TheImpactofEmergingBlockchainTrendsonSupplyChainManagement
TheImpactofEmergingBlockchainTrendsonSupplyChainManagement
https://doi.org/10.1007/s43069-025-00418-z
REVIEW
Abstract
Blockchain technology has rapidly emerged as a focal point of academic research
over the past 5 years, with a surge in publications exploring its nascent yet vast
potential. This systematic literature review thoroughly investigates the practical
applications of blockchain technology across diverse areas of supply chain manage-
ment, emphasizing the inherent uncertainties associated with its deployment and
operational integration. The review examines the current state of blockchain tech-
nology’s real-world implementations in various supply chain elds, while identi-
fying prevailing trends and the challenges associated with its adoption. Using the
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses framework
and Kitchenham guidelines for comprehensive data collection, the analysis employs
advanced bibliometric tools like CiteSpace and the Bibliometrix package in RStu-
dio to meticulously analyze a dataset of 137 peer-reviewed articles from the Scopus
database. The outcomes oer a robust understanding of the present and prospective
future applications of blockchain technology in supply chain management. The nd-
ings reveal an increasing trend toward adopting blockchain for enhancing traceabil-
ity, transparency, and security—recognized as its most coveted benets. However,
several challenges must be addressed before widespread adoption, such as lack of
standardization, scalability, and regulatory issues. A multi-stage decision framework
is proposed to help practitioners address key hurdles related to data accuracy, con-
dentiality, and interoperability. The conclusions drawn from this study can guide
businesses and researchers in understanding the practical applications of block-
chain in supply chain management and in preparing for the potential barriers to its
implementation.
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1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
Blockchain technology has existed for over a decade and a half; however, its wide-
spread adoption remains limited. This suggests the presence of barriers to adoption
that hinder the integration of blockchain into various industries. These barriers have
been examined by several studies throughout the years [7–10]. These barriers can
encompass technical, legal, social, and economic factors, but technological barriers
are the most critical [11]. Ensuring data reliability and security of blockchain sys-
tems and addressing security vulnerabilities in communication protocols should also
be investigated [12]. These barriers make it challenging for organizations to embrace
and integrate blockchain technology into their operations. A thorough understanding
of the interrelationships between the barriers to adopting blockchain technology can
facilitate the development of more eective strategies to overcome them [13].
Implementing blockchain technology in various supply chains can increase trace-
ability by creating a secure and transparent decentralized database. Reference [14]
illustrates how it can be done through a comprehensive review of the application
of blockchain technology in food traceability systems, which identies blockchain-
based solutions for addressing traceability concerns. Similarly, [15] classies the
available literature based on the various domains of blockchain-enabled SC trace-
ability systems. However, implementing blockchain technology within supply chain
management can also prove challenging, and assessing the likelihood of adoption
within a particular industry can be very useful. Reference [16] developed a predic-
tion model to help inform decision-making processes regarding blockchain adop-
tion in supply chain organizations. The decision to integrate the technology into the
supply chain can vary, with considerations such as cost-eectiveness and demand
volatility playing a signicant role in determining whether all parties or just one
party should undertake the integration [17]. It is imperative to assess these factors to
arrive at a strategic and optimal integration approach.
Nevertheless, multiple practitioners and academics are actively trying to achieve
real-world blockchain adoption in dierent industries [18–21]. Reference [22] ana-
lyzed real-world blockchain implementation in the Thai sh industry. They found
that blockchain promoted stakeholder collaboration, resulting in more resources
directed toward priority areas and eliminating environmentally harmful, illegal, or
unethical products from the food market, all while increasing consumers’ trust. Ref-
erence [23] combines Internet-of-Things and blockchain to build a prototype on the
Solana ecosystem to digitize information in a generic supply chain so that it can be
easily adapted to various specic supply chains. Another Ethereum-based prototype
aimed at improving the traceability and eciency of end-of-life vehicle processing
24 Page 4 of 35 Operations Research Forum (2025) 6:24
in the automotive industry was proposed by [24], built on circular economy princi-
ples, blockchain technology, and smart contracts. Eliminating third parties from the
agri-food supply chain is another area tackled by [25], designing and developing
a prototype using Hyperledger Fabric to provide transparency, traceability, quality,
and integrity throughout the entire supply chain process. The e-commerce indus-
try represents another domain where blockchain and smart contracts can drive sig-
nicant improvements. Reference [26] introduced a novel approach by presenting a
decentralized crowdsourced delivery application on the Ethereum blockchain. Their
solution leverages smart contracts for optimizing delivery processes, enhancing
transparency and trust, and managing veriable proofs of delivery and return, oer-
ing a transformative perspective on e-commerce logistics.
