
AQI Category, Pollutants and Health Breakpoints

AQI Category PM10 PM2.5 NO2 O3 CO SO2 NH3 Pb

(Range) 24-hr 24-hr 24-hr 8-hr 8-hr (mg/m ) 3
24-hr 24-hr 24-hr
Good (0-50) 0-50 0-30 0-40 0-50 0-1.0 0-40 0-200 0-0.5

Satisfactory
51-100 31-60 41-80 51-100 1.1-2.0 41-80 201-400 0.5 –1.0
(51-100)

Moderately
polluted 101-250 61-90 81-180 101-168 2.1- 10 81-380 401-800 1.1-2.0
(101-200)

Poor
(201-300) 251-350 91-120 181-280 169-208 10-17 381-800 801-1200 2.1-3.0

Severe
(401-500) 430 + 250+ 400+ 748+* 34+ 1600+ 1800+ 3.5+

*One hourly monitoring (for mathematical calculations only)

AQI Associated Health Impacts

Good (0–50) Minimal Impact

Satisfactory (51–100) May cause minor breathing discomfort to sensitive people.
Moderately polluted May cause breathing discomfort to people with lung disease such as asthma, and
(101–200) discomfort to people with heart disease, children and older adults.
Poor May cause breathing discomfort to people on prolonged exposure, and
(201–300) discomfort to people with heart disease

Very Poor May cause respiratory illness to the people on prolonged exposure. Effect may be
(301–400) more pronounced in people with lung and heart diseases.
Severe May cause respiratory impact even on healthy people, and serious health
(401-500) impacts on people with lung/heart disease. The health impacts may be
experienced even during light physical activity.

❑ ❑ ❑

E-Waste Management
E-waste is discarded electrical or electronic equipment, including working and broken items. It's also known as
waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) or end-of-life (EOL) electronics.
Examples of e-waste:
• Computers, monitors, and printers
• Televisions
• VCRs
• DVD players
• Household appliances
• Lighting equipment
• Electric and electronic tools

Types of E-waste:
Electronic waste, or e-waste, encompasses a wide range of discarded electrical and electronic devices. Here's a
breakdown of the common types:
 Large Household Appliances:
• This category includes items like refrigerators, washing machines, dishwashers, and air conditioners.
 Small Household Appliances:
• Examples include toasters, coffee makers, hair dryers, and vacuum cleaners.
• Information Technology (IT) and Telecommunications Equipment:
• This covers computers, laptops, monitors, printers, scanners, mobile phones, and networking equipment.
 Consumer Electronics:
• This includes televisions, stereos, DVD players, and gaming consoles.
 Lighting Equipment:
• This category includes fluorescent lamps, LED bulbs, and other lighting devices.
• Electrical and Electronic Tools:
• Examples are power drills, saws, and other hand tools.
 Medical Equipment:
• This includes a range of electronic devices used in healthcare settings.
• Toys, Leisure and Sports Equipment:
• Electronic toys, and fitness equipment.
 Key points to remember:
• E-waste is a rapidly growing waste stream due to the increasing consumption of electronic devices.
• Many electronic devices contain hazardous materials, so proper disposal and recycling are crucial.
• The term "E-waste" covers a very broad range of items.

Risks of e-waste
• Toxic materials: E-waste can contain toxic materials like beryllium, cadmium, mercury, lead, and
chromium.
• Environmental pollution: Improperly managed e-waste can pollute soil, water, and air.
• Health risks: E-waste can harm the health of communities, especially children.
• Data theft: E-waste can result in data theft.

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Mob. 8084994876 | Bhagalpur Centre Mob. 9431690496 | Delhi Mukherjee Nagar Centre Mob. 8603855800 | Delhi Karol Bagh Centre Mob. 9870288703
20 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
Managing e-waste
• Recycling: Separating parts and materials to build new electronic products
• Refurbishing: Reusing working products to replace parts and extend the life of other equipment
E-Waste (Management & Transboundary Movement) Rules
1) First time in India mandatory Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) introduced in this Rule i.e.
manufacturers and brand owners have to collect back e-waste and recycle it
2) Pan India EPR Authorization of Producers by CPCB
3) CFL & other mercury containing lamps in ambit
4) Exemption for micro sector as defined in MSME Act
5) Flexibility for implementation of EPR - PRO, e-waste exchange, retailer, Deposit Refund as additional
channels
In India, the management of electronic waste is governed by a framework of laws and involves several key bodies.
Key Legislation:
E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022:
• This is the primary legislation governing e-waste management in India. It replaced the 2016 rules and came
into effect on April 1, 2023.
Key features include:
• Emphasis on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), making producers responsible for the lifecycle of their
products.
• Mandatory registration of manufacturers, producers, refurbishers, and recyclers on the Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB) portal.
• Expansion of the scope of covered electrical and electronic equipment (EEE).
• Focus on digitizing the e-waste management process.
• Rules regarding the restriction of hazardous substances within EEE.
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986:
• This overarching act provides the legal framework for environmental protection in India, under which the E-
Waste (Management) Rules are notified.
Key Bodies:
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB):
• The CPCB plays a crucial role in implementing and monitoring the E-Waste (Management) Rules.
Responsibilities include:
• Maintaining the online portal for registration.
• Setting guidelines and standards for e-waste management.
• Monitoring compliance and enforcing the rules.
• Fixing the price ranges for EPR certificates.
• Imposing Environmental Compensation for non-compliance.
State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/Pollution Control Committees (PCCs):
• These bodies are responsible for implementing and monitoring e-waste management at the state level.
• They authorize dismantling and recycling units.
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC):
• This Ministry is responsible for framing the E-waste management rules.
In essence, the legal framework aims to ensure that e-waste is handled in an environmentally sound manner,
reducing the risks to human health and the environment.

❑ ❑ ❑

Role of Science & Technology in controlling

air pollution and water pollution in Bihar
Air Pollution:- Air pollution is essentially the contamination of the air we breathe. Here's a breakdown of the
definition:
Contamination:
• This means the presence of substances that shouldn't be there, or that are present in excessive amounts.
Indoor or outdoor environment:
• Air pollution isn't limited to the outdoors; it can occur inside homes, workplaces, and other enclosed spaces
as well.
• By any chemical, physical, or biological agent:
• This covers a wide range of pollutants, including:
• Chemicals: Gases like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides.
• Physical: Particulate matter, such as dust, soot, and smoke.
• Biological: Mold spores, pollen, and other allergens.
• That modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere:
• Air pollution disrupts the normal composition of the air, which can have harmful effects on human health
and the environment.
In simpler terms, air pollution happens when harmful substances get into the air, making it dirty and
dangerous to breathe.

Water Pollution:- Water pollution is essentially the contamination of water bodies, such as:
• Rivers
• Lakes
• Oceans
• Groundwater
This contamination occurs when harmful substances, like chemicals or microorganisms, are introduced into
these water sources. This degrades the water's quality, making it potentially toxic to humans, animals, and the
environment.
Here are some key aspects of water pollution:
• It's often a result of human activities.
• It can affect both surface water and groundwater.
• It disrupts aquatic ecosystems.
• It poses serious health risks.
Common sources of water pollution include:
• Industrial waste discharge
• Agricultural runoff (containing pesticides and fertilizers)
• Untreated sewage
• Oil spills
• Dumping of plastic and other waste.
In essence, water pollution is a significant environmental problem that has far-reaching consequences for all
living things.

