Unit 07

MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION &

BINOMIAL THEOREM

Binomial Theorem:
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 0 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏3 + ⋯ + ( ) 𝑎1 𝑏 𝑛−1 + ( ) 𝑎0 𝑏 𝑛
0 1 2 3 𝑛−1 𝑛

Or
𝑛
𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = ∑ ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑛
𝑟
𝑟=0

Where ′𝑎′ and ′𝑏′ are real numbers, and ′𝑛′ is positive integer.

EXERCISE 7.2

Q2. Using binomial theorem, expand the following

𝟐𝒙 𝟑 𝟓
i. ( − )
𝟑 𝟐𝒙

Solution:

2𝑥 3 5 5 2𝑥 5 3 0 5 2𝑥 4 3 1 5 2𝑥 3 3 2 5 2𝑥 2 3 3
( − ) = ( ) ( ) (− ) + ( ) ( ) (− ) + ( ) ( ) (− ) + ( ) ( ) (− )
3 2𝑥 0 3 2𝑥 1 3 2𝑥 2 3 2𝑥 3 3 2𝑥
5 2𝑥 1 3 4 5 2𝑥 0 3 5
+ ( ) ( ) (− ) + ( ) ( ) (− )
4 3 2𝑥 5 3 2𝑥

32𝑥 5 16𝑥 4 −3 8𝑥 3 9 4𝑥 2 −27

= (1 × × 1) + (5 × × ) + (10 × × 2 ) + (10 × × 3)
243 81 2𝑥 27 4𝑥 9 8𝑥
2𝑥 81 −243
+ (5 × × 4 ) + (1 × 1 × )
3 4𝑥 32𝑥 5
32 5 40 3 20 15 45 243
= 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥− + 2−
243 27 3 𝑥 4𝑥 32𝑥 5

ii. (−𝒙 + 𝒚−𝟏 )𝟔

Solution:

6 6 6 6
(−𝑥 + 𝑦 −1 )6 = ( ) (−𝑥)6 (𝑦 −1 )0 + ( ) (−𝑥)5 (𝑦 −1 )1 + ( ) (−𝑥)4 (𝑦 −1 )2 + ( ) (−𝑥)3 (𝑦 −1 )3
0 1 2 3
6 6 6
+ ( ) (−𝑥)2 (𝑦 −1 )4 + ( ) (−𝑥)1 (𝑦 −1 )5 + ( ) (−𝑥)0 (𝑦 −1 )6
4 5 6

(−𝑥 + 𝑦 −1 )6 = [1 × 𝑥 6 × 1] + [6 × (−𝑥 5 ) × (𝑦 −1 )1 ] + [15 × 𝑥 4 × (𝑦 −1 )2 ] + [−20 × 𝑥 3 × (𝑦 −1 )3 ]

+ [15 × 𝑥 2 × (𝑦 −1 )4 ] + [−6 × 𝑥 1 × (𝑦 −1 )5 ] + [1 × 1 × (𝑦 −1 )6 ]

−1 6
6𝑥 5 15𝑥 4 20𝑥 3 15𝑥 2 6𝑥 1
6
(−𝑥 + 𝑦 ) =𝑥 − + 2 − 3 + 4 − 5+ 6
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
 iii. (𝟑𝒖 − 𝟏)𝟕

Solution:

7 7 7 7 7
(3𝑢 − 1)7 = ( ) (3𝑢)7 (−1)0 + ( ) (3𝑢)6 (−1)1 + ( ) (3𝑢)5 (−1)2 + ( ) (3𝑢)4 (−1)3 + ( ) (3𝑢)3 (−1)4
0 1 2 3 4
7 2 5
7 1 6
7 0 7
+ ( ) (3𝑢) (−1) + ( ) (3𝑢) (−1) + ( ) (3𝑢) (−1)
5 6 7

= (1 × 2187𝑢7 × 1) + (7 × 729𝑢6 × −1) + (21 × 243𝑢5 × 1) + (35 × 81𝑢4 × −1)

+ (35 × 27𝑢3 × 1) + (21 × 9𝑢2 × −1) + (7 × 3𝑢1 × 1) + (1 × 1 × −1)

= 2187𝑢7 − 5103𝑢6 + 5103𝑢5 − 2835𝑢4 + 945𝑢3 − 189𝑢2 + 21𝑢 − 1

iv. (𝒂√𝟐 + 𝒃√𝟑)𝟓

Solution:

