Sipeative Sestem © hvalom ical portions 09? Fract@ Accessoy dgestive an Paysage yest a abrRole of Intestinal Juice and Ft Q- io) Brush-Border Enzymes About 1-2 liters (1-2 qb) of intestinal juice, a clear yellow fluid, is secreted each day. Inte: al juice cont: J Witer and mucus and is slightly alkaline (pH_7.6). The alkaline pH of intestinal juice is due to its high concentration of bicarbonate ions (HCO, ). ‘Together, pancreatic and intestinal juices proyide a liquid medium that aids the absorption Of substances from chyme in the small intestine. The absorptive cells of the smail_intestine Synthes' several digestive enzymes, called brush-border enzymes, and insert them in hepa ma membrane of the microvilli. Thus, some enzymatic digestion occurs at the surfacé of the absorptive cells that line the villi, rather thanin the lumen exclusively. ay occurs in other parts of theGI tract. Among the brush-boider enzymes are four carbohydrate-digesting enzymes called @-dextrinase. maltase, Sucrasé, and lactase; protein“digesting enzymes called peptidases (aminopeptidase and dipeptidase); and two types of nucleotide-digesting enzymes, nuclegsidases and phosphatases. Also, as absorptive cells slough off into the lumen of the Small intestine, they break apart and release enzymes that help digest nutrients in the chyme.Descending colt Signor colenMouth — saliva Stornach — Gastric {vice Sinall Drtestiog - Lotestinal jus Fancetar - Tancreadic (rice Cen - btleDigestion in the Small Bntestine (a Mechanicar digestion > There are two typet of movements of the small intestine -c1) Segmentations Gi Peristalsis ¢ Migrabing matility coepled > Forriad eoerient | fed Noles Chyme renatns in small rateshue 3-5 hours.@ Chemical Sigestions chyme entering the S$maer trtestine eontatns partielle diyerted carbohyarakes, proteins end lipide, The completion the i ertion 4 carbohydrates, prdtecns and lipids is @ collective ¢f forts of paneveehic saree, bile ard intestinad juice im the cergti inteshve. Bile sodtr ~ = ws @ Sigestion of Corterydtrates — Pip Anatextrinese Q : > Dextrins ——————> One urat t geste of atime,it Sucrose Sucrase = suet feacfaah™ e (Cane sagan tee dectese testeve , gtacace _ getastore Milk sygen (res: mattose SE pacre + yea Cid © dijeston @ proten > r Dipeptidoses Proteins ———> Pepkiter ———> Arivo ent© digection 4 Gpias Pancreatic Cipere Trigtycerites ————>_ fatty frais + Manogty cerietes @ digestion af Nocteic Acias ana Set nucleotides va Deonyridonueleate DNA ri in 5 Nueleetider iat Nuctecpees —WUCSOSS eres, pentaves, Phocphate, Nitropmau Bere PhemphekasesAbsorption in the Small Pntertine Chem ical and mechawtal ai yestion 4 fot fram enauts inpetine Changing Ford into forms thet can pass throug + the aasoephe | pithelral certs finiwy the mucese had inte ondter(p ing bleed ang Iyrephabe vessels, Met Result of ehipes¥on- — Carbohydveter - Glucose, Fructare Prateing = Fwnino Acid, ipeprde For Fatty Acid, grcerdl%« Absorption — Passage of digested nutrients fram Ine GA8trO- inbestinat tract into the dlevg aR tymgh called atsephiin, Arbsueptian of nitriemh occurs vie aifpusion, Facilitated Aipfusion, asmosis and active transpurt. 7 GOK OF Ak absumption of nutienh occurs in smads_iatertne, low og in Stomach and large jnbestine.Absarption of menoseccharides ~ > Alt carbohydrates are , ascorged as menoaeccharider . % The capacity of the smof) inbestine te absore monesecchende ty huge an estimated 120 gms per Aour, > Posacchemder combate, an inaugestive plant Ride brat & coon ord, teperred fo ar “eaughege™ 9 AS @ result om Ligtary carbohydrate: Grek are gested noerselly are assurbed, leaving only incuiger rile _celtulase and ged tn te és.ERROR the ee te Healh oe fay act Junction of ot -» TOLACTEAL , Tmormcic _, inninal guarAbsorption of Amino Aeiatt, dipeptcler and stripeptider Mat proteins ere abcerbed as amino acids vie actve transport processes hat occur mainly in the ducelenum enc yeienum: Hormaty [45-987] Of We protecn present in the smau intatne is igested and abcert ect, Absorphion t Cipiede and Bile sadks - atl Aietare Cipioty ere adcarbed_vie Sitmple oi Feusion.OSmall sheet charm Fatty Aecals ——y Simple diffusion —> Epitheciag cot 2 dipprsion — Blood capillery 4 villus > Hepabie putty) vein — Liver, mierovillt @® Come et chain ain (Or chen Febty Aves monogtycerales < Simele @ villus To Lacteal of —___> DiPPUsiOn i Thoracio duet J Baswlaterot Bleed gutfane t Mieslle gue so Chylomicran eeApter parkeipation in the emulsifreah'm and ascampien Of Lipiolt, most of the bie vath are reabsurbed by achive (Cholic aciels ara Chenedeoxycretic eeic) tranipurt in the fined segment af the sryat! iatestine ¢ ileum) and returned % the bleed to the fiver throug the hepatic Per tag systen por recycling» Thin cycle of bile Sart secretion 4 hepetocyter into bike, reabsurphion by the rleum and resecrehiy into 6ile_is eatled the entero-hepabic circulate Lnsuphcieat af Bile SoLeS, can restt in loss 4 ent Hor of chet Cipids in feces Gane to Arminithed cipiq abeerivonAbsorption of Electrolytes Many of the electrolytes absorbed by the small intestine come from gastrointestinal secretions, and some are part of ingested foods and liquids. Recall that electrolytes arg Compounds that separate into ions in water_and conduct electricity. Sodium ions are actively transported ouLof absorptive cells by basolat- eral sodium—potassium pumps (Na'—K" ATPases) after they have moved into absorptiv via diffusion and secondary active transport. Thus. most of the sodium isn Na") in gas- trointestinal setretions are reclaimed_and not lost in_the 4) SEguennenter Snacgenh SAMAMERERT SARE MNEs ee eet ions can passively follaw Ng” oF be actively wensported. Gal- cium ions also are absoxbed actively in_a process stimulated by calcitriol. Other electrolyges such as iron, potassium, magpe- sium? and phosphate i oO are Absor (bed vi mechanisr Absorption of Vitami: As you Have just learned, the fat-ggluble vitamins A, D, B, and K are included with ingested dietary lipTds in "micelles and are ab- sorbed via simple diffusion. Most water-soluble vitamins, such as most B vitamins and vitamin C, also are absorbed via simple dif- fusiqn. Vitamin B,>. however, combines with n: factor pro- duced _by the Stomach, and the combination is absorbed The eum Via an active transport mechanism.Daily volumes of fluid ingested, secreted, absorbed, and excreted from the GI tr: All water absorption in the GI tract occurs via osmosis. AND 'SEGRETED, Hater excreten i fecey Sfonl) = oomMechanicad digestion in the lage Datestine Passage a chyme fram the Dieurs + cecum ¢ Regulaed bg the action of He Dieacecod | Sphincter) Gastroileat Refler Mass Peristassis 2 F One moverrent cheracteriste Of the laype intestine is Haustras ghuening .Chemical Diges n in the Large Intestine The final stage of digestion occurs in the colgn through the activ- ity of bacteria that inhabit the iumen™Mucus is secreted by the glands Gf The large intestine, but ng enzymes are secreted. Chyme is prepared for elimination by the action of bacteria, which fer- ment any remaining carbohydrates and release hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane gases. These gases contribute to f (gas) in the colon, termed flatulence when it ria also convert any remaining proteins to amino acid: and break down the amino acids into simpler substances: indole, skatole, hydrogen sulfide? and fatty acids. Some of the indgle and skatole is eliminated in the feces and contributes to their@dop; the rest is absorbed and transported to the liver, where these Compounds are converted to less toxic Compounds and_excréted in the urine. Bacteri © decompose bilirubin tq_simpler_ pigments, includ- ing |stergobilin) which gives feces their brown olor. Bacterial pro that are absorbed in the colon include several vitamins needed for normal metabolism, among theny7some B vitamins and vitamin K. (oy —