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Patna Musallahpur Hat Mob. 7250740458 | Gaya Center Mob. 8252507118 | Purnia Centre Mob. 8092086324 | Bihar Sharif Centre Mob. 7004382832 | Ara
Center Mob. 7255092722 | Muzaffarpur Centre Mob. 7707093072 | Siwan Center Mob. 7739620596 | Motihari Centre Mob. 9430052874 | Sasaram Centre
Mob. 8084994876 | Bhagalpur Centre Mob. 9431690496 | Delhi Mukherjee Nagar Centre Mob. 8603855800 | Delhi Karol Bagh Centre Mob. 9870288703
22 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
Role of Science & Technology in controlling air pollution in Bihar:
Science and technology are playing a crucial role in efforts to control air pollution in Bihar. These are-
 Monitoring and Detection:
• Real-time monitoring: Sensor-based systems are being deployed to provide up-to-the-minute data on air
quality, particularly particulate matter (PM2.5). This allows for timely responses to pollution spikes.
• Remote sensing and AI: Satellite imagery and artificial intelligence are being used to identify major
sources of pollution, such as:
• Non-compliant brick kilns.
• Areas with high levels of stubble burning.
• Locations with heavy vehicular emissions.
 Technological Solutions:
• Brick kiln technology: Promoting the adoption of cleaner "zigzag" kiln technology to reduce emissions
from brick production, a significant source of pollution in Bihar.
• Emission control: Encouraging the use of electric vehicles (EVs) and promoting stricter vehicle emission
checks.
• Industrial pollution control: Implementation of technologies to reduce emissions from industrial
sources.
 Forecasting and Alert Systems:
•
Air quality forecasting systems are being used to predict pollution levels 48 hours in advance. This allows
authorities and the public to take preventative measures.
• Alert systems are used to notify people when air quality reaches hazardous levels.
 Data Analysis and Research:
• Scientific studies are being conducted to better understand the sources and impacts of air pollution in
Bihar.
• Data analysis is used to inform policy decisions and target pollution control efforts.
In essence, science and technology are providing the tools and information needed to:
• Accurately measure and track air pollution.
• Identify the main sources of pollution.
• Implement effective pollution control measures.
• Protect public health.
Role of Science & Technology in controlling water pollution in Bihar:
Science and technology are essential for addressing water pollution in Bihar, which faces challenges from various
sources, including industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage.
1. Monitoring and Assessment:
Remote Sensing and GIS:
• Satellite imagery and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) help track pollution sources, monitor
changes in water quality, and map areas affected by contamination.
• This technology aids in identifying pollution hotspots and assessing the extent of water pollution in
rivers and other water bodies.
Water Quality Monitoring Sensors:
• Advanced sensors and automated systems enable real-time monitoring of water quality parameters,
such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and levels of pollutants like heavy metals and nitrates.

❑ ❑ ❑

GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Global warming means the rise in the mean global temperature to a level which affects the life-
forms on the earth surface. The factors responsible for this warming may be both natural and man-made. The
earth is kept warm due to what is known as the "greenhouse effect". Without it, the earth would be a frozen
wasteland. The short wavelengths or ultra-violate radiation coming from the Sun penetrates the atmosphere and
is absorbed by the earth. This absorbed energy is also radiated back to space at infrared wavelengths. The earth
atmosphere contains gases which trap some of the outgoing radiation and thereby warm the earth. These gases
are known as "Green House Gases." Water vapour, carbon di-oxide, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, CFCs and halons
are prominent examples. To maintain the global energy balances, both the atmosphere and the surface will warm
until the outgoing energy equals to incoming energy.
The increase in the quantity of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can reinforce the green
house effect and lead to global warming. CFCs and nitrous oxide are many time more potent than the same
quantity of carbon-dioxide or methane. However, carbon-dioxide is the largest contributor to the global warming
as it holds the largest share among the green house gases in the atmosphere. CFCs are totally man-made green
house gas which are controlled under Montreal Protocol. The largest sources of methane in the atmosphere are
natural wetlands, rice paddies and livestock. Natural gas production, bio-mass burning, termites, landfills and coal
mining also releases methane. Nitrous oxides are released by the oceans and soils but human activities such as
bio-mass burning and the use of fertilizers play a major role in it. According to the IPCC report, it is estimated
that 72% of global warming is contributed by carbon-dioxide, 18% by methane and 5% due to nitrous oxide.
Global Warming Trend: According to the report of the UN affiliated International Panel for Climate Change
(IPCC) 2007:
• Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have increased markedly as a result of human activities since
1750 and now far exceed pre-industrial values.
• The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in 2005 (379 ppm) exceeds by far the natural range of
the last 650,000 years (180 to 300 ppm).
• The amount of methane in the atmosphere in 2005 (1774 ppb) exceeds by far the natural range of the last
650,000 years (320 to 790 ppb).
• The primary source of the increase in carbon dioxide is fossil fuel use, but land-use changes also make a
contribution.
• The primary source of the increase in methane is very likely to be a combination of human agricultural
activities and fossil fuel use.
• Nitrous oxide concentrations have risen from a pre-industrial value of 270 ppb to a 2005 value of 319 ppb.
More than a third of this rise is due to human activity, primarily agriculture.
• Cold days, cold nights, and frost events have become less frequent. Hot days, hot nights, and heat waves
have become more frequent. Eleven of the twelve years in the period (1995-2006) rank among the top 12
warmest years in the instrumental record (since 1850, towards the end of the Little Ice Age).
• Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature. This is
up from the 0.6 °C increase in the 100 years.
• Observations since 1961 show that the ocean has been absorbing more than 80% of the heat added to the
climate system, and that ocean temperatures have increased to depths of at least 3000 m (9800 ft).
• Mountain glaciers and snow cover have declined on average in both hemispheres. Losses from the land-
based ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica have very likely (>90%) contributed to sea level rise between
1993 and 2003.

Effect of Global Warming on National Level:

Global warming's effects ripple through nations in complex and far-reaching ways. Here's a breakdown of key
impacts:
 Environmental Impacts:
• Increased Extreme Weather Events:
→ Nations experience more frequent and intense heatwaves, droughts, floods, and storms. These events
cause widespread damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and communities.
→ Coastal nations face rising sea levels, leading to increased flooding and displacement of populations.
• Changes in Agricultural Productivity:
→ Shifting weather patterns disrupt crop yields, threatening food security. Some regions may become
unsuitable for current agricultural practices.
→ Water scarcity, exacerbated by global warming, further strains agricultural resources.
 Ecosystem Disruption:
• Changes in temperature and precipitation alter ecosystems, leading to habitat loss and species extinction.
• Forests are vulnerable to increased wildfires and pest outbreaks.

• Mitigation:
→ Nations are working to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through policies such as transitioning to
renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency.
• Adaptation:
→ Countries are implementing measures to adapt to the impacts of climate change, such as building
seawalls, developing drought-resistant crops, and improving disaster preparedness.
• Policy and International Cooperation:
→ National governments are developing climate change policies and participating in international
agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, to address the global challenge. It's important to
understand that the severity of these effects varies depending on a nation's geographical location,
economic development, and capacity to adapt.