5 5 4 5 3 5
(𝑎√2 + 𝑏√3)5 = ( ) (𝑎√2)5 (𝑏√3)0 + ( ) (𝑎√2) (𝑏√3)1 + ( ) (𝑎√2) (𝑏√3)2 + ( ) (𝑎√2)2 (𝑏√3)3
0 1 2 3
5 5
+ ( ) (𝑎√2)1 (𝑏√3)4 + ( ) (𝑎√2)0 (𝑏√3)5
4 5

= (1 × 4√2𝑎5 × 1) + (5 × 4𝑎4 × √3𝑏) + (10 × 2√2𝑎3 × 3𝑏 2 ) + (10 × 2𝑎2 × 3√3𝑏 3 )

+ (5 × √2𝑎 × 9𝑏 4 ) + (1 × 1 × 9√3𝑏 5 )

= 4√2𝑎5 + 𝟐0√3𝑎4 𝑏 + 60√2𝑎3 𝑏 2 + 60√3𝑎2 𝑏 3 + 45√2𝑎𝑏 4 + 9√3𝑏 5

v. (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟒

Solution:

Let 𝑧 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 then

4 4 4 4 4
(1 + 𝑧)4 = ( ) (1)4 (𝑧)0 + ( ) (1)3 (𝑧)1 + ( ) (1)2 (𝑧)2 + ( ) (1)1 (𝑧)3 + ( ) (1)0 (𝑧)4
0 1 2 3 4

= (1 × 1 × 1) + (4 × 1 × 𝑧) + (6 × 1 × 𝑧 2 ) + (4 × 1 × 𝑧 3 ) + (1 × 1 × 𝑧 4 )

= 1 + 4𝑧 + 6𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 3 + 𝑧 4

Put 𝑧 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦

= 1 + 4(2𝑥 − 𝑦) + 6(2𝑥 − 𝑦)2 + 4(2𝑥 − 𝑦)3 + (2𝑥 − 𝑦)4

Apply binomial theorem on last term

= 1 + 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 6(4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦) + 4(8𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 − 12𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 )

4 4 4 4
+ [( ) (2𝑥)4 (−𝑦)0 + ( ) (2𝑥)3 (−𝑦)1 + ( ) (2𝑥)2 (−𝑦)2 + ( ) (2𝑥)1 (−𝑦)3
0 1 2 3
4
+ ( ) (2𝑥)0 (−𝑦)4 ]
4

= 1 + 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 24𝑥 2 + 6𝑦 2 − 24𝑥𝑦 + 32𝑥 3 − 4𝑦 3 − 48𝑥 2 𝑦 + 24𝑥𝑦 2

+ [(1 × 16𝑥 4 × 1) + (4 × 8𝑥 3 × −𝑦) + (6 × 4𝑥 2 × 𝑦 2 ) + (4 × 2𝑥 × −𝑦 3 ) + (1 × 1 × 𝑦 4 )]

= 1 + 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 24𝑥 2 + 6𝑦 2 − 24𝑥𝑦 + 32𝑥 3 − 4𝑦 3 − 48𝑥 2 𝑦 + 24𝑥𝑦 2 + 16𝑥 4 − 32𝑥 3 𝑦 + 24𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 4

 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
vi. (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 )

Solution:
1 2
Let 𝑎 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 then

3 4 4 3 0 4 3 1 4 3 2 4 3 3 4 3 4
(𝑎 + ) = ( ) (𝑎)4 ( ) + ( ) (𝑎)3 ( ) + ( ) (𝑎)2 ( ) + ( ) (𝑎)1 ( ) + ( ) (𝑎)0 ( )
𝑧 0 𝑧 1 𝑧 2 𝑧 3 𝑧 4 𝑧
3 9 27 81
= (1 × 𝑎4 × 1) + (4 × 𝑎3 × ) + (6 × 𝑎2 × 2 ) + (4 × 𝑎1 × 3 ) + (1 × 1 × 4 )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧

12𝑎3 36𝑎2 108𝑎 81

= 𝑎4 + + 2 + 3 + 4
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
1 2
Put 𝑎 = 𝑥 + 𝑦

