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Adaptive Perspectives on Human Technology Interaction
Methods and Models for Cognitive Engineering and
Human Computer Interaction 1st Edition Alex Kirlik
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Alex Kirlik
ISBN(s): 9780195171822, 0195171829
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 2.53 MB
Year: 2006
Language: english
 Adaptive Perspectives on
Human–Technology
Interaction:
Methods and Models for
Cognitive Engineering and
Human–Computer Interaction

Alex Kirlik,
Editor

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

ADAPTIVE

PERSPECTIVES o n Human–Technology Interaction

SERIES IN HUMAN–TECHNOLOGY INTERACTION

S E R I E S E D I T O R

Alex Kirlik

Adaptive Perspectives on Human–Technology Interaction: Methods and Models for Cognitive

Engineering and Human–Computer Interaction
Edited by Alex Kirlik
PCs, Phones, and the Internet: The Social Impact of Information Technology
Edited by Robert Kraut, Malcolm Brynin, and Sara Kiesler
ADAPTIVE
PERSPECTIVES

on

Human–Technology
Interaction
Methods and Models for Cognitive Engineering
and Human–Computer Interaction

E D I T E D B Y

Alex Kirlik

1
2006
1
Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further
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Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.

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Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of Oxford University Press.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Adaptive perspectives on human-technology interaction : methods and models for cognitive
engineering and human-computer interaction / edited by Alex Kirlik.
p. cm. — (Human-technology interaction)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN-13 978-0-19-517182-2
ISBN 0-19-517182-9
1. Human-computer interaction. 2. Human-machine systems. I. Kirlik, Alex. II. Series.
QA76.9.H85A34 2005
004'.01'9—dc22 2005009304

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
To Egon Brunswik and Kenneth R. Hammond
This page intentionally left blank
 Kenneth R. Hammond

Foreword

This book will no doubt stand as an advance for variables could be employed (as in factorial design),
cognitive engineering, but it will also stand as an they were required, and research blossomed, along
affirmation of Egon Brunswik’s claims for the with scientific prestige—well, a little, anyway. And
significant change he claimed was necessary for you better not try to publish in a major journal
the advancement of psychology. His claims—put without a prominent use of ANOVA. Yet it was this
forward in very scholarly yet unusually bold terms very technique—this goose that was laying the
—were that behaviorism built on narrow, determin- golden egg of scientific respectability—and research
istic, stimulus-response theory, and its accompany- money—that Brunswik was trying to kill. Of course,
ing methodology (the rule of one variable) derived his challenge didn’t stand a chance, and it didn’t get
from a physicalistic theme that should be given up one.
in favor a theme almost exactly opposite to that. It In 1941, however, Brunswik got his chance to
has taken over a half century for change in that di- go head to head with Clark Hull and Kurt Lewin,
rection to reach this point, but as the many con- the leaders of the conventional approaches to psy-
tributors to this volume show, a firm step in the chology. In his presentation Brunswik made this
direction Brunswik advocated has now been taken. statement:
Although Brunswik’s book Perception and the
Representative Design of Psychological Experiments The point I should like to emphasize is . . .
(1956) presented his arguments in a coherent and the necessary imperfection, inflicted upon
substantive fashion, it could not have appeared at achievements . . . by the ambiguity in the
a worse time for his thesis to be considered. The causal texture of the environment. . . . Because
methods of analysis of variance (ANOVA) intro- of this environmental ambiguity, no matter
duced by Fisher some 30 years earlier had by then how smoothly the organismic instruments and
been discovered by psychologists and found to be mechanisms may function, relationships cannot
an answer to their dreams. No longer would they be foolproof, at least as far as those connecting
be restricted to Woodworth’s 1938 dictum about with the vitally relevant more remote distal
the “rule of one variable” that exhausted the experi- regions of the environment are concerned.
mental methodology of the day, and once multiple (Hammond & Stewart, 2001, p. 59)
viii Foreword

Now, to be frank, in 1941 no psychologist but Brunswik was fully aware of the hard road he
Brunswik spoke like this: “causal texture?” “Envi- faced in trying to direct the attention of the psy-
ronmental ambiguity?” “Vitally relevant more re- chologists of the mid-twentieth century to the role
mote distal regions of the environment?” None of of the causal texture of the environment, and in
these terms were part of a psychologist’s vocabu- 1955 he made his final effort with the publication
lary in the 1940s. As a result, many simply refused of Perception and the Representative Design of Psycho-
to try to understand what he was saying and re- logical Experiments (published posthumously in
jected everything with scornful remarks about 1956). In the preface of that book he stated: “This
Brunswik’s inability to write. Although it is prob- book has been written with two major purposes in
ably true that some readers even today won’t be mind. One is the exposition of the more complex
familiar with those words and what they signify, attainments of perception, those attainments that
they will come much closer than Hull and Lewin help stabilize our grasp of the relevant features of
did to understanding that Brunswik was saying a the physical and social environment. The other
great deal, albeit in unfamiliar language applicable purpose is the development of the only methodol-
to a bold new conception of psychology. ogy by which the [aforesaid goal] can be reached,
Today’s cognitive engineers, however, won’t be that is, representative design” (Brunswik, 1956,
afraid of that sentence because the ideas in it— p. vii). Those complex attainments will be exactly
wholly mystifying to mid-century learning theo- those that interest cognitive engineers, and the
rists—are now common. Brunswik was pointing methodology of representative design will be one
out that human beings were going to make inaccu- that they will struggle with for some time; their
rate empirical judgments (“the necessary imperfec- results need to generalize to the environment of
tion, inflicted upon achievements”) and these will interest. In short, it is essential to their purposes.
occur not through any fault of their own (“no mat- The reader will see some of those struggles in
ter how smoothly the organismic instruments and the following chapters, for it is no accident that
mechanisms may function”) but instead because Kirlik chose to collate these chapters within the
of “environmental ambiguity,” and that this was Brunswikian framework. He chose them because no
particularly true of the more important (“vitally paradigm is more conducive to the goals of cogni-
relevant more remote distal regions of the environ- tive engineering than the Brunswikian one, and that
ment”) judgments we make, about other people, is because no other paradigm so clearly differenti-
for example. Thus he prepared the way for differ- ates proximal and distal environmental material
entiating among various cognitive goals (ranging both theoretically and methodologically (even his-
from accurate proximal judgments close to the skin torically). Whereas Brunswik focused his work on
along a continuum to accurate judgments about the natural environment to speak to the academic
covert distal personal or meteorological variables). psychologists of the day, he was mindful of the
Communication failed not because he was poor strong implications his paradigm held for the arti-
writer (he was highly precise), but because in call- ficial, or “engineered, ” environment. Those impli-
ing attention to environmental ambiguity, no one cations can be reduced to one: The environment
knew or was interested in what he was talking toward which the researcher intends to generalize
about, and that was because no one was then giv- should be specified in advance of the design of the
ing any consideration to the environment. The or- experiment. That (a priori) specification should
ganism and its “instruments and mechanisms” include theory as well as method. Conventional
dominated everything; all that was needed was a academic psychology ignored both requirements
stimulus to get it going and produce a response. But throughout the twentieth century and suffered the
not for cognitive engineers: Given the goals of their consequences of producing floating results; “float-
profession—and these include the design of the ing” because the simple logic of generalization was
environment, and the design of technical displays— applied only to subject populations; environmen-
cognitive engineers know exactly what Brunswik tal generalization was ignored; consequently, the
was saying to psychologists, and that was: Consider implications of the results were left unanchored.
the informational characteristics of the environment The studies Kirlik chose to include here may not
and how these affect the judgments of individuals. meet Brunswikian ecological criteria in every way
 Foreword ix