Effect of Global Warming on Global Level:

Global warming, driven primarily by the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, is having profound and widespread
effects on a global level. Here's a breakdown of some of the key impacts:
Rising Temperatures:
• The average global temperature is increasing, leading to more frequent and intense heatwaves.
• This has significant implications for human health, agriculture, and ecosystems.
Sea Level Rise:
• Melting glaciers and ice sheets, combined with the thermal expansion of water, are causing sea levels to rise.
• This threatens coastal communities and infrastructure, leading to increased flooding and erosion.
Extreme Weather Events:
• Climate change is exacerbating extreme weather events, including:
• More intense and frequent hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons.
• Increased droughts in some regions and increased flooding in others.
• More frequent and severe wildfires.
Impacts on Ecosystems:
• Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns are disrupting ecosystems, leading to:

Step taken by National Government for countering pollution:

National governments around the world are undertaking a variety of initiatives to counter global warming. Here's
a breakdown of some key areas:
Setting Emission Reduction Targets:
• Many countries have committed to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions through agreements like the
Paris Agreement. These commitments often involve setting targets for achieving "net-zero" emissions by a
certain date.
Transitioning to Renewable Energy:
• Governments are promoting the use of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower
through policies like:
• Providing subsidies and incentives for renewable energy projects.
• Setting targets for the percentage of electricity generated from renewable sources.
Improving Energy Efficiency:
• Efforts are being made to reduce energy consumption through:
• Implementing stricter building codes and appliance standards.
• Investing in public transportation and promoting electric vehicles.
• Implementing Carbon Pricing Mechanisms:
• Some governments are using carbon taxes or cap-and-trade systems to put a price on carbon emissions,
which incentivizes businesses and individuals to reduce their carbon footprint.
Protecting and Restoring Forests:
• Forests play a crucial role in absorbing carbon dioxide, so governments are working to:
• Reduce deforestation.
• Promote reforestation and afforestation.
• Investing in Climate Resilience:
• Recognizing that some climate change impacts are already unavoidable, governments are investing in
measures to adapt to these changes, such as:
• Building seawalls to protect coastal communities.
• Developing drought-resistant crops.
National Action Plans:
• Many countries create national action plans, that give a specific direction for that countries effort to reduce
global warming. For example, India has the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). Example: India's
Efforts

Step taken at International Level to counter Global Warming

Global efforts to counter global warming are multifaceted, involving international agreements, technological
advancements, and shifts in societal behavior. Here's a breakdown of key areas:
1. International Agreements and Policies:
The Paris Agreement:
• This landmark agreement, adopted in 2015, aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius,
preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.
• It involves countries setting their own nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC):
• This is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate
change.
• The Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings are held annually to assess progress and negotiate further
action.
2. Key Strategies:
Transition to Renewable Energy:
• Shifting away from fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) to renewable sources like solar, wind, and hydropower is
crucial.
Carbon Pricing:
• Implementing carbon taxes or cap-and-trade systems to put a price on carbon emissions, incentivizing
businesses and individuals to reduce their carbon footprint.
Energy Efficiency:
• Improving energy efficiency in buildings, transportation, and industries to reduce energy consumption.
Forest Conservation and Reforestation:
• Protecting existing forests and planting new trees to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Technological Innovation:
• Investing in research and development of clean technologies, such as carbon capture and storage, and
advanced battery technology.
Sustainable Agriculture:
• Adopting sustainable farming practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance carbon
sequestration in soils.
Public Awareness and Education:
• Raising public awareness about the causes and impacts of climate change and promoting sustainable
lifestyles.
3. Ongoing Efforts:

U N Framework Convention on Climate Change

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental
treaty produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known
as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The treaty is aimed at reducing emissions of greenhouse gas
in order to combat global warming. As the treaty sets no mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions for
individual nations and contains no enforcement provisions; it is therefore considered legally non-binding. Rather,
the treaty included provisions for updates (protocols) that would set mandatory emission limits. The principal
update is the Kyoto Protocol.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was opened for signature at the 1992
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) conference in Rio de Janeiro (Earth
Summit). On June 12, 1992, 154 nations signed the UNFCCC, aim to reduce atmospheric concentrations of
greenhouse gases which was a non-binding agreement. These actions were aimed primarily at industrialized
countries, with the intention of stabilizing their emissions of greenhouse gases at 1990 levels.
According to terms of the UNFCCC, having received over 50 countries instruments of ratification, it entered
into force March 24, 1994. Since the UNFCCC entered into force, the parties have been meeting annually in
Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change, and beginning in the mid-
1990s, to negotiate the Kyoto Protocol to establish legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce
their greenhouse gas emissions.
Signatories to the UNFCCC are split into three groups:
1 Annex I countries (industrialized countries)
2 Annex II countries (developed countries which pay for costs of developing countries)
3 Developing countries.
Annex I countries agree to reduce their emissions, particularly carbon dioxide, to target levels below their 1990
emissions levels. If they cannot do so, they must buy emission credits or invest in conservation. Annex II
countries, that have to provide financial resources for the developing countries, are a sub-group of the annex I
countries consisting of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) members.
Developing countries are not expected to implement their commitments under the Convention unless
developed countries supply enough funding and technology, and this has lower priority than economic and social
development and dealing with poverty.
Some opponents of the Convention argue that the split between Annex I and developing countries is unfair,
and that both developing countries and developed countries need to reduce their emissions. Some countries claim
that their costs of following the Convention requirements will stress their economy. These were some of the
reasons given by George W. Bush, President of the United States, for, as his predecessor did, not forwarding the
signed Kyoto Protocol to the United States Senate.
❑ ❑ ❑

Climate change and its effects

Climate change
Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperatures and weather patterns. Such changes can
be natural, caused by changes in the sun's activity or large volcanic eruptions. But, since the 1800s, human
activities have been the main cause of climate change, mainly due to the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil
and gas. Burning fossil fuels causes greenhouse gas emissions that act like a blanket around the Earth, trapping
the sun's heat and raising temperatures.
Causes of Climate Change
There are many causes of climate change, which can be divided into two main categories: natural causes and
human causes.
❖ Natural causes:
• Volcanic eruptions: Volcanic eruptions release large amounts of ash and gases into the atmosphere,
which can block sunlight and temporarily lower temperatures.
• Changes in the sun's activity: The sun's energy output varies slightly over time, which can affect Earth's
temperature.
• Changes in Earth's orbit: There are natural changes in Earth's orbit around the sun and its inclination,
which can affect weather patterns.
• Continental drift: The movement of continents over millions of years causes changes in ocean currents
and atmospheric circulation, which can affect climate.
❖ Human reasons:
• Combustion of fossil fuels: Burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas emits greenhouse gases
such as carbon dioxide, which trap heat and raise global temperatures.
• Deforestation: Trees absorb carbon dioxide, so deforestation increases the amount of this gas in the
atmosphere.
• Agriculture: Agricultural activities, such as livestock rearing and rice cultivation, emit greenhouse gases
such as methane and nitrous oxide.
• Industrial processes: Some industrial processes emit greenhouse gases.
• Urbanization: Urban areas emit higher greenhouse gases due to higher energy consumption and a
greater number of vehicles.
❖ Contribution of human activities to climate change:
• Scientific evidence strongly suggests that human activities are a major contributor to climate change.
Since the Industrial Revolution, the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased rapidly,
leading to a rise in global temperatures.