Additionally, blockchain technology has emerged as a particularly potent tool for
addressing the challenges faced by small and medium-sized enterprises [27], espe-
cially in emerging countries [28]. Blockchain technology has been shown to sig-
nicantly enhance supply chain eciency in small and medium-sized enterprises,
leading to improved product delivery, increased transparency, and customer satisfac-
tion, while also reducing operational costs [29]. This technology equips SMEs with
greater adaptability and resilience, particularly important in evolving market dynam-
ics and regulatory environments.
Thus, it becomes clear that while blockchain presents a promising avenue for
operational improvement in SMEs, its integration demands a nuanced understand-
ing of its current state of adoption and the trends that facilitate this integration. This
research aims to provide this understanding by analyzing the patterns, challenges,
and opportunities of blockchain technology in supply chain management. By ana-
lyzing a diverse range of peer-reviewed articles and employing bibliometric analy-
sis, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of blockchain adoption,
elucidating the specic demands and contexts that shape its eective integration.
There is also a need for further development and testing of real-life solutions,
taking into account feasibility and cost considerations. This study also conducts
a thorough research of the most relevant solutions, identies valuable trends, and
evaluates each solution’s technical feasibility and potential impact. These solutions
were identied through pilot projects, proofs-of-concept (PoC), experiments, and
real-world testing, which will provide valuable insights and help identify any chal-
lenges or limitations that may arise. By considering these factors, practitioners and
development teams can make informed decisions and develop practical, cost-eec-
tive solutions that can make a real impact.
3 Methodology
The following methodology ensured a rigorous and systematic approach to the lit-
erature review process. It allowed for a comprehensive and insightful analysis of the
current state of blockchain implementation in supply chains. Kitchenham’s method
guided the review process (Fig. 1). It involved several stages, including planning
the review, drafting the research questions, conducting a comprehensive search for
Operations Research Forum (2025) 6:24 Page 5 of 35 24
relevant literature, extracting data from the studies, analyzing and synthesizing the
results, and presenting the ndings.
While the PRISMA workow was used to collect the dataset and sort through the
literature (Fig. 2), the combination between Kitchenham and PRISMA involved the
following steps: identifying the research plan and research question, identifying rel-
evant studies, screening the studies based on predened criteria, assessing the qual-
ity of the studies, and extracting data from the studies to be discussed and reviewed.
The research questions were formulated using the PICOC (population, intervention,
comparison, outcome, and context) criteria presented in Table 1.
Four research questions were formulated from the two objectives of the study,
which were (1) to summarize blockchain research and development trends in supply
chains and (2) to dene the current impact of blockchain technology research in sup-
ply chains and identify unexplored avenues (Table 2).
The research plan for the systematic literature review involves several key steps,
extracting the literature, identifying relevant studies, and creating a dataset. The
dataset is then evaluated using key metrics such as the most cited references, highest
publishing countries and journals, keywords, and other bibliometric indicators. Next
is identifying clusters of related studies within the dataset. These clusters will then
be reviewed to determine the overall state of the eld research and identify gaps and
areas for future research.
The PRISMA guidelines were used to extract the literature and conduct an ini-
tial screening of abstracts, followed by a full-text assessment for eligibility (Fig. 2).