in every case, yet they will illustrate the need chapters in this volume show (see especially chap-
for meeting them and will bring us closer to our ter 12 and chapter 18).
goal of understanding the problems of cognitive If the cognitive engineering of information is
engineering. now indispensable, it is also highly varied and com-
It would be hard to find a field that will evoke plex. A glance at the table of contents of this book
a greater fit for the Brunswikian paradigm than will be sufficient to grasp that it involves an aston-
cognitive engineering, for here the distinctions ishingly wide range of topics. This can also be seen
between natural environments and engineered en- in the editor’s introductions to the various parts;
vironments arise immediately. An organism in a they offer an education in the struggle to make psy-
natural environment is required to cope with what chological knowledge useful. This broad vision
Brunswik called an “uncertainty-geared” environ- works to the reader’s advantage, for it removes cog-
ment; probabilism is at its core. (This was an idea nitive engineering from mere application of knowl-
neither Hull and Lewin could stomach in that sym- edge already at hand to the forefront of knowledge
posium in 1941, and they made their revulsion acquisition, which was surely the editor’s intention.
known to Brunswik.) But accepting that contrast This sophisticated consideration of theory and
between uncertainty-geared and certainty-geared method together with the pursuit of utilization led
environments made clear exactly what the goal of to the conclusion that representing the environment
cognitive engineering would be, namely, replacing was essential; theory and method would have to be
the uncertainty-geared natural environment with a adjusted accordingly. Thus cognitive engineering is
certainty-geared environment; the optimal replace- changing not only applied psychology but psychol-
ment created by cognitive engineers. ogy itself.
Indeed, one might say that such replacement Therefore this book does more than just affirm,
defines the field of cognitive engineering. Why? it points to the future. The down-to-Earth charac-
Because uncertainty in the environment means er- teristics of its contents will show how the recogni-
ror in judgment, errors of judgment can be extraor- tion of the duality of error increased the research
dinarily costly, therefore in situations in which sophistication of its authors, thanks largely to the
errors are costly, cognitive engineers should drive fruitfulness of the application of such techniques
out or at least reduce to a minimum environmen- as signal detection theory (SDT) and the Taylor-
tal uncertainty. Russell (T-R) diagram. Although introduced roughly
Possibly the best and most successful example a decade earlier than SDT, it was not applied in
of meeting the challenge to cognitive engineering the field of cognitive science until much later (see
to reduce environmental uncertainty is illustrated Hammond, 1966, for a brief history of both). Both
in aviation psychology. Aviation is an example of a techniques are directed toward the idea of separat-
trade or profession that began with its practitio- ing false positive errors and false negative errors
ners—the pilots—utterly dependent on informa- and that separation immediately made apparent
tion provided by perceptual (including kinesthetic) the critical role of cost, benefits, and, most impor-
cues afforded by the uncertainty-geared natural tant, values and trade-offs among them. SDT and
environment. But aviation engineering has now the T-R diagram offered valuable quantitative means
moved to the point where information from this of clarification of these relationships in a manner
environment is ignored in favor of information from not seen before. The future will bring these ideas
an artificial certainty-geared, wholly engineered to a new prominence, and in doing so new dis-
environment. Uncertainty has been driven out of tinctions will appear that will advance theory and
the flight deck to a degree unimaginable when avia- research. For example, it will become obviously
tion began. That change made commercial airline necessary to distinguish between environments of
travel practical and saved countless lives. Exactly reducible and irreducible uncertainty both theoreti-
how much the study of cognition contributed to cally and methodologically.
that engineering achievement is unclear, but history Environments that permit reducible uncertainty
is not likely to give it much credit. We are now at a will be targets of opportunity for cognitive engi-
point, however, where cognitive engineering of in- neers—provided other engineers haven’t already
formation for the pilot is indispensable, as several exploited them. The aviation industry was already
x Foreword

exploited because the essentially uncluttered nature irreducible uncertainty. Such “territories” offer the
of the sky invited exploitation, and the necessary best example of requiring humans to cope with
technology fit with the rapid development of elec- environments of irreducible uncertainty. Here is the
tronics. The navigational (and traffic) uncertainties strong future challenge to cognitive engineers; they
of the uncluttered sky were steadily reducible by need not and should not restrict themselves to situ-
electronic means of measurement and communica- ations involving gauges and electronics and me-
tion. Allow me a brief anecdote to show how recent chanical artifacts. Their knowledge and skills are
that was. In 1941 I was an observer in the Weather badly needed in areas where disputes remain largely
Bureau at the San Francisco Airport. On the night at the level of primitive people past and still in
shift I often talked with the janitor, a bent-over old modern times regularly leading to mayhem, mur-
man who had been a sky-writer pilot in the early der, and wholesale slaughter, not to mention deg-
days of such stunts. His stories were fascinating; he radation and poverty. But cognitive engineers are
often mentioned lack of instruments (“we had al- accustomed to work at abstract systems levels;
most nothing”) and what that meant (attacks of the therefore their theories and methods should be
“bends”) due to a too-rapid descent. Thus, in less applicable, albeit at a level of complexity that will
than a century aviation engineering went from al- demand innovation in theory and method and
most nothing to the glass cockpit in which infor- thought because of the shift to environments char-
mation from inside the cockpit means more than acterized by irreducible uncertainty.
information from without. That uncluttered envi- At the level of irreducible uncertainty the
ronment was successfully exploited by conven- Brunswikian approach will be of considerable as-
tional, largely electronic engineering and remains sistance to cognitive engineers because it will allow
now only to be tidied up by cognitive engineers. the broadest range of theories and methods to be
There remain many other environments that offer included. Domains of reducible uncertainty will be
reducible uncertainty that cognitive engineers will conquered with and without the aid of cognitive
exploit to the benefit of all of us. engineers, as indeed the domain of aviation psy-
Fortunately, Brunswikian theory and method chology already has. But the domains of irreduc-
provides a big tent; it is inclusive rather than ex- ible uncertainty will demand all the knowledge
clusive. By virtue of its demand that the study and skills and ingenuity of the modern cognitive
must be designed to justify generalization to the engineer to cope with the consequences of the
environment of interest, it permits the use of any duality of error that follow from irreducible un-
design that meets that criterion. That means that certainty. That demand will surely include the
when generalization can be met by factorial or newfound knowledge of Brunswikian psychology
other forms of ANOVA, then these designs will be that includes cognitive theory and the methodol-
appropriate. When, however, the situation toward ogy appropriate to it.
which the generalization is intended involves in-
terdependent variables and other features not rep-
resented by factorial and similar designs, then they References
should not be used because the generalization will
Brunswik, E. (1956) Perception and the representative
not be justified. Representation, whatever its form,
design of psychological experiments. Berkeley, CA:
is key to generalization.
University of California Press.
But contrast that virgin—“blue sky”—territory Hammond, K. R. & Stewart, T. R. (2001) The essential
with its reducible uncertainty with the murky ter- Brunswik: Beginnings, explications, applications.
ritories, such as social policy formation, that entail New York: Oxford University Press.
Contents