Effects of climate change

The effects of climate change are widespread and severe, affecting every corner of the Earth and every aspect
of human society. Some of its major impacts are as follows:
• Temperature rise:- Global average temperatures are increasing, leading to an increase in extreme
weather events such as heat waves, droughts and wildfires. This is causing glaciers and ice sheets to melt,
causing sea levels to rise.

Positive effects of climate change

Most of the effects of climate change are negative, but some positive effects can also be seen in some areas:
Agriculture:
• In some areas, increased carbon dioxide levels may increase plant growth, improving crop yields.
• In colder regions, increased temperatures may expand arable land.
Navigation:
• Melting ice in the Arctic could open up new shipping routes, reducing travel times and costs.
Energy:
• In cold areas, increased temperatures may reduce heating needs, resulting in savings in energy costs.
Remember its
• These positive effects are limited and local, while the negative effects are global and widespread.
• The negative effects of climate change are far more severe than the positive effects, and they pose a
serious threat to human society and the environment.
• It is important to note that along with these positive effects, there are many negative effects as well,
which greatly outweigh these benefits. For example, even if crop yields increase in some areas, crops may
be destroyed due to drought and floods in other areas.
• Therefore, the positive effects of climate change should not be ignored, but we must take immediate
action to reduce its negative effects.
Goals of the Indian Government regarding Climate Change
The Indian government has several important goals regarding climate change, which are as follows:
• Target of net-zero emissions by 2070:- The Indian government has set a target of achieving net-zero
carbon emissions by 2070. This means that India will absorb as much carbon through carbon sinks as it
emits.
• Increasing non-fossil energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030:- The Indian government aims to increase its
non-fossil energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030, which includes renewable energy sources such as solar and
wind power.

Patna Boring Road Chauraha Centre Mob. 9031053260 | Patna Rajiv Nagar Centre Mob. 8252405793 | Patna Dinkar Galamber Centre Mob. 7322004164 |
Patna Musallahpur Hat Mob. 7250740458 | Gaya Center Mob. 8252507118 | Purnia Centre Mob. 8092086324 | Bihar Sharif Centre Mob. 7004382832 | Ara
Center Mob. 7255092722 | Muzaffarpur Centre Mob. 7707093072 | Siwan Center Mob. 7739620596 | Motihari Centre Mob. 9430052874 | Sasaram Centre
Mob. 8084994876 | Bhagalpur Centre Mob. 9431690496 | Delhi Mukherjee Nagar Centre Mob. 8603855800 | Delhi Karol Bagh Centre Mob. 9870288703
32 BPSC MAINS NOTES (Science and Tech)
• Meeting 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030:- The government has set a
target of meeting 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy sources by 2030.
• Reducing total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tons by 2030:- The Government of India aims
to reduce total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tons by 2030.
• Reducing GDP emission intensity by 45% by 2030:- India has set a target to reduce the emission
intensity of its gross domestic product (GDP) by 45% by 2030 as compared to 2005 levels.
• Promoting afforestation:- The Government of India aims to increase forest cover and create carbon
sinks.
• Climate resilient development:- The Government of India is promoting climate resilient development
by increasing investment in development programs in sectors vulnerable to the effects of climate change.
These goals reflect India's seriousness about climate change and commitment towards sustainable
development.
Efforts of Indian Government to tackle Climate Change
The Indian government is taking several steps to mitigate and combat the effects of climate change. Here are
some of the major initiatives and policies:
National Action Plan (NAPCC):- Launched in 2008, the NAPCC is India's comprehensive strategy to tackle climate
change. It consists of eight national missions that focus on different areas:
1. National Solar Mission
2. National Energy Efficiency Mission
3. National Water Mission
4. National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture
5. National Mission on Sustainable Himalayan Ecosystem
6. National Mission for Green India
7. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
8. National Mission for Strategic Knowledge on Climate Change
 Promoting renewable energy:
•India is investing heavily to promote renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power.
•India has played an important role in the International Solar Alliance.
•The Indian government has set a target to generate 50% of its installed power capacity from non-fossil
fuel sources by 2030.
 Forest conservation and expansion:
• The government is working to stop deforestation and increase forest cover.
• Green India Mission aims to increase forest cover and create carbon sinks.
 Urban Development and Transportation:
• The Smart Cities Mission aims to make cities more sustainable and climate-friendly.
• The government is promoting electric vehicles and working to improve public transport.
 Disaster Management:
• India is strengthening disaster management systems to reduce the impacts of climate change-related
disasters.
• Cyclone warning systems have been improved in coastal areas.
 International Cooperation:
• India actively participates in international negotiations on climate change.
• India has taken steps to meet its commitments under the Paris Agreement.
Apart from these efforts, the Indian government is also working to raise awareness about the effects of
climate change and encourage people to adopt sustainable lifestyles.
❑ ❑ ❑

International Solar Alliance

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an international organization based on solar energy which
aims to promote the use of solar energy and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. This organization was jointly
established by India and France, headquartered in Gurugram, Haryana, India.
❖ Creation and development of International Solar Alliance
The creation of the International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an important global initiative aimed at promoting the use
of solar energy and contributing to the fight against climate change. Its creation took place in several stages:
1. Concept and Declaration:
• The concept of International Solar Alliance was first proposed by the Prime Minister of India Narendra
Modi.
• It was formally announced on 30 November 2015 during the United Nations Climate Change Conference
(COP21) held in Paris.
• The initiative was jointly launched by India and France.
2. Objective:
• Its primary objective is to promote the use of solar energy in countries with solar energy resources.
• The organization focuses particularly on countries located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of
Capricorn, as these regions have the highest solar energy potential.
• Its objective is to mobilize the financial and technical resources needed for the development and
deployment of solar energy.
3. Establishment of Headquarters:
• The headquarters of the International Solar Alliance is established in Gurugram, Haryana, India.
• On 25 January 2016, Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi and President of France Mr. Francois
Hollande jointly laid the foundation stone of the International Solar Alliance Headquarters.
4. Legal framework:
• The International Solar Alliance is a treaty-based international intergovernmental organization.
• It has its own secretariat, which works closely with member countries.
5. Membership and Growth:
• Membership of the International Solar Alliance is open to all countries that are members of the United
Nations.
• The objective of this alliance is to promote cooperation in the field of solar energy and to share knowledge
and best practices among member countries.

❖ Objectives of International Solar Alliance

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) has several important objectives, which aim to promote the use of
solar energy globally. Some of its major objectives are as follows:
Promoting solar energy:
• The primary objective of ISA is to promote the development and use of solar energy.
• The organization encourages investment in solar energy in member countries.
Reducing dependency on fossil fuels:
• ISA aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, thereby reducing the effects of climate change.
Technical and Financial Support:
• This organization promotes technology and innovation for solar energy.
• The objective of ISA is to mobilize financial resources required for solar energy projects.