A scientometric approach was used to review the resulting dataset. This process
involved using CiteSpace and Bibliometrix to analyze the literature and identify key
trends and themes in the research. The data were reviewed and analyzed to answer
the research questions, which involved summarizing the studies’ key ndings and
identifying the most common themes and trends in the research. The results were
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Population Projects, companies, or academics interested in the eld of blockchain in supply chains
Intervention Overcoming the problems that arise in traditional centralized technologies
Comparison Technologies and platforms used to implement blockchain
Outcome Knowledge map, development trend, and inuencing factors for blockchain technology
Context Context of study is obtained from academia
Research and implementation trends RQ1: How does integrating blockchain technology (BCT) aug-
ment the functionality and ecacy of supply chain management?
RQ2: What are the current cutting-edge research and development
trends and key concepts surrounding the application of BCT
within supply chain management?
Impact of BCT and study gaps RQ3: What are the most inuential and transformative publica-
tions implementing BCT within supply chain management?
RQ4: What are the areas of ongoing interest and potential unex-
plored avenues in the literature surrounding the implementation
of BCT within supply chain management?
The publication dataset was collected from the Scopus database. The search process
employed predened keywords, resulting in 709 publications (Fig. 2). These initial
search results were then ltered according to specic inclusion criteria. Specically,
only peer-reviewed journal articles in English were retained for further analysis.
This process resulted in a dataset of 328 publications, which formed the basis for
our systematic literature review. By limiting the dataset to peer-reviewed journal
articles only, we can ensure that the sources used in the analysis are of high qual-
ity and have undergone rigorous evaluation. This approach also eliminates poten-
tial bias that may be introduced by including non-peer-reviewed sources and ensures
that the data is not diluted by including sources irrelevant to the research question or
eld of study. This choice of including only journal articles in the dataset is in line
with the best practices for conducting a systematic literature review and ensures that
the ndings of this review are reliable and robust.
A two-stage screening process was employed to ensure that the nal data-
set was composed of high-quality, relevant literature. Table 3 shows that the
rst stage consisted of an initial screening of the abstracts of the 328 articles,
which was carried out to lter out 55 articles irrelevant to the research ques-
tions proposed. The second stage involved a content assessment of the remaining
273 articles, in which the full text of each article was reviewed to ensure that it
met the inclusion criteria for the eligibility phase and adequately addressed the
research questions.
After the two-stage screening process, 137 articles were included in the nal
dataset (Fig. 2). These articles were then analyzed in depth to comprehensively
and rigorously examine the current state of BCT implementation in supply chain
management. This methodology ensured that the nal dataset was composed of
high-quality, relevant literature, enabling a thorough analysis of the eld’s cur-
rent state of research. The results of this literature review provide insight into the
evolving nature of academic discourse surrounding blockchain and supply chain
management and highlight the need for continued research in this area.
Our bibliometric study has revealed that 2020 marked the onset of exponential
growth in the volume of journal articles about blockchain and supply chain man-
agement (Fig. 3). This trend is evident through a signicant increase in publica-
tions from 2019 to 2020, with a marked decrease in the growth rate from 2020 to
2021 and 2022. These ndings suggest that 2020 was a pivotal point in the pro-
liferation of research in this eld, driven by increasing interest and investment in
the potential applications of blockchain technology in supply chain management.
These results provide insight into the evolving nature of academic discourse sur-
rounding blockchain and supply chain management and highlight the need for
continued research in this area.
4.1 Countries
According to the ndings of our bibliometric study, China is the leading country
in terms of the number of articles published in the eld of blockchain and supply
chain management (Table 4), with almost double the number of publications as
the USA, which comes in second place. Italy is third, followed by India, the UK,
and Australia. These ndings align with data about countries and territories by
the number of scientic publications in English, which also highlight China and
the USA as leaders in scientic publications. Figure 4 illustrates the production
of blockchain-related articles over time by the top ve contributing countries.
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4.2 Journals
Table 5 lists the top 10 publishing journals and provides a comprehensive overview
of the most active journals in blockchain and supply chain management. “IEEE
Access” and “Sustainability” are the top journals that have published the most
papers, with eleven and ten papers representing a signicant proportion of the total
number of publications. “Computers and Industrial Engineering” and “Interna-
tional Journal of Production Research” have also been active in the eld, publishing
ve papers each. “Applied Sciences” also contributed to the eld by publishing four
papers. These ve journals constitute 41% of the publishing journals and are among
the most inuential journals in the eld.