Foreword vii
K. R. Hammond

Contributors xv

I Background and Motivation

1 Cognitive Engineering: Toward a Workable Concept of Mind 3
Alex Kirlik

2 Introduction to Brunswikian Theory and Method 10

William M. Goldstein

II Technological Interfaces
Introduction 27
Alex Kirlik

3 Knowledge versus Execution in Dynamic Judgment Tasks 29

Ann M. Bisantz, Alex Kirlik, Neff Walker, Arthur D. Fisk. Paul Gay, and Donita Phipps

4 Understanding the Effects of Computer Displays and Time Pressure on the

Performance of Distributed Teams 43
Leonard Adelman, Cedric Yeo, and Sheryl L. Miller

5 Supporting Situation Assessment through Attention Guidance and

Diagnostic Aiding: The Benefits and Costs of Display Enhancement
on Judgment Skill 55
William J. Horrey, Christopher D. Wickens, Richard Strauss, Alex Kirlik,
and Thomas R. Stewart
xii Contents

6 Applying the Multivariate Lens Model to Fault Diagnosis 71

Pratik D. Jha and Ann M. Bisantz

III Automation and Decision Aiding

Introduction 89
Alex Kirlik

7 Measuring the Fit between Human Judgments and Alerting Systems:

A Study of Collision Detection in Aviation 91
Amy R. Pritchett and Ann M. Bisantz

8 Trust, Automation, and Feedback: An Integrated Approach 105

Younho Seong, Ann M. Bisantz, and Gordon J. Gattie

9 Human–Automated Judgment Learning: Enhancing Interaction with

Automated Judgment Systems 114
Ellen J. Bass and Amy R. Pritchett

IV Alternatives to Compensatory Modeling

Introduction 129
Alex Kirlik

10 Inferring Fast and Frugal Heuristics from Human Judgment Data 131
Ling Rothrock and Alex Kirlik

11 Viewing Training through a Fuzzy Lens 149

Gwendolyn E. Campbell, Wendi L. Van Buskirk, and Amy E. Bolton

12 Achieving Coherence: Meeting New Cognitive Demands

in Technological Systems 163
Kathleen L. Mosier and Shane T. McCauley

V Into the Field: Vicarious Functioning in Action

Introduction 177
Alex Kirlik

13 What Makes Vicarious Functioning Work? Exploring the Geometry

of Human–Technology Interaction 179
Asaf Degani, Michael Shafto, and Alex Kirlik

14 Understanding the Determinants of Adaptive Behavior in a Modern

Airline Cockpit 197
Stephen M. Casner

15 Abstracting Situated Action: Implications for Cognitive Modeling

and Interface Design 212
Alex Kirlik

VI Ecological Analysis Meets Computational Cognitive Modeling

Introduction 227
Alex Kirlik
 Contents xiii

16 The Emerging Rapprochement between Cognitive

and Ecological Analyses 230
Wayne D. Gray

17 The Use of Proximal Information Scent to Forage for Distal Content

on the World Wide Web 247
Peter Pirolli

18 Kilograms Matter: Rational Analysis, Ecological Rationality, and

Closed-Loop Modeling of Interactive Cognition and Behavior 267
Michael D. Byrne, Alex Kirlik, and Chris S. Fick

VII Reflections and Future Directions

19 Reflections from a Judgment and Decision Making Perspective 287
Terry Connolly

20 Reflections from a Cognitive Engineering and Human

Factors Perspective 292
Kim J. Vicente

Name Index 297

Subject Index 303
This page intentionally left blank
Contributors

Leonard Adelman Stephen M. Casner

Department of Systems Engineering and Human Factors Research and Technology
Operations Research Division
George Mason University NASA Ames Research Center

Terry Connolly
Ellen J. Bass
Department of Management and Policy
Department of Systems and Information
University of Arizona
Engineering
University of Virginia
Asaf Degani
Computational Sciences Division
Ann M. Bisantz NASA Ames Research Center
Department of Industrial Engineering
University at Buffalo, State University of Chris S. Fick
New York Department of Psychology
Rice University
Amy E. Bolton
Training Systems Division Arthur D. Fisk
U.S. Naval Air Warfare Center School of Psychology
Georgia Institute of Technology

Michael D. Byrne Gordon J. Gattie

Psychology Department Department of Industrial Engineering
Rice University University at Buffalo, State University
of New York
Gwendolyn E. Campbell
Training Systems Division Paul Gay
U.S. Naval Air Warfare Center Delta Airlines

xv
xvi Contributors

William M. Goldstein Ling Rothrock

Department of Psychology The Harold and Inge Marcus Department of
University of Chicago Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Pennsylvania State University
Wayne D. Gray
Department of Cognitive Science Michael G. Shafto
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Exploration Systems Mission Directorate
NASA Headquarters
Kenneth R. Hammond
Department of Psychology Younho Seong
University of Colorado Department of Industrial & Systems
Engineering
William J. Horrey North Carolina A&T State University
Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety
Thomas R. Stewart
Pratik D. Jha
Center for Policy Research
Titan Corporation
University at Albany, State University of
New York
Alex Kirlik
Human Factors Division and Beckman
Richard Strauss
Institute
Fatwire Software
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Wendi L. Van Buskirk

Shane T. McCauley
Training Systems Division
Department of Psychology
U.S. Naval Air Warfare Center
San Francisco State University

Sheryl L. Miller Kim J. Vicente

Department of Systems Engineering and Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Operations Research Engineering
George Mason University University of Toronto

Kathleen L. Mosier Neff Walker

Department of Psychology UNAIDS
San Francisco State University
Christopher D. Wickens
Donita Phipps Human Factors Division and Department of
Department of Psychology Psychology
Georgia Institute of Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Peter Pirolli Cedric Yeo