❖ Member of International Solar Alliance

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a growing organization, with countries from around the world
joining in. Here are some key points about its members:
Member number:
• The International Solar Alliance has more than 120 member countries.
• Spain joined the International Solar Alliance as the 99th member in May 2024.
• Paraguay became the 100th member of the International Solar Alliance.
Subscription Terms:
• Membership of ISA is open to all countries that are members of the United Nations.
• The main objective of this alliance is to work for efficient consumption of solar energy to reduce
dependence on fossil fuels.
Geographic focus:
• ISA places a special focus on countries located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn,
as these regions have the highest solar energy potential.
• It is important to note that ISA is a dynamic organization, and membership numbers may change over
time.

❖ Achievements of International Solar Organization

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) has achieved several significant accomplishments since its inception,
reflecting its contribution to promoting the development and use of solar energy:
• Membership expansion:- ISA has seen significant membership growth globally, with more than 120
countries becoming its members. This reflects the growing commitment to solar energy globally.
• Investment promotion:- ISA has launched several initiatives to promote investment in solar energy
projects. It aims to attract $1 trillion in solar energy investment by 2030.
• Technical cooperation:- ISA has promoted the transfer of solar energy technology and knowledge
sharing among member countries. It has helped develop technical standards and best practices for solar
energy.
• Policy and regulation:- ISA has assisted member countries in developing favorable policies and
regulations for solar energy. It has helped create a favorable environment for solar energy projects.
• Project development:- ISA has supported the development of solar energy projects in several member
countries. It has helped promote the use of solar energy, especially in developing countries.
• Global recognition:- ISA has gained recognition as an important organization globally. It has played a
vital role in combating climate change and promoting sustainable development.
• Promoting the use of solar energy in agriculture, health, transport and power generation sectors:

❖ Challenges before the International Solar Alliance

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an important organisation, but it faces several challenges:
 Financial Challenges:
• Raising adequate financing for solar energy projects is a major challenge.
• Attracting investment can be difficult, especially in developing countries.
• Achieving $1 trillion in solar energy investment through its 'Towards 1000' strategy aimed at reducing
both technology and financing costs by 2030 is also a major challenge.
 Technical Challenges:
• The development and deployment of solar energy technology requires constant innovation.
• There are technical challenges in storing and grid integration of solar energy.
• There may also be differences among member countries in the adoption of new technologies.
 Policy and regulatory challenges:
• It may be difficult to implement favourable policies and regulations for solar energy in member countries.
• Developing and implementing international standards and best practices is a challenge.
 Political Challenges:
• Political differences and geopolitical tensions among member countries can impede cooperation.
• It is also a huge challenge for all member countries to move forward at the same pace.

❑ ❑ ❑

Climate-Friendly Agriculture
Climate-resilient agriculture is an agricultural system that focuses on reducing the effects of climate
change and making agricultural production sustainable. It aims to reduce the negative impacts caused by climate
change, such as droughts, floods, and temperature increases.
Some of the key elements of climate-resilient agriculture are:
• Soil health: Increasing soil fertility and water-holding capacity, so crops can withstand drought and other
stresses.
• Water management: Using water-saving irrigation techniques and harvesting rainwater.
• Crop diversity: Growing a variety of crops, which can increase resistance to pests and diseases and
maintain soil fertility.
• Reduced emissions: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural activities, such as by reducing
the use of fertilizers and improving livestock management.
• Adaptation: Increasing resilience to the effects of climate change, such as by growing drought-tolerant
crops and using weather predictions.

Climate-friendly agricultural techniques

Climate-friendly agriculture uses a number of techniques that help reduce the effects of climate change and
make agricultural production sustainable. Here are some key techniques:
 Conservation Agriculture:
• Zero tillage: This technique focuses on growing crops without tilling the soil, thereby maintaining soil
structure and fertility.
• Crop residue management: This technique helps in maintaining soil moisture and fertility by leaving
crop residues on the soil surface.
• Crop diversification: This technique focuses on growing different types of crops in the same field,
thereby maintaining soil fertility and reducing the risk of pests and diseases.
 Agroforestry:
• This technique focuses on growing crops and trees together, which helps reduce soil erosion, conserve
water resources, and promote biodiversity.
• Precision Agriculture:- This technique focuses on optimizing agricultural inputs using technology, such
as precision irrigation, fertilizer application, and pest management.
• Water Management:- Rainwater Harvesting: This technique focuses on collecting and using rainwater,
increasing water availability during times of drought.
• Micro Irrigation: This technique focuses on saving water using drip and sprinkler irrigation.
 Other Techniques:
• Organic farming: This technique avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, helping to
maintain soil health and preserve the environment.
• Integrated farming systems: This technique integrates crop production, livestock and fisheries, leading
to efficient use of resources and reducing risks.
• Climate resilient varieties: Crop varieties tolerant to extreme weather conditions such as drought and
heat.
• Rice intensification systems, aerobic rice, direct seeding of rice, zero till wheat sowing, in-situ
incorporation of rice residues.

Benefits of climate-friendly agriculture

Climate-friendly agriculture offers many important advantages, which benefit farmers, communities, and the
environment. Here are some of the key benefits:
 Benefits for farmers:
• Protection from the effects of climate change: Climate-resilient agriculture helps farmers cope with
climate-related challenges such as droughts, floods and rising temperatures.
• Increased productivity: These agricultural practices improve soil health and increase crop productivity.
• Increased income: Adopting sustainable agricultural practices can increase farmers' income.
• Risk reduction: These agricultural practices reduce risks associated with climate change.
 Benefits for communities:
• Food security: Climate-friendly agriculture boosts food production and improves food security.
• Economic stability: These agricultural practices promote economic stability in rural areas.
• Improved health: Healthy soils and sustainable agricultural practices produce healthy food, which
improves the health of communities.
 Benefits to the environment:
• Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions: Climate-friendly agriculture reduces greenhouse gas emissions,
which helps mitigate the effects of climate change.
• Improve soil health: These agricultural practices increase soil fertility and reduce soil erosion.
• Water conservation: Sustainable agricultural practices conserve water resources and reduce water
pollution.
• Conservation of biodiversity: Climate-friendly agriculture promotes biodiversity and preserves
ecosystems.
Crop intensity has increased compared to before the Climate Resilient Agriculture Programme. Along
with this, efficient use of water, nutrients, energy, labour and time is 20%. Climate resilient agriculture
provides 35% higher yield and improves soil health and reduces environmental impact by 25%.

Challenges facing climate-resilient agriculture

Climate-resilient agriculture faces several challenges that hinder its widespread implementation:
 Lack of awareness and education:
• Many farmers do not have adequate knowledge about the benefits and techniques of climate-friendly
agriculture.
• Farmers need to be educated and trained to adopt these techniques.
 Financial Constraints:
• Adopting climate-friendly agricultural techniques often requires additional investment, which may be
difficult for small and marginal farmers.
• Farmers need to be provided financial support and incentives.
 Lack of technology and infrastructure:
• Some climate-friendly agricultural techniques require advanced technology and infrastructure, which
may not be available in some areas.
• There is a need to invest in technology and infrastructure.