According to the bibliometric study, the majority (~ 72%) of articles in the top
5 journals were published in 2021 and 2022. This trend aligns with previous nd-
ings, with much of the new research and development conducted in the last 2 years.
An exception to this trend is the “International Journal of Production Research,” in
which 4 out of 5 articles were published in 2020, indicating that this journal had a
strong presence in the eld in 2020 compared to the other journals.
Table 6 presents a list of articles that are cited more than ve times by articles within
our dataset. The table includes ve articles, representing a small but signicant sub-
set of the publications in the eld, as they have been deemed to have contributed
signicantly to the research and knowledge in the eld.
[30] Toyoda et al., 2017 A Novel Blockchain-Based Product Ownership Management System (POMS) for 10
Anti-Counterfeits in the Post Supply Chain
[31] Christidis & Devetsikiotis, 2016 Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things 8
[32] Lin et al., 2019 Food Safety Traceability System Based on Blockchain and EPCIS 7
[33] Salah et al., 2019 Blockchain-Based Soybean Traceability in Agricultural Supply Chain 7
[34] Perboli et al., 2018 Blockchain in Logistics and Supply Chain: A Lean Approach for Designing Real- 6
World Use Cases
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The most cited reference [30] is also the most cited document in our dataset.
The author proposes a product ownership management system (POMS), which is
intended to provide a way for consumers to verify the authenticity of products and
for manufacturers to track the distribution of their products, all while eliminating
counterfeit risks, using smart contracts. The innovative approach was published
around the time when smart contracts and blockchain technology rst started to gain
mainstream attention. Additionally, the authors were among the rst to propose a
blockchain-based solution to counterfeiting, making the paper stand out and more
likely to be cited. Similarly, the second most cited reference paper [31], in which the
authors propose a blockchain-based platform for managing the interactions between
Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices to automate time-consuming tasks, was met with
the same level of interest as it ties deeply with supply chain, even though only briey
mentioned in the article. The authors’ proposal of combining blockchain technol-
ogy and IoT for supply chain management was highlighted by many in our dataset
[35–37] due to its potential to improve visibility and increase traceability in various
industries. Reference [32] is the third most cited reference. The proposed system
aims to address the issues of food safety and traceability issues by using blockchain
technology to create tamper-proof records of food products throughout the supply
chain.
A keyword analysis was conducted using the Bibliometrix package in RStudio. The
keyword analysis provided data on the frequency of specic keywords in the litera-
ture and revealed trends and patterns in their usage. The results provided insight into
the trends and patterns in using these keywords. As illustrated in Fig. 5, the keyword
co-occurrence network visually represents the relationships between the keywords.
It gives a quick overview of the most frequently discussed concepts in the literature
about blockchain adoption in supply chains.
Table 7 shows that smart contracts are a key factor in implementing blockchain
technology in supply chains. Additionally, the ranking of “Traceability” as the sec-
ond highest keyword suggests that academics view this as an essential aspect of
blockchain adoption in supply chains. The “Internet of Things” ranking as the third
highest keyword suggests that academics believe combining blockchain technology
with the Internet of Things could play a signicant role in achieving traceability
in supply chains. The appearance of “Industry 4.0” in the keyword analysis results
indicates a growing interest among academics in using cutting-edge technologies,
such as IoT and blockchain, to optimize supply chains. Furthermore, “Ethereum”
appears to be slightly more popular than “Hyperledger Fabric” among academ-
ics when implementing blockchain in supply chains. The reason for this popular-
ity could be related to the benets that Ethereum oers. Additionally, keywords
related to sustainability and transparency suggest that these are integral aspects of
blockchain adoption in supply chains. These keywords highlight the current focus of
research and industry interest in blockchain and supply chains.
A document co-citation analysis was conducted using CiteSpace on the 137 journal
articles to identify their co-citation relationships, that is, which articles were fre-
quently cited together. These relationships were then used to cluster the articles into
dierent themes. The clustering process in CiteSpace is based on social network
analysis, where each article is considered a node, and the co-citation relationships
between articles are represented as edges. The resulting network (Fig. 6) is then
analyzed to identify clusters of highly interconnected articles with a similar citation
pattern.