1 2 3 4 1 2 4 12 1 2 3 36 1 2 2 108 1 2 81
( + + ) =( + ) + ( + ) + 2( + ) + 3 ( + )+ 4 (i)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

Apply binomial theorem on first term

1 2 4 4 1 4 2 0 4 1 3 2 1 4 1 2 2 2 4 1 1 2 3 4 1 0 2 4
⇒ ( + ) = ( )( ) ( ) + ( )( ) ( ) + ( )( ) ( ) + ( )( ) ( ) + ( )( ) ( )
𝑥 𝑦 0 𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑦 3 𝑥 𝑦 4 𝑥 𝑦

1 1 2 1 4 1 8 16
= (1 × 4
× 1) + (4 × 3 × ) + (6 × 2 × 2 ) + (4 × × 3 ) + (1 × 1 × 4 )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦

1 2 4 1 8 24 32 16
( + ) = 4+ 3 + 2 2+ 3+ 4
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑦

And

1 2 3 1 8 6 12
( + ) = 3+ 3+ 2 + 3
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦

1 2 2 1 4 4
( + ) = 2+ 2+
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦

1 2 4 1 2 3 1 2 2
Put (𝑥 + 𝑦) , (𝑥 + 𝑦) , (𝑥 + 𝑦) in (i)

1 2 3 4 1 8 24 32 16 12 1 8 6 12 36 1 4 4 108 1 2
( + + ) = 4 + 3 + 2 2 + 3 + 4 + ( 3 + 3 + 2 + 3) + 2 ( 2 + 2 + ) + 3 ( + )
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦
81
+ 4
𝑧
 𝒚 𝟏𝟎
Q4. Find the coefficient of 𝟖𝒕𝒉 term in the expansion of (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐)

Solution:
𝑦
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑏 = , 𝑛 = 10, 𝑟 + 1 = 8 ⇒ 𝑟 = 7
2
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟
10 𝑦 7
𝑇7+1 = ( ) (𝑥 2 )10−7 ( )
7 2

10 𝑦 7 10 𝑦7
𝑇8 = ( ) (𝑥 2 )3 ( ) = ( ) 𝑥 6 7
7 2 7 2
120 6 7 15 6 7
𝑇8 = 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦
128 16
15
Coefficients = 16

Q5. Determine the middle term in the following expansion:

𝟏 𝟏𝟎
i. (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙)

Solution:

Here 𝑛 = 10 is even then

𝑛 10
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ( + 1) 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ( + 1) 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
2 2
1
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 3𝑥 2 , 𝑏 = − , 𝑛 = 10 , 𝑟 + 1 = 6 ⇒ 𝑟 = 5
2𝑥
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

10 2 10−5
1 5 10 1
𝑇5+1 = ( ) (3𝑥 ) (− ) = ( ) (3𝑥 2 )5 (− 5 5 )
5 2𝑥 6 2 𝑥
1 15309 5
𝑇6 = 252(243𝑥 10 ) (− 5
)= − 𝑥
32𝑥 8

𝟏 𝟏𝟏
ii. (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙)

Solution:

Here 𝑛 = 11 is odd then

𝑛+1 𝑛+3
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
2 2
11 + 1 11 + 3
=( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
2 2

𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 6𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠

 1
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 2𝑥 2 , 𝑏 = − , 𝑛 = 11
5𝑥

For 6th term:

𝑟+1=6⇒𝑟 =5
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

11 1 5 11 1 5
𝑇5+1 = ( ) (2𝑥 2 )11−5 (− ) = ( ) (2𝑥 2 )6 (− ) 𝑥 −5
5 5𝑥 5 5
1
𝑇6 = 462(64)𝑥 12 (− ) 𝑥 −5
3125

𝑇6 = −9.46176𝑥 12−5 = −9.46176𝑥 7

For 7th term:

𝑟+1=7⇒𝑟 =6
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

11 2 11−6
1 6 11 2 5
1 6 −6
𝑇6+1 = ( ) (2𝑥 ) (− ) = ( ) (2𝑥 ) (− ) 𝑥
6 5𝑥 6 5
1
𝑇7 = 462(32)𝑥 10 (− ) 𝑥 −6
15625

𝑇7 = −0.946176𝑥 10−6 = −0.946176𝑥 4

𝒂 𝟖
iii. ( + √𝒙)
√𝒙

Solution:

Here 𝑛 = 8 is even then

𝑛 8
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ( + 1) 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ( + 1) 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
2 2
𝑎
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = , 𝑏 = √𝑥 , 𝑛 = 8 , 𝑟 + 1 = 5 ⇒ 𝑟 = 4
√𝑥
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟
8 𝑎 8−4 4 𝑎 4
𝑇4+1 = ( ) ( ) (√𝑥) = 70 ( ) 𝑥 2
4 √𝑥 √𝑥

70𝑎4 2
𝑇5 = 𝑥 = 70𝑎4
𝑥2
 𝟑 𝟏𝟐
iv. (𝒂 − 𝒙𝟐)

Solution:

Here 𝑛 = 12 is even then

𝑛 12
𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ( + 1) 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = ( + 1) 𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 7𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
2 2
3
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑎 , 𝑏 = − , 𝑛 = 12 , 𝑟 + 1 = 7 ⇒ 𝑟 = 6
𝑥2
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟

12 3 6 12 (𝑎)6 36
𝑇6+1 = ( ) (𝑎)12−6 (− 2 ) = ( ) 12
6 𝑥 6 𝑥

729 673596𝑎6
𝑇7 = 924𝑎6 ( 12 ) =
𝑥 𝑥 12

Q6. Find the specified term in the following expansions:

𝟏𝟎
𝒂𝟐
i. The term involving 𝒃𝟔 in the expansion of ( 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒃𝟐 )

Solution:

𝑎2
Here 𝑎 = , 𝑏 = 2𝑏 2 , 𝑛 = 10 , 𝑟 =?
2
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟
10−𝑟
10 𝑎2 10 (𝑎2 )10−𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( )( ) (2𝑏 2 )𝑟 = ( ) 10−𝑟 (2)𝑟 (𝑏 2 )𝑟
𝑟 2 𝑟 2

10 𝑎20−2𝑟 2𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑏
𝑟 210−𝑟−𝑟

For the term involving 𝑏 6 𝑝𝑢𝑡 ⇒ 2𝑟 = 6 ⇒ 𝑟 = 3

10 𝑎20−2(3) 10 𝑎20−6 120 14 6

𝑇3+1 = ( ) 10−3−3 𝑏 2(3) = ( ) 4 𝑏 6 = 𝑎 𝑏
3 2 3 2 16
15 14 6
𝑇4 = 𝑎 𝑏
2
 𝟏𝟐
𝒑𝟐
ii. The term involving 𝒒𝟖 in the expansion of ( 𝟐 + 𝟔𝒒𝟐 )

Solution:

𝑝2
Here 𝑎 = , 𝑏 = 6𝑞 2 , 𝑛 = 12 , 𝑟 =?
2
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟
10−𝑟
12 𝑝2 12 (𝑝2 )12−𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( )( ) (6𝑞 2 )𝑟 = ( ) 12−𝑟 (6)𝑟 (𝑞 2 )𝑟
𝑟 2 𝑟 2

12 𝑝24−2𝑟 𝑟 2𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 6 𝑞
𝑟 212−𝑟

For the term involving 𝑞 8 𝑝𝑢𝑡 ⇒ 2𝑟 = 8 ⇒ 𝑟 = 4

12 𝑝24−2(4) 4 2(4) 64 81
𝑇4+1 = ( ) 12−4 6 𝑞 = 495 𝑝 𝑞 ( 8 ) = 495 ( ) 𝑝16 𝑞8
16 8
4 2 2 16

40095 16 8
𝑇5 = 𝑝 𝑞
16

𝟒
iii. The term involving 𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟑 in the expansion of (𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝒚)

Solution:

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 3𝑥 4 , 𝑏 = −𝑦 , 𝑛 = 4 , 𝑟 =?
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟
4 4
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) (3𝑥 4 )4−𝑟 (−𝑦)𝑟 = ( ) (3)4−𝑟 (𝑥 4 )4−𝑟 (−1)𝑟 (𝑦)𝑟
𝑟 𝑟
4 4
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) (3)4−𝑟 𝑥 16−4𝑟 (−1)𝑟 𝑦 𝑟 = ( ) (3)4−𝑟 (−1)𝑟 𝑥 16−4𝑟 𝑦 𝑟
𝑟 𝑟