Efforts of Indian Government regarding Climate Resilient Agriculture

The Government of India has taken several important steps to promote climate-resilient agriculture, some of the
major ones are as follows:
• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA):- This mission focuses on reducing the effects of
climate change and making agricultural production sustainable. Under this, activities such as soil health
management, water management, crop management and climate change adaptation are promoted.
• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY):- Under this scheme, financial assistance is provided to farmers
for adopting climate-friendly agricultural techniques.
• National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC):- This fund finances climate-friendly
agricultural projects in areas vulnerable to climate change.
• National Project on Organic Farming and National Agroforestry Policy:- These programs were
launched to encourage farmers for greater income gains and ecosystem conservation. These policies aim
to provide nutrients to plants in the form of organic amendments, soil carbon stock improvement and
soil protection from erosion.
• Soil Health Card Scheme:- This scheme provides information to farmers about the health of their soil,
so that they can use fertilizers appropriately and maintain soil fertility.
• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY):- This scheme focuses on improving water
management and increasing irrigation efficiency, which can save water.
• Climate Resilient Agriculture Program:- Crop intensity has increased as compared to the previous
Climate Resilient Agriculture Program. Technical evaluation of climate resilient agricultural techniques
and future crop system or crop rotation design, ensuring farmers' participation in participatory training
and capacity building and demonstrating new technologies on farmers' fields is an important part of this
program.
Through these efforts, the Government of India is trying to promote climate-friendly agriculture and help
farmers cope with the effects of climate change.

Digital Agriculture Mission 2021-25

Digital Agriculture Mission is an initiative launched by the Government of India that aims to increase
farmers' income and improve agricultural productivity by using digital technologies in the agriculture sector.
Under this mission, the government provides various agriculture-related services online to farmers, such as
weather forecasting, seed quality, pesticide use and market information.
The Digital Agriculture Mission has been launched in a phased manner. Some of its important dates are as
follows:
• 2021-2025:- The government launched this initiative to promote projects based on new technologies such
as artificial intelligence, blockchain, remote sensing and GIS technology, use of drones and robots in the
agriculture sector from the year 2021 to 2025.
• 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 Union Budget:- The government announced the creation of digital public
infrastructure for agriculture in the Union Budget for the year 2023-24 and 2024-25.
• September 2, 2024:- On September 2, 2024, the Union Cabinet approved the Digital Agriculture Mission
with a budget of Rs 2,817 crore, which also includes the central government's share of Rs 1,940 crore.

Objectives of Digital Agriculture Mission

The main objectives of the Digital Agriculture Mission are as follows:
• Empowering farmers:- Empowering farmers by providing them agricultural information and services
through digital tools and platforms.
• Improving productivity:- To improve agricultural productivity through advanced agricultural
techniques, better management of water resources and increasing soil fertility.
• Transparency and efficiency:- To promote transparency and efficiency in the agriculture sector.
• Digital ecosystem:- To create a digital ecosystem for farmers that helps them make better decisions.
• Better market price:- To help farmers get better market price for their produce.
• Innovation and entrepreneurship:- To promote innovation and entrepreneurship in the agriculture
sector.
• Providing data:- To provide a comprehensive and useful data about farmers including certified
demographic details, land holdings and crops sown.

Benefits of Digital Agriculture Mission

There are many benefits of Digital Agriculture Mission, some of the major benefits are as follows:
• Increasing farmers' income:- With the use of digital technology, farmers can do better crop
management, which increases their yield and increases their income. By getting market information,
farmers can sell their produce at the right time at the right price.
• Improving agricultural productivity:- With information like weather forecast, soil information and pest
control, farmers can do better crop planning and increase productivity. With the use of advanced
technologies, water resources can be better managed, which saves water and increases crop yield.
• Empowering farmers:- Through digital technology, agricultural information and services are easily
available to farmers, so that they can make better decisions. By getting digital literacy training to farmers,
they are able to use digital tools.

Challenges before Digital Agriculture Mission

• Lack of digital literacy:- Many farmers in India are not digitally literate, making them unable to use
digital tools and platforms. Providing digital literacy training to farmers is a major challenge.
• Lack of internet connectivity:- There is a lack of internet connectivity in rural areas, making it difficult
for farmers to access digital services. It is necessary to improve internet connectivity in remote areas.
• Data security and privacy:- Ensuring the security and privacy of farmers' data is a key challenge. Strong
data security measures are needed to encourage farmers to share data.
• Lack of technical knowledge:- Many farmers do not have the technical knowledge required to use digital
tools and platforms. It is necessary to provide technical support and training to farmers.
Cost:
• The cost of digital tools and services may be too high for many small farmers.
• Providing affordable digital solutions to farmers is essential.
Lack of awareness:
• There is lack of awareness among farmers about the benefits of Digital Agriculture Mission.
• It is necessary to make farmers aware about Digital Agriculture Mission.

❑ ❑ ❑

Challenges, solutions and government

efforts related to urbanization in India and Bihar

Urbanization
City:- A city is a large and densely populated area where a variety of economic, social and cultural activities take
place. It can be defined as a place where:
• Dense population: Cities have many more people than rural areas.
• Economic activities: Cities are centres of trade, industry and services, where employment opportunities
are high.
• Infrastructure: Cities have good roads, transport, water, electricity and other amenities.
• Social and cultural centres: Cities are centres of education, arts, entertainment and other social
activities.
 Some of the major factors that differentiate cities from towns and villages are as follows:
• Population density: Cities have very high population density.
• Economic diversity: Cities have a variety of businesses and industries.
• Level of infrastructure: Cities have a high level of infrastructure.
• Cities play a vital role in the development of a country or region.
Urbanisation :- Urbanisation is a process in which people from rural areas settle in urban areas, leading to the
growth and expansion of cities. It is a social, economic and demographic change that is taking place across the
world.
 The main aspects of urbanisation are as follows:
• Population migration: migration of people from rural areas to urban areas.
• Growth of urban areas: expansion of cities and formation of new towns.
• Economic change: growth of industries, trade and services.
• Social change: changes in lifestyle, culture and social structure.

Causes of Urbanization
Urbanization is a complex process that has many causes. Here are some of the major causes:
 Economic Opportunities:
• Cities have greater employment opportunities, especially in industries, trade and service sectors.
• It attracts people from rural areas, where there is greater dependence on agriculture and limited
employment opportunities.
Better living standards:
• Education, health, and other facilities are better in cities.
• People are attracted to cities in search of better lifestyle and facilities.
Industrialisation:
• Industries develop more in cities, creating new employment opportunities.
• Industrial development promotes the expansion of urban areas.
Social attraction:
• Cities have greater opportunities for entertainment, culture and social life.

Status of urbanisation in India

Urbanization is increasing rapidly in India, and it is playing a vital role in the social and economic development
of the country.
Urban Population:
• According to the 2011 census, about 31.16% of India's population lives in urban areas.
• According to estimates, this figure is constantly rising, and is expected to increase even further in the
coming decades.
• The urban population in India is 461 million, experiencing an annual growth rate of 2.3 percent.
• Estimates suggest that by 2031, 75 percent of the country's national income will be generated from urban
areas.