By reviewing the articles with the highest coverage score, we identied the dif-
ferent solutions proposed for blockchain implementation in supply chains and clas-
sied them according to the dierent themes. This allowed us to comprehensively
understand the state-of-the-art in this eld and review the literature from dierent
perspectives.
To identify meaningful structures in networks and gain insights into the underlying
relationships between nodes in the network, clustering was performed using a mod-
ularity optimization method, which measures the quality of the clusters based on
the density of connections within clusters relative to connections between clusters.
The modularity score was optimized by repeatedly tweaking the g-index value (fac-
tor k), running the algorithm multiple times with dierent values of k, and selecting
the value of k that resulted in the highest modularity score. By optimizing the value
of k, the best possible result in terms of the modularity score and the quality of the
clustering was achieved. This process helped us to gain a deeper understanding of
the underlying structure of the network and the relationships between nodes and to
identify meaningful clusters of co-cited references in the eld of blockchain integra-
tion in supply chains. The document co-citation analysis returned nine clusters. The
average modularity score was 0.8254, indicating a high quality of clustering and a
robust partitioning of the references into coherent clusters. Additionally, the aver-
age silhouette score was 0.88, indicating a high degree of similarity within clusters
and dierentiation between clusters, further supporting the validity of the clustering
results.
Table 8 shows the signicant clusters with the highest coverage score. The cover-
age score in CiteSpace represents the number of times an article has been cited by
other articles in the same cluster. Articles with high coverage scores are considered
to have a signicant inuence on the cluster and, hence, on the theme they belong
to.
Operations Research Forum (2025) 6:24 Page 15 of 35 24
Burst detection analysis was conducted using CiteSpace to identify the most
inuential publications in the eld (Table 10). This method allowed for the iden-
tication of publications that have drawn a signicant amount of attention from
researchers, indicating their impact and potential importance in the eld.
24
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Cluster #0 [38] Health-care Logistics operations Theoretical model/framework Ethereum Increased security
[39] Agri-food Supply chain governance Real-case deployment Ethereum Reduced costs
[40] Fresh-cut owers Supply chain optimization Theoretical model/framework Not specied Increased prot margin
[41] Automobile Supply chain cost and energy wast- Test deployment Not specied Reduced costs and waste
age
[36] Drug supply chain Supply chain traceability Test deployment Hyperledger Increased traceability and visibility
[42] Waste treatment Reverse supply chain Theoretical model/framework Not specied Increased traceability and visibility
[43] General purpose Supply chain security Prototype Hyperledger Increased security without compro-
mise
Cluster #1 [44] General purpose Supply chain visibility Pilot implementation Ethereum Improved logistics operations
Operations Research Forum
(2025) 6:24
Operations Research Forum
[61] Caro et al., 2018 Blockchain-based traceability in Agri-Food supply chain management: A practical 2018 1.46 1 year (2020)
implementation
[62] Helo & Hao, 2019 Blockchains in operations and supply chains: A model and reference implementation 2019 1.41 From 2021
[63] Aung & Chang, 2014 Traceability in a food supply chain: Safety and quality perspectives 2014 1.33 1 year (2020)
[64] Wood, n.d ETHEREUM: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger EIP-150 2014 1.31 From 2021
[65] Kshetri, 2018 Blockchain’s roles in meeting key supply chain management objectives 2018 1.31 From 2021
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5 Discussion
Over the past several years, research on blockchain technology in supply chain
management (SCM) has demonstrated considerable evolution, shifting from ini-
tial proofs-of-concept to more mature applications. The results of this systematic
literature review have demonstrated that the implementation of blockchain tech-
nology has been attempted in a wide range of industries, including agriculture,
automotive, and more. A signicant factor in the success of these implementa-
tions is the utilization of smart contracts. The research has predominantly concen-
trated on the implementation of blockchain technology in the context of supply
chain management, with a particular emphasis on examining how this technology
augments its operational eectiveness and eciency. Chronologically, one can
observe an increasing focus on traceability, eciency, and stakeholder trust.