User Interface Research Department of Systems Engineering and
PARC Operations Research
George Mason University
Amy R. Pritchett
School of Industrial and Systems
Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
I
Background and Motivation
This page intentionally left blank
1 Alex Kirlik

Cognitive Engineering: Toward a

Workable Concept of Mind
It seems plain to me now that the “cognitive revolution” . . . was a response to the technologi-
cal demands of the Post-Industrial Revolution. You cannot properly conceive of managing a
complex world of information without a workable concept of mind.
—Bruner (1983, p. 63)

Perhaps no one has understood the depth to which provide methods and models that can be fruitfully
the ever-increasing technological nature of the applied to solving practically relevant problems in
human ecology has shaped psychological theory human–technology interaction. These problems in-
better than Jerome Bruner. In his memoir In Search clude designing and evaluating technological inter-
of Mind (1983), Bruner shared his reflections on faces, decision aids, alerting systems, and training
the origins of the cognitive revolution. Although technology, as well as supporting human–automa-
a great many factors may have played a role (e.g., tion interaction and human–computer interaction.
Chomsky, 1959; Miller, 1956; Newell & Simon, In short, the aim of this book is to provide practi-
1972), Bruner turns much conventional thinking cal resources for addressing the menagerie of prob-
on its head, implying that scientists had to invent a lems making up cognitive engineering (Hollnagel &
theory of mind in response to the practical demands Woods, 1983; Kirlik & Bisantz, 1999; Norman,
of finding coherent ways of understanding and 1986; Rasmussen, 1986). Along the way, many con-
coordinating a largely invented world of people tributors to this volume also present insights and
engaged with post–Industrial Revolution technolo- approaches that may shed light on fundamental
gies. The seeds of this scientific revolution, it seems, problems in the science of adaptive cognition and
were not so much “in the air” as in the digital cir- behavior. This may be especially true when it comes
cuitry and in the need to understand and manage to the challenge of understanding and formally ar-
“a complex world of information.” ticulating the role of the environment in cognitive
theory.
Six themes unite the contributors’ orientation
A Workable Concept of Mind toward developing a concept of mind that is both
workable and valuable from a cognitive engineer-
The purpose of this book is to take additional steps ing perspective. These themes are illustrated in the
toward building what Bruner referred to as a “work- selection of research problems, methods, and analy-
able concept of mind.” Special emphasis is given sis and modeling techniques presented in the fol-
here to the word workable. The central goal is to lowing chapters.

3
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history.”

+ Outlook 126:292 O 13 ’20 580w

“‘Talks with T. R.’ is an unusually interesting book. It is a really

valuable book. It is certain to be read; it deserves to be read. The
author of the book had done well to omit certain virulent assaults on
living Americans, notably President Wilson.”

+ − Review 2:656 Je 23 ’20 350w

+ R of Rs 62:111 Jl ’20 100w

“It is a readable and informing book. The principal criticism that

may be made concerns the typography and make-up of the volume. It
could be condensed nearly fifty per cent without detracting from its
readableness.”
 + − Springf’d Republican p8 Je 24 ’20 550w

LEBLANC, MAURICE. Secret of Sarek. il *$1.75

Macaulay co.
20–5586

“To put into his narrative the right degree of thrill, the correct dose
of horror, M. Leblanc takes us to the gloomy island of Sarek, off the
coast of Brittany, which has the cheerful nickname of ‘Island of the
coffins,’ and there plunges his characters into a welter of murder,
mystery and terror that has few parallels in this kind of fiction.
Strange figures robed in white, flitting in and out of the woods on the
island, make one suspect that the ghosts of the druids of ancient
times, or else descendants of theirs dwelling in caves beneath the
island, have got on the rampage in the modern world. Arsène Lupin,
the peerless solver of mysteries, arrives on the island in his little
private submarine. He takes the situation in hand with his usual
combination of ability, bravery and luck. Things move fast from the
moment that he sets foot on the old stamping ground of the druids. It
would be unfair to tell the series of strokes of genius, combined with
strokes of the incredible luck, whereby Arsène Lupin circumvents the
atrocious Vorski and makes it possible for ‘The secret of Sarek’ to
have a happy ending.”—N Y Times

Ath p495 Ap 9 ’20 100w

Reviewed by H. W. Boynton
 + Bookman 51:584 Jl ’20 230w

“Suffice it to say that it is an enthralling story, carried forward

breathlessly amid a whirl of shooting, stabbing, crucifying and
general bloodshed, cleverly raised above most of its kind by a really
baffling atmosphere of mystery, a genuine thriller among thrillers.”

+ N Y Times 25:199 Ap 18 ’20 700w

Reviewed by E. C. Webb

Pub W 97:996 Mr 20 ’20 250w

“The book is full of eerie mysteries and disasters violent enough to

merit honourable mention in a competition with Greek tragedies and
tinged with a suggestion of archaic survivals and black magic which
will pleasantly thrill even a jaded reader.”

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p242 Ap

15 ’20 180w

LEDWIDGE, FRANCIS. Complete poems of

Francis Ledwidge. *$2.50 Brentano’s 821
20–2931

Francis Ledwidge, the young Irish poet, lost his life in the war. His
poems are brought together in this volume, with an introduction by
Lord Dunsany. “Readers familiar with his work will find all of the
favorites in this volume—June, To my best friend, Desire in spring,
and others. They will find also his poems written during the great
war. It is interesting to note that he did not write much of battle and
all that went with it, but made his songs out of memories or out of
new glimpses of beauty.” (N Y Times)

“His scope was limited. Trees, flowers and the recurring seasons
were his theme. But he evidently believed in these things, and did not
write of nature because since Wordsworth’s day, it is the correct
thing to do. Ledwidge was a countryman and loved the country; the
desire to express himself came, and he moulded into what are often
exquisite forms, the simple country thoughts which were natural in
him.”