Status of urbanization in Bihar

The state of urbanization in Bihar is slightly different from other states of India. Here are some key points about
the state of urbanization in Bihar:
Urban Population:
• According to the 2011 census, about 11.3% of Bihar's population lives in urban areas, which is much lower
than the national average.
• According to the Caste based survey 2023, the rate of urbanization in Bihar is 17.1 percent.
• Patna district is the most urbanized district, where 44.3 percent of the people are settled in urban areas.
• According to the Economic Survey Report of Bihar, the annual compound growth rate of urban
development projects from 2018-19 to 2022-23 has been 27 percent.
• It is estimated that the urban population of Bihar will triple in the coming 20 years.

Reasons for low urbanization in Bihar

There are many reasons why the rate of urbanization in Bihar is lower than the national average.
 Dependence on agriculture:
• Bihar is an agricultural state, where most of the population lives in rural areas and depends on
agriculture.
• Due to the availability of agricultural employment opportunities, people are less induced to migrate to
urban areas.
 Lack of industrial development:
• Industrial development in Bihar is relatively low, due to which there is a lack of employment
opportunities in urban areas.

Benefits of Urbanization
Urbanization has many benefits, which promote economic, social and cultural development. Here are some of the
major benefits:
 Economic Development:
• Urban areas are centres of economic activity, where industry, trade and services are concentrated.
• It creates new employment opportunities and promotes economic growth.
• Urbanisation increases productivity and encourages innovation.
 Better standard of living:
• Education, health and other facilities are better in urban areas.
• People are attracted to cities in search of better lifestyle and facilities.
• There are more cultural and recreational opportunities in urban areas.
 Social Development:
• Urban areas promote social and cultural diversity.
• People from different communities and cultures live together, increasing social harmony.
• There are greater opportunities for social and political participation in urban areas.
 Technology and Innovation:
• Urban areas are hubs of technology and innovation.
• New ideas and technologies develop and spread rapidly in cities.
• Urbanisation boosts the digital economy.
 Better Infrastructure:
• In urban areas, infrastructure such as roads, transport, electricity and water are better developed than in
rural areas.
• It facilitates economic activities and makes life easier for people.
 Education and health services:
• Urban areas have better schools, colleges, universities and hospitals.
• People get high quality education and health services, which improves their standard of living.
 Cultural and recreational opportunities:
• Urban areas contain museums, theatres, cinemas and other cultural centres.

The problems and Challenges associated with urbanisation

Urbanization brings many positive changes, but it also brings many challenges. Here are some of the major
problems faced by urbanization:
 Housing problem:
• Rapid growth of population in urban areas leads to acute housing shortage.
• Slums proliferate, where people have to live in unhealthy and unsafe conditions.
 Lack of basic amenities:
• Rapidly growing cities lack basic amenities such as water, electricity, sanitation and transportation.
• This affects the quality of life of people and increases health problems.
 Pollution:
• The increase in the number of vehicles and industries in urban areas leads to increase in air and water
pollution.
• It poses a serious threat to the health of people and damages the environment.
 Traffic congestion:
• Traffic congestion becomes a major problem due to increase in number of vehicles in urban areas.
• It wastes time and energy of people and slows down economic activities.
 Crime and social problems:
• Poverty, unemployment and inequality in urban areas lead to increased crime and social problems.
• It affects the safety of people and social harmony.
 Environmental damage:
• Urbanisation leads to destruction of forests and other natural resources.
• It loses biodiversity and contributes to climate change.
 Economic inequality:
• Economic inequality increases in urban areas, where a few people are very rich and most people are poor.
• This increases social tension and impedes economic growth.
• To address these problems, governments, communities and individuals need to work together.

Solution to the problem of urbanization

 Planned Urban Development:
• Making long-term plans for urban development and strictly implementing them.
• Controlling land use and preventing unplanned development.
• Promoting environmentally friendly urban development.
• Adopting the concept of smart city so that facilities can be developed in cities.
 Development of infrastructure:
• Investing in infrastructure such as housing, water, electricity, sanitation and transport.
• Preventing the growth of slums and improving existing slums.
• Promoting public transport and reducing the use of private vehicles.
• Developing environmentally friendly transport systems.
 Pollution control:
• Enforcing strict regulations to control industrial pollution.

Efforts of the Government of India and Bihar in the context of urbanization

There are many efforts being made by the Indian and Bihar governments to tackle the challenges of urbanisation
and make cities more sustainable and liveable. Here are some of the major efforts:
❖ Efforts of Indian Government:
 Smart Cities Mission:
• It aims to make cities more efficient, sustainable and citizen-friendly.
• It focuses on improving urban services using technology and data.
• AMRUT Mission (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation)
• It aims to improve infrastructure in cities, including water supply, sewerage and urban transport.
 Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban:
• It aims to make cities clean and healthy.
• It focuses on solid waste management and sanitation.
 National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM):
• It aims to provide skill training and employment opportunities to the urban poor.

❖ Efforts of Bihar Government:

• Urban Development Schemes:- The Bihar government is making various schemes for urban
development, which includes development of urban infrastructure and improvement of slums.
• Smart City Mission:- Many cities of Bihar are being developed under the Smart City Mission.
• Amrit Mission:- The Bihar government is working to improve water supply and sewerage in urban areas
under the Amrit Mission.
• Swachh Bihar Mission-Urban and Saat Nischay Yojana:- The Bihar government is making efforts to
make cities clean under the Swachh Bihar Mission.
• Bihar State Urban Development Agency (BUDA):- This agency is responsible for implementing urban
development schemes in the state.
• Schemes based on Caste based survey 2023:- Using the data of Caste Census 2023, the Bihar government
is trying to make urban development schemes more inclusive.
• Increase in Urban Development Projects:- The Bihar government is paying special attention to urban
development projects, which is leading to the development of urban areas.
• Through these efforts, the Governments of India and Bihar are working to address the challenges of
urbanization and make cities more sustainable, inclusive and liveable.

❑ ❑ ❑

Smart City Mission

Cities currently account for about 31% of India's population and contribute to 63% of India's GDP
(Census 2011). By 2030, urban areas are expected to house 40% of India's population and contribute to 75% of India's
GDP. This requires extensive development of physical, institutional, social and economic infrastructure. All of
these are important in improving the quality of life and attracting people and investment, setting off a virtuous
cycle of growth and progress. Smart city development is a step in this direction.
The Smart Cities Mission is an innovative and new initiative by the Government of India to improve
the quality of life and accelerate economic growth through enabling local development and better outcomes for
citizens with the help of technology.
What is this ?
It is a centrally sponsored scheme, launched in June 2015 to replace the essential infrastructure of 100 cities to
provide improved quality of life and clean and sustainable environment to the citizens through application of
"Smart Solutions".