From 2022 onward, studies have adopted a more critical perspective, emphasiz-
ing how blockchain can strengthen trust in established relationships and gener-
ate measurable value for supply chain partners [70]. Some have introduced “green
blockchain” solutions, optimized to reduce energy consumption or transaction fees,
thereby reconciling sustainability targets with decentralized data sharing [71]. In
parallel, real-life case studies—in industries such as coee, wine, and dairy—high-
light how rigorous blockchain-based traceability fosters consumer trust and product
dierentiation in competitive markets. Yet, many of these pilots underscore the chal-
lenge of scaling from a localized setting to more complex, global networks that typi-
cally feature a wide array of enterprise resource planning tools and legacy systems.
• Identifying the most relevant applications for their particular supply chain sce-
nario
• Quantifying and prioritizing constraints across people, processes, and technol-
ogy layers
• Minimizing costly trial-and-error by laying out key steps, from initial problem
scoping to post-deployment monitoring
• Facilitating collaboration among stakeholders, such as suppliers, regulators,
third-party logistics providers, and customers
A decision framework thus makes blockchain adoption more deliberate and con-
text-sensitive, ensuring that companies maximize the benets of immutability, trans-
parency, and security, while simultaneously respecting data ownership rights and
avoiding interoperability pitfalls.
This stage establishes the foundational objectives of the blockchain initiative and
claries the key constraints, such as data requirements, stakeholder roles, and com-
pliance mandates. The goal is to formulate a clear problem statement that aligns
with the supply chain’s unique challenges and regulatory context.
(a) Regulatory requirements: Data privacy mandates (e.g., personal health data
in pharmaceutical supply chains) and import/export regulations
(b) Infrastructure readiness: Digital literacy and connectivity among supply
chain partners, availability of IoT devices
(c) Throughput needs: Anticipated transaction volumes (e.g., mass consumer
goods vs. specialized high-value products)
Deliverable: A concise problem statement and constraint list that delineates the
scope for blockchain adoption.
Having identied specic challenges and constraints, this stage focuses on selecting
an appropriate blockchain platform and designing a high-level system architecture
to support the desired functionalities. The goal is to ensure that the chosen platform
and overall technical structure address performance, security, and data-management
requirements.
(a) On-chain vs. o-chain: Decide which data must be stored fully on-chain
(critical ownership records or product pedigree) vs. o-chain or side-chain
(bulk IoT sensor data) to balance storage costs and performance
(b) Smart contract design: Outline the logic—e.g., for automated purchase
orders, quality approvals, or dynamic shipment rerouting. Ensure it meets
the security auditing standards needed
This stage denes how stakeholders collaborate on operational rules, data owner-
ship, and decision rights, while embedding robust security and privacy measures.
The goal is to build a governance model and security blueprint that instills trust and
protects sensitive information across all involved parties.
After establishing the governance and technical foundations, this stage tests the
blockchain solution on a smaller scale, gathering feedback for improvements. The
24 Page 24 of 35 Operations Research Forum (2025) 6:24
goal is to validate real-world performance, user adoption, and data accuracy before
scaling to full production.
(a) Select a specic product line or a limited set of SKUs (e.g., a high-value
drug or an organic produce line)
(b) Test in a single region or distribution channel rst, ensuring minimal risk
and simpler compliance oversight
(a) Extend from local pilot to multiple regions or additional product lines once
performance benchmarks are met
(b) Plan for incremental integration with existing ERP systems (APIs, mid-
dleware solutions) to avoid disruption
Finally, as the solution gains traction, this stage emphasizes continuous audits, plat-
form upgrades, and the incorporation of advanced analytics. The goal is to maintain
system resilience and relevance over time through ongoing governance adjustments
and technology enhancements.
(a) Conduct scheduled pentests of nodes, consensus layers, and smart contracts
Operations Research Forum (2025) 6:24 Page 25 of 35 24
(b) Reassess TPS, latency, and data storage overhead as transaction volumes
grow
(a) Revisit membership criteria or reallocate roles as new partners join or exist-
ing partners expand usage
(b) Adjust tokenization rewards or penalty structures to retain collaborative
compliance
In recent years, the academic exploration of blockchain technology (BCT) has rap-
idly evolved, moving beyond small-scale proofs-of-concept toward more integrated
architectures that leverage diverse platforms and emerging Industry 4.0 tools. This
expansion of interest reects blockchain’s perceived potential to optimize supply
chains, enforce traceability, and ensure security in various domains.