+ Ath p1255 N 28 ’19 340w

+ Booklist 16:234 Ap ’20

“A book which many lovers of modern Irish poetry will rejoice to

possess. In many of the poems there is evidence of a delicate and
fragrant talent, but one refuses to speak, as the editor so confidently
does, of Ledwidge’s genius.” H: A. Lappin

+ − Bookm 51:215 Ap ’20 160w

“It is difficult to predict what his future development might have

been, but at least there is nothing in this collection to justify the
editor in speaking so confidently of his protégé as a genius. Although
there is here a great deal of fragrant and delicate imagination, and
much keen and intimate observation of sky and tree and field and
bird, there is nothing quite so full of Irish reality as any one of a
dozen lyrics one might mention by Joseph Campbell or Padraic
Colum, for example.”
 + − Cath World 110:827 Mr ’20 260w

“There is little in the slight evidence before us to indicate that he

would have made his place by sheer power; his success, had he lived,
and had he obtained it, would have been of the idiosyncratic sort.
And success of this sort he would, I think, no doubt have obtained.
For through all his work runs a strain of lyric magic.” Conrad Aiken

+ − Dial 68:376 Mr ’20 1900w

“Francis Ledwidge was an honest songster, a poet of the blackbird

in a time of hawks and vultures. He was in no sense an important
poet, it must be said.” Mark Van Doren

+ − Nation 111:sup415 O 13 ’20 60w

“When it is said that he is somewhat unvarying and that he is

sometimes immature it remains to be said that in everything Francis
Ledwidge wrote there is the shapely and the imaginative phrase.”
Padraic Colum

+ − New Repub 22:190 Ap 7 ’20 680w

“He knew the simplicities and austerities of wild life in fields and
woods so well that he could borrow from them a little sternness to go
with the sweetness of his song.”

+ N Y Times 25:27 Ja 18 ’20 500w

 “It is simple, sincere, beautiful. Yet it is always quiet and restful. It
is not emotional, it soothes. The pictures are gems.”

+ Springf’d Republican p10 Ap 27 ’20

900w

“It is true that he is ‘the poet of the blackbird,’ that his ‘small circle
of readers’ will turn to his work for its mildness, sweetness, and
serenity, ‘as to a very still lake ... on a very cloudless evening.’ But
that small circle must not be disappointed to discover that his
limpidity and naturalness are often blurred with the derivative, that
his taste is uncertain, ... that his imagination is less active than his
fancy. Complete poems, unflawed by inequalities of tone and
workmanship are therefore rare.”

+ − The Times [London] Lit Sup p607 O 30

’19 1700w

“It is impossible to read these again without realizing that

Ledwidge is Ireland’s foremost poet of landscape, a poet who will
undoubtedly win lasting recognition.” N. J. O’Conor

+ Yale R n s 10:207 O ’20 130w

LEE, GERALD STANLEY. Ghost in the White

House. *$2 Dutton 342.7
20–8716

“‘The White House is haunted by a vague helpless abstraction,—by

a kind of ghost of the nation, called the People.’ Gerald Stanley Lee
gives expression to what he regards as the common aspiration of the
people—a yearning to emerge from the ghost stage and to take on
tangible shape and substance through which to give expression and
to render service. This transformation must be wrought through the
organization of the people—the consumers—into a large club or
league with branches and chapters. Thus organized, the individual
would have a channel for the expression and application of their
constructive thought. On the individual is the responsibility of
arming himself with knowledge adequate for good judgment, with
perspective for sound progress, with vision for comprehensive
planning. Then shall the President be simply the chief of a practical
religion.”—Survey.

“Mr Lee writes for the most part in words of one syllable, a style
admirably suited to reflect his own mental processes.” H. K.

− Freeman 2:333 D 15. ’20 190w

Ind 103:292 S 4 ’20 80w

“The author has thought, or mused, a lot, but he has hardly studied
the problems at all. He fancies that economics is a very simple
science—and so it is, his economics. He has not the faintest
conception of the real forces that are now reshaping the industrial
world.”

− Nation 111:276 S 4 ’20 430w

“Mr Lee’s book is thought provoking, stimulating, and much of it is

true. It will provoke thought in persons who do not habitually think.
One is not quite sure whether a good book like this helps or hinders
one.” M. F. Egan
 + − N Y Times 25:5 Jl 4 ’20 3000w

“It is a remarkably successful attempt to formulate the definite,

practical desires of the plain people.”

+ R of Rs 42:109 Jl ’20 120w

+ Springf’d Republican p6 O 4 ’20 670w

“It deserves to be widely read. It deals in a fascinating way with a

common experience and a serious problem. While it does not solve
this old problem, it serves a good purpose by stimulating new
interest and new thought.” A. J. Lien

+ Survey 44:591 Ag 2 ’20 200w

LEE, HARRY SHERIDAN. High company.

*$1.50 Stokes 811
20–16183

A collection of war poems under the subtitle “sketches of courage

and comradeship,” mostly hospital scenes full of pathos and touches
of humor. Contents: The upper room; The pipe and the fire;
Angeline; April hearts; The hidden wound; Trees; Baldur the bright
god; Winged heels; Ninette and Rintintin; Deferred payment;
“Soldiers three”; Biddle’s kid; The good brown earth; The roll of
honour; Pudgyfist visits the hospital; Lights out; The pie lady; “Every
dog has his day”; “All in the blue unclouded weather”; Buddies; The
shadow of the cloud; “Men of good will.”
 + Cath World 112:402 D ’20 170w

“The wounded doughboys are depicted with humor, sympathy, and

originality, but the free verse form often degenerates into literal and
banal prose.”

+ − N Y Evening Post p13 N 6 ’ 20 90w

“The tribute is beautiful in spirit, beautiful in expression.”

+ N Y Times p24 D 19 ’20 380w

LEE, JAMES MELVIN, ed. Business writing.

(Language for men of affairs) il $4 Ronald 808
20–9490

This volume has been prepared by a number of writers connected

with the business department of colleges, and with business
periodicals and is intended to help business men to write reports,
articles for trade papers, make effective speeches at dinners,
conventions or clubs, and to instruct advertising writers. The seven
divisions of the book are headed: Essentials of writing; The
reinforcement of reading; Letter for men of affairs; Report-writing;
Advertising copy; The journalism of business; Mechanical and
incidental. The appendices consist of bibliographies for both volumes
and there is an index. The companion volume on “Talking business”
is by John Mantle Clapp.
 Booklist 16:334 Jl ’20
+ R of Rs 62:672 D ’20 70w
+ School R 28:636 O ’20 130w

LEE, JENNETTE BARBOUR (PERRY) (MRS

GERALD STANLEY LEE). Chinese coat. *$1.75
(6c) Scribner
20–14288

To Eleanor More and her husband, Richard, a blue Chinese coat

that she could not afford to buy became a kind of a symbol. The
desire to give it to her stayed with her husband all thru their early
married life—while their family was growing up and even after the
children were men and women. Their pilgrimage to a far country to
at last gain possession of the coat is the climax of a story which is
part allegory and part romance.

“A quiet tale of married life told with a charming simplicity and a

touch of symbolism.”

+ Booklist 17:71 N ’20

“Companionable, sweet and comfortable, filling the mind with

dreams of times when, unwillingly and under pressure, we were
forced to let the great desire go.”

+ Bookm 52:175 O ’20 60w

 “A sweet little story, charmingly told, and illustrating the lovable
qualities of husband and wife.”