Compared 𝑥 16−4𝑟 𝑦 𝑟 = 𝑥 4 𝑦 3

⇒𝑟=3

4 4
𝑇3+1 = ( ) (3)4−3 (−1)3 𝑥 16−4(3) 𝑦 3 = ( ) 31 (−1) 𝑥 4 𝑦 3
3 3

𝑇4 = −4(3)𝑥 4 𝑦 3 = −12𝑥 4 𝑦 3
 𝟓
iv. The term involving 𝒚𝟖 𝒙𝟑 in the expansion of (𝒚𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙)

Solution:

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑦 4 , 𝑏 = −3𝑥 , 𝑛 = 5 , 𝑟 =?
𝑛
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟
𝑟
5 5
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) (𝑦 4 )5−𝑟 (−3𝑥)𝑟 = ( ) 𝑦 20−4𝑟 (−3)𝑟 (𝑥)𝑟
𝑟 𝑟
5
𝑇𝑟+1 = ( ) (−3)𝑟 𝑦 20−4𝑟 (𝑥)𝑟
𝑟

Compared 𝑦 20−4𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 = 𝑦 8 𝑥 3

⇒𝑟=3

5
𝑇3+1 = ( ) 𝑦 20−4(3) (−3)3 (𝑥)3 = 10 𝑦 8 (−27)𝑥 3
3

𝑇4 = −270𝑦 8 𝑥 3
Q9. Prove that sum of all the Binomial coefficients in expansion of (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒏 is 𝟐𝒏 . Also prove the sum of odd
binomial coefficients is 𝟐𝒏−𝟏 .

Solution:

 First we prove that sum of Binomial coefficients of (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒏 is 𝟐𝒏

we know that
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
⇒ (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 0 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏3 + ⋯ + ( ) 𝑎1 𝑏 𝑛−1
0 1 2 3 𝑛−1
𝑛
+ ( ) 𝑎0 𝑏 𝑛 (i)
𝑛

Put 𝑎 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 1 in equation (i)

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
⇒ (1 + 1)𝑛 = ( ) 1𝑛 10 + ( ) 1𝑛−1 11 + ( ) 1𝑛−2 12 + ( ) 1𝑛−3 13 + ⋯ + ( ) 11 1𝑛−1
0 1 2 3 𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2𝑛 = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )+( )
0 1 2 3 𝑛−1 𝑛

Hence proved that sum of Binomial coefficients of (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒏 is 𝟐𝒏

 Prove the sum of odd binomial coefficients = sum of even binomial coefficients = 𝟐𝒏−𝟏 .

For this using above

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
⇒ 2𝑛 = [( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )] + [( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )] (ii)
1 3 𝑛−1 0 2 4 𝑛

Again Put 𝑎 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = −1 in equation (i)

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
⇒ [1 + (−1)]𝑛 = ( ) 1𝑛 (−1)0 + ( ) 1𝑛−1 (−1)1 + ( ) 1𝑛−2 (−1)2 + ( ) 1𝑛−3 (−1)3 + ⋯ …
0 1 2 3
𝑛 1 𝑛−1
𝑛 0 𝑛
+( ) 1 (−1) + ( ) 1 (−1)
𝑛−1 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
⇒ 0 = ( )− ( ) +( ) − ( )+ ⋯− ( )+( )
0 1 2 3 𝑛−1 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
0 = [( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )] − [( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )]
0 2 𝑛 1 3 𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
( ) + ( ) + ⋯+ ( ) = ( ) + ( ) + ⋯+ ( ) (iii)
0 2 𝑛 1 3 𝑛−1

Sum of Even binomial coefficients = Sum of Odd binomial coefficients

 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2𝑛 = [( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )] + [( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )]
0 2 4 𝑛 1 3 5 𝑛−1

Using (iii)
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
⇒ 2𝑛 = [( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )] + [( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )]
1 3 5 𝑛−1 1 3 5 𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2𝑛 = 2 [( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ ( )]
1 3 5 𝑛−1
2𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
= ( ) + ( )+ ( )+ ⋯+ ( )
2 1 3 5 𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2𝑛−1 = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( )
1 3 5 𝑛−1

Also
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2𝑛−1 = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( ) = ( ) + ( ) + ( )…+ ( )
1 3 5 𝑛−1 0 2 4 𝑛

Sum of odd binomial coefficients = sum of even binomial coefficients = 𝟐𝒏−𝟏 .