Results also suggest that the adoption of blockchain technology in academia is
swiftly progressing. Alongside this, the trends and technologies used in blockchain
implementations were also observed. It was found that the two dominant platforms
on which academics build their blockchain implementations and develop smart con-
tracts for proofs-of-concept are Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric. Ethereum has
been favored for its exibility, transparency, and open-source nature. Hyperledger
Fabric, on the other hand, oers enhanced privacy and security features, making it
an attractive option for businesses with specic security requirements. Other cut-
ting-edge technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) were also found to be of
great importance, enabling real-world traceability using sensors and tags. By com-
bining blockchain with IoT, secure and tamper-proof systems can be created for sup-
ply chain management, logistics, and healthcare—among other applications.
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Looking ahead, future research should emphasize robust and scalable blockchain
architectures that can exibly integrate IoT and articial intelligence while uphold-
ing condentiality and regulatory requirements across diverse international settings.
Such development addresses a major current gap in scalability, as most existing
blockchain implementations remain limited to small-scale pilots. From the outset,
planners must consider throughput constraints, data storage capacity, and govern-
ance structures to handle expansion without sacricing security or performance.
Strong governance models are also vital so that complex, multi-tiered supply chains
receive the oversight needed to function smoothly under blockchain-enabled sys-
tems. Moreover, the principles and architectures developed in the blockchain and
supply chain literature can extend to additional high-potential domains where real-
time data and security are paramount. For instance, one study proposes optimizing
last-mile delivery networks using mixed electric vehicles and UAVs [72], a scenario
in which secure, veriable logistics and coordination could benet signicantly from
blockchain-based recordkeeping and trust mechanisms. Another line of research
underscores the importance of data-driven predictive frameworks—such as articial
neural networks and recurrent models for nancial time series [73]—which could
be integrated into blockchain platforms to ensure the integrity and provenance of
the underlying datasets used for advanced analytics. Both approaches illustrate that
blockchain’s core attributes—transparency, immutability, and decentralized govern-
ance—are valuable well beyond the familiar scopes of the literature, holding prom-
ise for enhanced eciency, reliability, and security in emerging application areas.
It is also important to note that while there has been a signicant amount of
research on the implementation of BCT within supply chain management, most
of these implementations have been done on a small scale. As highlighted in [74],
blockchain integration within supply chains involves complex challenges at global,
business, and customer levels, making scalability a critical factor from the outset
of any implementation. Therefore, any proof-of-concept or prototype that is being
proposed needs to be scalable for widespread adoption in the future. It is essential to
conduct more research and analysis to assess the feasibility of turning these small-
scale applications into larger-scale ones that can facilitate widespread adoption of
the technology. To achieve scalability, it may be necessary to consider the technical
requirements of a large-scale implementation, including network performance and
capacity, data storage, and data processing requirements. Additionally, the govern-
ance structure of the system should be carefully designed to ensure that it can sup-
port the needs of a large and complex supply chain.
Operations Research Forum (2025) 6:24 Page 27 of 35 24
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements This work was conducted as part of the MILEX project and greatly beneted from
the unwavering support of the Hassan II University of Casablanca, Ecole Centrale Casablanca, and
Mohammed VI Polytechnic University. The collaborative and constructive involvement of these institu-
tions played a pivotal role in the successful realization of this work, and we express our profound grati-
tude for their invaluable contributions throughout the research process. Thanks are also due to the refer-
ees for their valuable comments.
Author Contribution This manuscript represents a unied endeavor by all authors, who have contributed
equally to its creation. K.L.N., J.B., R.B., and S.M., each played integral roles across the spectrum of the
manuscript’s development. This includes the conception and design of the study, the acquisition, analysis,
and interpretation of data, drafting the article, and revising it critically for important intellectual content.
Data Availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
Declarations
Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests.
Operations Research Forum (2025) 6:24 Page 31 of 35 24
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