+ Cath World 112:271 N ’20 60w

“A story that is remarkably compact and sustained in interest

throughout. Throughout it is woven the glimmering web of poetry,
and this is due partly to the theme itself and partly to the simplicity
of the prose. One feels upon reading the story that Mrs Lee possesses
unsuspected talents. The idealism and symbolic qualities of ‘The
Chinese coat’ are never in doubt. It is a book to be read.”

+ N Y Times p23 S 26 ’20 480w

“A charmingly simple story that has just enough of a plot to hold it

together.”

+ Springf’d Republican p11a S 26 ’20

230w
Wis Lib Bul 16:194 N ’20 80w

LEE, VERNON, pseud. (VIOLET PAGET).

Satan the waster. *$2.50 Lane 822
20–16301

Vernon Lee’s satirical allegory, “The ballet of the nations,” was

published in 1915 and was reviewed in the Book Review Digest at
that time. It is now reprinted here, with prologue and epilogue which
take account of the deeper causes leading to the war and of the chaos
that has followed it. In the trilogy thus completed Satan appears as
“the waster of human virtues.” And since the greater and more
useless the waste, the greater his delight, he finds his chief joy in self-
sacrifice which is vain, and the author, who in the furnace of the war
has come to doubt and question all accepted values, suggests that
what the world needs in place of self-sacrifice is that altruism “which
is respect for the other rather than renunciation of the self.” This and
other philosophical aspects of the war are discussed in the
Introduction and in the notes which follow the play.

Ath p846 Je 25 ’20 190w

“We are casting about for a reason why a book so honest,

intelligent, well-written, clever, should not stimulate but depress,
should be a tiresome book. We may mention that the masque, ‘Satan
the waster,’ occupies 110 pages out of about 340; the remainder
consists of introduction and notes. That is a damning—or at least a
damnable—fact.” F. W. S.

+ − Ath p299 S 3 ’20 640w

Booklist 17:106 D ’20

“It is an interesting discussion of our international imbecilities and

sets forth with pomp those precise opinions whose less elegant
expression recently sent several hundred Americans to jail.”

+ Dial 70:232 F ’21 70w

 “Enormously stimulating and quickening book. It ought to be one
of the real factors in that spiritual re-adjustment which is now a
major democratic necessity.” F. H.

+ New Repub 24:244 N 3 ’20 3650w

“Her satire fails because never from beginning to end can the
reader believe in it. It is merely an expression of her opinions in a
very artificial form; and, whether or no we agree with them, we
would rather have them expressed in the natural form of argument.”

− The Times [London] Lit Sup p389 Je

24 ’20 3200w

“It embodies the reaction to the world war of one of the sanest
minds and most finished stylists of her day. One who compares
Romain Rolland’s dramatic satire ‘Liluli’ with this work, is struck
with the similarity in purpose, in point of view, in fundamental
concept, and even in their common form of cosmic burlesque.
Neither the great Frenchman nor the great Englishwoman has
written a ‘play’ in the ordinary sense, but each has made an
uncommon contribution to literature.”

+ Theatre Arts Magazine 5:85 Ja ’21 320w

LEES, GEORGE ROBINSON. Life of Christ. il

*$5 Dodd 232
20–18310
 Considering it of supreme importance to be able to visualize the
scenery amid which the life of Christ was laid, the writer of this
volume spent six years in Palestine during which he learned “how
real was the life of Christ in the scenes depicted in the records of the
Evangelist.” Thus with much local and historic coloring the life of
Jesus is reinterpreted from the accounts of the apostles which are
closely followed. The book is indexed and has one hundred and
twenty-five full page illustrations.

“Inevitably it provokes comparison with Renan in point of literary

style, if not in actual treatment, for Mr Lees is a convinced believer.
His style fails badly by the test. Though a book of this kind is not
greatly to our taste, we cannot but acknowledge the author’s
devotion.”

− + Ath p868 D 24 ’20 90w

“His narrative is plain, simple, understandable, but not marked by

either remarkable scholarship or remarkable insight.”

+ − Outlook 126:767 D 29 ’20 100w

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p687 O 21
’20 90w

LE GALLIENNE, RICHARD. Junk-man, and

other poems. *$1.75 Doubleday 811
20–17992
 With a wealth of imagery and a poet’s wisdom all life is mirrored in
these poems in the time-honored garb of rhyme and metre. The first
line of the poem “On re-reading Le morte d’Arthur,” “Here learn who
will the art of noble words” can be applied to this collection, the
author’s first since the war.

+ Booklist 17:105 D ’20

“If his extreme youth was a little hectic with the heady wine of
passion his maturity has grown beautifully sane with the philosophic
mind. He was never more youthful than now, when he has
recaptured the song of the lark, regained the lightness of foot that
measures the pace of any gypsy up hill and down dale, and with an
eye for illusions that any lover might envy.” W: S. Braithwaite

+ Boston Transcript p5 N 6 ’20 1300w

Dial 70:233 F ’21 130w

“It is a sad day for poetry when an authentic craftsman attains

such facility that he writes from sheer momentum. This, we suspect,
is what has happened in the case of Mr Richard Le Gallienne, whose
new book, ‘The junkman’ is the mere shell of poetry—the forms
without the feeling.” L. B.

− Freeman 2:165 O 27 ’20 200w

+ Ind 194:246 N 13 ’20 150w
 “It is compact with beauty, filled with all those things that we
instinctively know to be the real marks of authentic poetry. The flare,
the passion, the abiding sense of things that may not readily be put
into words, are all here. It is the sort of poetry that endures, that
becomes memorable and takes place in the memories and hearts of
its readers.” H. S. Gorman

+ N Y Times p11 O 10 ’20 1500w

“A collection of verse that equals anything this prolific author has

done.”

+ Springf’d Republican p9a O 31 ’20 400w

LEIGHTON, JOHN LANGDON. Simsadus:

London; the American navy in Europe. il *$4 (11c)
Holt 940.45
20–9639

“Sims—Admiral—U.S.” explains the title of the book. It was the

cable address of Admiral Sims’ headquarters in London. The author
was connected with the Intelligence section of Admiral Sims’ staff
and as such is conversant with the inside facts and history of our
naval operations. The book gives his personal impressions and
disclaims official sanction. A partial list of the contents: The situation
in April, 1917; Admiral Sims in London; The establishment of bases;
Submarines off the American coast; A discussion of submarines and
their methods; The distraction of submarines; Why American
troopships were not sunk; The end of the submarine campaign; The
man on the bridge (in homage); Appendix, charts and illustrations.
 “After the host of war books which have kept our heads buzzing
with anecdotes and statistics incoherently packed into a jumbled
whole it is not only refreshing but instructive to read a clear, sane,
and comprehensive exposition of our naval activities in Europe as set
forth by Mr Leighton.” P. E. Stevenson

+ N Y Times 25:23 Je 27 ’20 1000w

“It is something of a relief to find a war-book that does not strain

one’s nerves, or overwhelm one with facts, and that has hardly any
note in it of propaganda, or eulogy, or criticism. Mr Leighton has
given a clear-cut, well-ordered account of what our navy did in
connection with the British navy.”