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒏+𝟏 −𝟏
Q14. Show that (𝒏𝟎) + 𝟐 (𝒏𝟏) + 𝟑 (𝒏𝟐) + 𝟒 (𝒏𝟑) + ⋯ + 𝒏+𝟏 (𝒏𝒏) = 𝒏+𝟏

Solution:
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 0 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏3 + ⋯ + ( ) 𝑎1 𝑏 𝑛−1 + ( ) 𝑎0 𝑏 𝑛
0 1 2 3 𝑛−1 𝑛

Put 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 = 1, 𝑛 = 𝑛 + 1

𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1

(1 + 1)𝑛+1 = ( )+( )+( )+( )+( )+ ⋯+ ( )
0 1 2 3 4 𝑛+1
𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛
2𝑛+1 = 1 + ( )+( )+( )+( )+ ⋯+ ( ) ∴( )=1
1 2 3 4 𝑛+1 0

(𝑛 + 1)! (𝑛 + 1)! (𝑛 + 1)! (𝑛 + 1)! 𝑛 𝑛!

2𝑛+1 − 1 = + + + + ⋯+ 1 ∴( )=
1! 𝑛! 2! (𝑛 − 1)! 3! (𝑛 − 2)! 4! (𝑛 − 3)! 𝑟 𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!

(𝑛 + 1)𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)𝑛!

2𝑛+1 − 1 = + + + + ⋯+1
1! 𝑛! 2! (𝑛 − 1)! 3! (𝑛 − 2)! 4! (𝑛 − 3)!

Divides on both sides (𝑛 + 1)

2𝑛+1 − 1 (𝑛 + 1)𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)𝑛! 1

= + + + + ⋯+
𝑛+1 (𝑛 + 1)1! 𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)2! (𝑛 − 1)! (𝑛 + 1)3! (𝑛 − 2)! (𝑛 + 1)4! (𝑛 − 3)! (𝑛 + 1)

2𝑛+1 − 1 𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑛! 1
=1+ + + + ⋯+
𝑛+1 2 × 1! (𝑛 − 1)! 3 × 2! (𝑛 − 2)! 4 × 3! (𝑛 − 3)! (𝑛 + 1)

2𝑛+1 − 1 1 𝑛! 1 𝑛! 1 𝑛! 1
= 1(1) + ( )+ ( )+ ( ) + ⋯+ (1)
𝑛+1 (𝑛
2 1! − 1)! (𝑛
3 2! − 2)! (𝑛
4 3! − 3)! (𝑛 + 1)

2𝑛+1 − 1 𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛!
= ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯+ ( ) ∴ ( ) = 1, ( ) = 1, ( )=
𝑛+1 0 2 1 3 2 4 3 𝑛+1 𝑛 0 𝑛 𝑟 𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!
 𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏 𝟏
Q15. Show that (𝒏𝟎) − 𝟐 (𝒏𝟏) + 𝟑 (𝒏𝟐) − ⋯ + ( )
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏
= 𝒏+𝟏

Solution:
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 0 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏3 + ⋯ + ( ) 𝑎1 𝑏 𝑛−1 + ( ) 𝑎0 𝑏 𝑛
0 1 2 3 𝑛−1 𝑛

Put 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 = −1, 𝑛 = 𝑛 + 1

𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1

(1 − 1)𝑛+1 = ( ) (−1)0 + ( ) (−1)1 + ( ) (−1)2 + ( ) (−1)3 + ⋯ + ( ) (−1)𝑛+1
0 1 2 3 𝑛+1
𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1
0=( )+( ) (−1) + ( )+( ) (−1) + ⋯ + ( ) (−1)𝑛 (−1)1
0 1 2 3 𝑛+1
𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛
0=1−( )+( )−( )+ ⋯− ( ) (−1)𝑛 ∴( )=1
1 2 3 𝑛+1 0

𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1

( )−( )+( )− ⋯+( ) (−1)𝑛 = 1
1 2 3 𝑛+1
(𝑛 + 1)! (𝑛 + 1)! (𝑛 + 1)! 𝑛 𝑛!
− + − ⋯ + 1 (−1)𝑛 = 1 ∴( )=
1! 𝑛! 2! (𝑛 − 1)! 3! (𝑛 − 2)! 𝑟 𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!