Main objectives of Smart Cities Mission

Improvement in quality of life:
• To provide better living standards to the citizens.
• To develop infrastructure.
Sustainable and Inclusive Growth:
• Ensuring protection and sustainability of the
environment.
• Providing development opportunities for all sections
of the society.
Promoting economic development:
• Creating new employment opportunities.
• Attracting trade and investment.
Use of smart solutions:
• Making city functions efficient by using Information
and Communication Technology (ICT).
• Providing better services to citizens.
Clean and Sustainable Environment:
• Reducing pollution.
• Developing green spaces.
• Improving waste management.
Improvement in infrastructure:
• Improve basic amenities like water, electricity, and
sanitation.
• Facilitate transportation and movement.
Improvements to safety and security:
• Using technology to enhance public safety.
• Strengthening disaster management.
In short, the Smart Cities Mission aims to make Indian
cities more liveable, sustainable and economically vibrant.

Key components of the Smart Cities Mission

Smart Cities Mission is a comprehensive vision to make cities modern and liveable. It can be understood in two
main parts:
• Area-based development:- This focuses on improving selected areas of cities. Imagine, making an old
market pedestrian friendly, or creating a green park on a barren land. There are three ways to do this:
→ Improvement (retrofitting): Improving existing areas, such as widening old roads or moving power lines
underground.
→ Renovation (redevelopment): Giving a completely new look to old and dilapidated areas, such as
demolishing old buildings and constructing new and modern buildings.
→ Expansion (greenfield development): Developing new areas, such as building new residential areas or
industrial parks.
• Pan-city solutions:- This focuses on solving issues that affect the entire city. It involves the use of
technology, such as installing smart signals to control traffic or sensors to manage waste.
In this way, the Smart Cities Mission seeks to make cities more convenient, safe and environmentally friendly.

How many smart cities in each state/UT?

• The total number of 100 Smart Cities has been distributed among the States and Union Territories on the
basis of a uniform criteria. The formula gives equal weightage (50:50) to the urban population of the State/UT
and the number of statutory cities in the State/UT. Based on this formula, there will be a fixed number of
potential Smart Cities, with each State/UT having at least one. The number of potential Smart Cities from
each State/UT will be capped at the indicated number. This distribution formula has also been used for
allocation of funds under Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation- AMRUT.
• The distribution of Smart Cities will be reviewed after two years of implementation of the Mission.
Reallocation of some of the remaining potential Smart Cities among States may be done by the Ministry of
Urban Development based on the assessment of the performance of the States/Urban Local Bodies in the
challenge.

Current Status of Smart Cities Mission

Progress:
• Many projects have been completed under the Smart City Mission.
• Smart solutions have been implemented in many cities, such as smart traffic management, waste
management and energy management.
• Infrastructure has improved and citizens are getting better services.

Smart city projects are underway in Patna, Muzaffarpur, Bhagalpur, and Bihar Sharif in Bihar. Work on smart city
projects is progressing rapidly in these cities.
Highlights of Smart City projects in these cities:
• 80 percent of the work on Smart City projects has been completed in these cities.
• The remaining projects will be completed by March 2025.
• Many projects are being run in these cities to improve urban infrastructure.
• These cities include projects like road over bridges, multi-level car parking, sewage treatment plants, and
riverfront development.
Budget for Smart City Projects-
• A grant of Rs 49 crore has been given to make Bhagalpur a smart city.
• A grant of Rs 22.50 crore has been given to make Patna a smart city.
• A grant of Rs 21.73 crore has been given to make Muzaffarpur a smart city.
Note:- Patna Smart City Limited (PSCL) is a Special Purpose Vehicle incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013.

Convergence with other government schemes

Comprehensive development takes place by integrating physical, institutional, social and economic infrastructure
in areas. Several sectoral schemes of the government converge on this goal though their paths are different. There
is a strong complementarity between AMRUT and Smart Cities Mission in achieving urban transformation.
AMRUT follows a project based approach while Smart Cities Mission is an area based strategy.
Similarly, considerable gains can be gained by seeking convergence of central and state government
programmes/schemes with Smart Cities Mission. At the planning stage itself, cities should seek convergence of
AMRUT in SCP with Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), National Heritage City Development and Augmentation
Scheme (HRIDAY)- external website that opens in a new window, Digital India, skill development, Housing for All,
construction of museums funded by the Department of Culture and other programmes related to social
infrastructure such as health, education and culture.

Challenge or Competition Method for Urban Development

• This is the first time that a ‘Challenge’ or competition method has been used to select cities for funding of
a MoUD programme and a strategy of sector-wise development has been adopted. This reflects the spirit
of ‘competitive and cooperative federalism’.
• States and urban local bodies will have to play a key supporting role in the development of smart cities.
Smart leadership and vision at this stage and the ability to take decisive action will be a critical factor in
determining the success of the mission.

Schemes/Programmes Related to Urban Development

• Smart Cities Mission: It aims to promote cities that provide key infrastructure and a quality of life to its
citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and an opportunity to experiment with ‘smart’ solutions.
• AMRUT Mission: It aims to ensure that every household has tap water supply and sewerage connection.
• Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban: It aims to make urban India open defecation free and ensure 100% scientific
management of municipal solid waste in 4041 statutory towns in the country.
• HRIDAY Scheme: The National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Scheme (HRIDAY) aims to
integrate urban planning, economic development and heritage conservation in an inclusive manner and with
the aim to preserve the heritage of the city.
• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban: The scheme aims to provide pucca houses to the eligible urban poor
(including slum dwellers).

❑ ❑ ❑

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70th MAINS NOTES Week-3 (Science and Tech) (English)

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70 BPSC Mains Notes

II. Water Pollution

❖ Oil Spill and its Effect

III. Radioactive Pollution

IV. Noise Pollution

V. Soil Pollution and Land Degradation

VI. Acid Rain

Indian Laws To Control Pollution

Environment (Protection) Act of 1986

Pollution Control Measures

AQI Category PM10 PM2.5 NO2 O3 CO SO2 NH3 Pb

*One hourly monitoring (for mathematical calculations only)

Good (0–50) Minimal Impact

Role of Science & Technology in controlling

GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Effect of Global Warming on National Level:

Effect of Global Warming on Global Level:

Step taken by National Government for countering pollution:

Step taken at International Level to counter Global Warming

U N Framework Convention on Climate Change

Climate change and its effects

Effects of climate change

Positive effects of climate change

International Solar Alliance

❖ Objectives of International Solar Alliance

❖ Member of International Solar Alliance

❖ Achievements of International Solar Organization

❖ Challenges before the International Solar Alliance

Climate-friendly agricultural techniques

Benefits of climate-friendly agriculture

Challenges facing climate-resilient agriculture

Efforts of Indian Government regarding Climate Resilient Agriculture

Digital Agriculture Mission 2021-25

Objectives of Digital Agriculture Mission

Benefits of Digital Agriculture Mission

Challenges before Digital Agriculture Mission

Challenges, solutions and government

Status of urbanisation in India

Status of urbanization in Bihar

Reasons for low urbanization in Bihar

The problems and Challenges associated with urbanisation

Solution to the problem of urbanization

Efforts of the Government of India and Bihar in the context of urbanization

❖ Efforts of Bihar Government:

Smart City Mission

Main objectives of Smart Cities Mission

Key components of the Smart Cities Mission

How many smart cities in each state/UT?

Current Status of Smart Cities Mission

Convergence with other government schemes

Challenge or Competition Method for Urban Development

Schemes/Programmes Related to Urban Development

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