+ No Am 212:862 D ’20 1050w

+ R of Rs 62:112 Jl ’20 90w

“Pervading his book is a whole-hearted devotion to his chief, which

goes beyond mere professional loyalty and suggests kinship with the
spirit that surrounded Nelson. Readers of Admiral Sims’s own book
can hardly fail to discern the secret of this spirit and it is pleasant to
find it reflected from the pages of his subordinate.”

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p3 Ja 6 ’21

860w

LE QUEUX, WILLIAM TUFNELL. Doctor of

Pimlico; being the disclosure of a great crime. *$1.75
Macaulay co.
 20–1211

“Weirmarsh is a criminal who operates all over the continent of

Europe, as well as in England, and, possessing certain hypnotic
powers, he finds it easy to bend other wills to his for his own profit.
So not only is Sir Hugh Elcombe—with his splendid record as a
British officer in several hard campaigns, including the great war just
ended—made a pitiful object by his fear of an ‘exposure’ by
Weirmarsh, but Sir Hugh’s beautiful stepdaughter, Enid Orlebar,
who seems to be a perfect example of the high-class modern English
girl is also under his baleful shadow. She is loved by the middle-aged
cosmopolite who is intended to be the hero of the book. He is a
talented author of mystery romances which bring him an income of
several thousand pounds sterling a year. His real name, under which
he writes, is Walter Fetherston. But he has a penchant for amateur
detective work—he avers that he always ‘lives’ his romances—and
when he is engaged in trying to get to the bottom of some criminal
mystery he calls himself John Maltwood.”—N Y Times

Ath p1242 N 21 ’19 50w

Reviewed by H. W. Boynton

Bookm 51:585 Jl ’20 180w

“The story rambles on—always fluent and in well-chosen terms,

with colorful pictures of various localities in Europe obviously made
by one who knows them personally, but singularly deficient in
suspense, dramatic action, humor, or any other of the qualities which
make for real interest in an up-to-date work of fiction.”
 − + N Y Times 25:309 Je 13 ’20 700w
The Times [London] Lit Sup p698 N 27
’19 140w

LESCOHIER, DON DIVANCE. Labor market.

(Social science text-books) *$2.25 Macmillan 331
 19–19765

“The purpose of this volume is to show the necessity for a national

organization to control the problem of employment. In the course of
his discussion the author presents much information concerning
conditions of the labor market in this country and offers many
suggestions to officials of employment offices, university students
and teachers, legislators and the general public.”—R of Rs

“The book is an authoritative and constructive study of an

important question; and its essential merit lies in the fact that it is
based on experience. The general aspects of the question, however,
are not neglected and the bibliography and references show that the
subject has been studied as a whole.” G: M. Janes

+ Am Econ R 10:605 S ’20 940w

“The subject is covered very fully and is presented in a popular

style. Will be valuable to labor managers, students of economics, and
progressive business executives.”

+ Booklist 16:223 Ap ’20

“Of interest to all students of practical economic questions.”

+ Cleveland p54 My ’20 40w

“A workmanlike book ... that fills a gap in economic literature.”

+ Dial 68:541 Ap ’20 40w

 “It is neither novel nor exciting. It is a sober and well-balanced
study of the way in which the sale of labor in the employment market
is organized. If Mr Lescohier’s book has a fault, it is his inclination to
regard the general background of the present industrial system as
permanent. But as a survey of machinery Mr Lescohier’s book is of
real value.” H. J. Laski

+ − Nation 110:594 My 1 ’20 320w

R of Rs 61:447 Ap ’20 60w

“In this volume Professor Lescohier has rendered a singularly

opportune public service. It is enormously important to have
available at this time such a clear discussion of the nature of the
labor market and of the significance for the country of the sundry
labor and immigration policies proposed.”

+ Survey 44:318 My 29 ’20 400w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p241 Ap
15 ’20 60w

LESLIE, NOEL. Three plays: Waste; The war fly;

For king and country. *$1.50 Four seas co. 822
20–7067

There is tragedy in all of these realistic one-act plays. In Waste we

have a dying consumptive girl whose last hours see a grief and
poverty-stricken mother, a drunken father, and her lover turning
from her to her younger sister. In the War-fly two strangers meet in a
hotel restaurant and the one entertains the other with a gruesome
fancy about flies as the devil’s emmisaries. In For King and country
an aged village couple have one son returned from the war blind and
while they are discussing the future of the other son and his war
bride this other is brought home mad.

“Each and all of his three plays reveal him as a playwright with
ideas, and as one whose own acting has enabled him to see dramatic
values and to cause them to live in plays of his own. There is the
reality of life in them as well as a feeling for the theatre that makes
them actable. They hit the centre of the target.” A. A. W.

+ Boston Transcript p4 Ap 21 ’20 450w

“Of Mr Noel’s three one-act plays the second, The war-fly, is quite
dark in drift and meaning and so one suspects that neither matters
greatly. His first and third plays, on the contrary, Waste and For king
and country, are drenched with significance because they strain after
no symbolism and are philosophical because they are true.”

+ − Nation 110:693 My 22 ’20 180w

“The three plays contained in Noel Leslie’s book are rather

exasperating. In each one of them the author handles an excellent
theme, makes fair headway with it and then does not quite realize the
possibilities of his plots.”

+ − N Y Evening Post p9 My 8 ’20 140w

“The plays are set with an actor’s solicitude, and each begins with a
promise which is overcast by partial disappointment.”
 + − Review 2:464 My 1 ’20 100w

“They really are workmanlike in structure, are well written, and

display some grasp of character and ability to devise dramatic
situations. In ‘The war fly,’ the author shows that he can devise a
tragic fantasy of some original power.”

+ − Theatre Arts Magazine 4:259 Jl ’20

180w

LEVEL, MAURICE. Tales of mystery and horror.

il *$2 (3½c) McBride
20–18255

These stories are translated from the French by Alys Eyre Macklin.
Henry B. Irving provides an introduction in which he says:
“Reminding one of Edgar Allan Poe more than any other, M. Level
employs the method of O. Henry in the service of the horrible.” The
stories, which are all brief—have the titles: The debt collector; The
kennel; Who? Illusion; In the light of the red lamp; A mistake;
Extenuating circumstances; The confession; The test; Poussette; The
father; For nothing; In the wheat; The beggar; Under chloroform;
The man who lay asleep; Fascination; The bastard; That scoundrel
Miron; The taint; The kiss; A maniac; The 10.50 express; Blue eyes;
The empty house; The last kiss.
 “He has Poe’s predilection for supernatural and gruesome themes,
something of de Maupassant’s technique of compression, a flair for
the ‘irony of fate’ formula, which was so characteristic of O. Henry’s
plot, and a kinship with Burke’s nostalgie de la boue. But there the
likeness ends, he has none of the qualities mentioned in a degree
sufficient to raise him to the level of the men he suggests.”

+ − N Y Times p24 Ag 29 ’20 740w

“In spite of their subject-matter, the stories neither shock me

morally, chill my blood with their horror, nor affect me with their
pathos. A skillful machinist, not an artist, seems to have been at
work.” E. L. Pearson

− + Review 3:249 S 22 ’20 480w

LEVERAGE, HENRY. Shepherd of the sea. il

*$1.75 (2½c) Doubleday
20–26194

This is a story of the icy North, of ice-floes, of shipwreck, of

starvation and mutiny at a whaling station, of an overland trip in a
dog-sled, deprivation and hunger and narrow escape from freezing.
A missionary sea-captain who is out to fight the whiskey traffic with
the Eskimos and to carry the word of God to them, picks up Buck
Traherne when his motor-boat had capsized in the Strait. Traherne is
just out of college at Seattle and a tenderfoot. The life on ship-board
puts strength into him and he becomes, with the shepherd, the
mainstay of the castaway crew on Herschel Island. Moona—half
Eskimo and half Scotch—the shepherd’s ward, loves him and after
the rescue has come, and the arctic flowers have once more lifted
their heads, the charm she has knitted into Traherne’s muffler shows
its potency.

+ − Booklist 16:204 Mr ’20

Reviewed by H. W. Boynton

Bookm 51:80 Mr ’20 260w

“Memories of ‘Captains courageous’ seem to filter through the

beginnings of Mr Leverage’s tale. Nevertheless, the plot would pass
very well by itself if the author had the style and strength to render it
into a forcible and plausible narrative. Unfortunately, he has not.” G.
M. H.

− + Boston Transcript p6 Ja 28 ’20 550w

“The tale contains an abundance of adventure, and the author

seems to know the country and the life whereof he writes, but the
book is marred by a style so very jerky that it soon gets upon the
reader’s nerves.”

− + N Y Times 25:39 Ja 25 ’20 380w

LEVERAGE, HENRY. Where dead men walk.

*$1.75 Moffat
20–1210
 “A story of the underworld, Mr Leverage’s new novel, ‘Where dead
men walk,’ recounts the adventures of one Vilos Holbrook. He had
lived a lazy, comfortable life until his uncle, Colonel Bishop, who had
control of the modest fortune left him by his father, was swindled out
of it while himself endeavoring to swindle a supposedly dying man.
Only a few hours before he learned of the loss of his fortune, curiosity
had induced him to attend the disreputable ‘Three students’ ball,’
where he had seen Gypsy Cragen dance, and later talked with her.
When he presently discovered that she had been one of the gang of
swindlers who had gotten the better of his uncle, he protected her,
and later joined the little organization of thieves to which the Gypsy
and her father, formerly a noted safeblower, belonged. This he
preferred to earning an honest living as an electrical engineer. Also
he took first to whisky, and then, under the Gypsy’s tutelage, to
opium, which he found at the end of that path over the roof
described as the one ‘where dead men walk.’”—N Y Times

“Stories of the underworld invariably possess a certain fascination.

Mr Leverage has written a fair sample of this type of novel.”

+ − Boston Transcript p4 Je 2 ’20 240w

“The story is entertaining in its way and contains one really clever
situation. But the style is unpleasantly staccato, and the construction
leaves a good deal to be desired.”

+ − N Y Times 25:76 F 8 ’20 300w

Springf’d Republican p11a Jl 25 ’20 80w
 LEVERHULME, WILLIAM HESKETH
LEVER, 1st baron. Six-hour shift and industrial
efficiency. *$3.50 (4c) Holt 331
20–11378

The book is the American edition of the author’s “Six-hour day,”

abridged and rearranged by Frank Tannenbaum, with an
introduction by Henry R. Seager. Lord Leverhulme’s remedies for the
defects of modern industry are based on actual experience and are
summed up in the word co-partnership. He looks upon the employer
as the senior partner in an industry and the employees as the junior
partners, with the confidence that under such wisely planned
leadership complete cooperation will gradually result. Contents: The
problem of industrial efficiency; The six-hour shift; Harmonizing
capital and labor; Co-partnership; Co-partnership and business
management; Co-partnership and efficiency; Co-operative aspect of
business; Health and housing; Shop committees and shop efficiency;
Industrial administration; The workers’ interest in productivity;
Principles of reconstruction; Socialism, or equality vs. equity. There
is an index.

Booklist 16:357 Jl ’20

Lit D p106 S 4 ’20 1600w
R of Rs 62:110 Jl ’20 70w
Springf’d Republican p8 Je 15 ’20 150w
 LEVINE, ISAAC DON. Letters from the Kaiser
to the Czar. $3 Stokes 327
20–15556

These letters, “copied from government archives in Moscow,

unpublished before 1920,” are “the private letters from the Kaiser to
the Czar found in a chest after the Czar’s execution and now in
possession of the Soviet government.” In his introduction the author
reprints comments on the letters from various English papers and
from Professor Walter Goetz. As the letters were written in English
they are printed as written. Four of the letters are given in facsimile.

Booklist 17:113 D ’20

Reviewed by A. C. Freeman

N Y Call p7 Ja 9 ’21 580w

“While not as important as the telegrams which were published in

1917, these letters from the Kaiser to the Czar are extremely
interesting as historical documents completing the picture. They
reveal the author far better than any biographer could reveal him.”
Herman Bernstein

+ N Y Times p18 O 10 ’20 2550w

“They are only half satisfactory as correspondence because there

are no letters of reply from the Czar to the Kaiser. Regrettably
incomplete as the present volume is, no book, we think, could
present a greater revelation of the Kaiser’s character. Such a book
should have had an index.”

+ − Outlook 127:110 Ja 19 ’21 400w

R of Rs 62:445 O ’20 140w

“Mr Grant’s excellent introduction explains everything that needs

explanation, and ample footnotes clear up the personal and other
allusions which might perplex readers who are not close students of
foreign politics.”

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p867 D 23

’20 900w

[2]
LEVINGER, MRS ELMA EHRLICH. New
land. $1.25 Bloch
20–10306

“This little collection of stories written for children, of ‘Jews who

had a part in the making of our country,’ belongs in part to historical
biography with a large fictional element and in part to pure fiction
with a historical setting.”—Survey

“The particular ideal of the author of ‘The new land’ to be sure, is

not Christian but patriotic virtue, but her method of approach is
sadly reminiscent of the Sunday school library of old time.
Nevertheless the tales are all carefully and enthusiastically told and
often rise to intrinsic human interest.” C. K. S.
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