(𝑛 + 1)𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)𝑛!

− + − ⋯ + 1(−1)𝑛 = 1
1! 𝑛! 2! (𝑛 − 1)! 3! (𝑛 − 2)!

Divides on both sides (𝑛 + 1)

(𝑛 + 1)𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)𝑛! 1(−1)𝑛 1

− + − ⋯+ =
(𝑛 + 1)1! 𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)2! (𝑛 − 1)! (𝑛 + 1)3! (𝑛 − 2)! (𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 + 1

𝑛! 𝑛! 1(−1)𝑛 1
1− + − ⋯+ =
(𝑛 (𝑛
2! − 1)! 3! − 2)! (𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 + 1

𝑛! 𝑛! 1(−1)𝑛 1
1− + − ⋯+ =
2 × 1! (𝑛 − 1)! 3 × 2! (𝑛 − 2)! (𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 + 1

1 𝑛! 1 𝑛! (−1)𝑛 1
1(1) − ( )+ ( )− ⋯+ (1) =
2 1! (𝑛 − 1)! 3 2! (𝑛 − 2)! (𝑛 + 1) 𝑛+1

𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑛 (−1)𝑛 𝑛 1
( )− ( ) + ( )− ⋯+ ( )=
0 2 1 3 2 𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛+1
 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝒏
Q16. Show that (𝒏𝟎) − 𝟐 (𝒏𝟏) + 𝟐𝟐 (𝒏𝟐) − ⋯ + 𝟐𝒏 (𝒏𝒏) = (𝟐)

Solution:
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = ( ) 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 0 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 + ( ) 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏3 + ⋯ + ( ) 𝑎1 𝑏 𝑛−1 + ( ) 𝑎0 𝑏 𝑛
0 1 2 3 𝑛−1 𝑛
1
Put 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 =
2

1 𝑛 𝑛 1 0 𝑛 1 1 𝑛 1 2 𝑛 1 3 𝑛 1 𝑛
(1 + ) = ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) + ⋯ + ( ) ( )
2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 𝑛 2

3 𝑛 𝑛 1 0 𝑛 1 1 𝑛 1 2 𝑛 1 3 𝑛 1 𝑛
( ) = ( )( ) + ( )( ) + ( )( ) + ( )( ) + ⋯+ ( )( )
2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 𝑛 2

3 𝑛 𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑛 1 𝑛
( ) = ( ) + ( ) + 2 ( ) + 1/23 ( ) + ⋯ + 𝑛 ( )
2 0 2 1 2 2 3 2 𝑛

Q18. Use Pascal’s triangle to find the number of heads when six coins are tossed together.

Solution:

By Pascal’s triangle, we have

1 ………………………………………………………………… 1 1

2 …………………………………………………………. 1 2 1

3 …………………………………………………. 1 3 3 1

4 …………………………………………. 1 4 6 4 1

5 …………………………………. 1 5 10 10 5 1

6 …………………………… 1 6 15 20 15 6 1

Hence

0 head …………………………………………………………. 1 Result

1 head …………………………………………………………. 6 Results

2 heads ………………………………………………………… 15 Results

3 heads ………………………………………………………… 20 Results

4 heads ………………………………………………………… 15 Results

5 heads ………………………………………………………… 6 Results

6 head …………………………………………………………. 1 Result

Q19. If coins are tossed how many times five heads will appear?

Solution:

By Pascal’s triangle, we have

1 ………………………………………………………………… 1 1

2 …………………………………………………………. 1 2 1

3 …………………………………………………. 1 3 3 1

4 …………………………………………. 1 4 6 4 1

5 …………………………………. 1 5 10 10 5 1

6 …………………………… 1 6 15 20 15 6 1

7 …………………… 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1

Hence

0 head …………………………………………………………. 1 Result

1 head …………………………………………………………. 7 Results

2 heads ………………………………………………………… 21 Results

3 heads ………………………………………………………… 35 Results

4 heads ………………………………………………………… 35 Results

5 heads ………………………………………………………… 21 Results

6 heads ………………………………………………………… 7 Results

7 head …………………………………………………………. 1 Results

Hence there will be 21 times, how many times 3 tails will appear.
Q20. If a coin is tossed 8 times, how many 3 tails will appear?

Solution:

By Pascal’s triangle, we have

1 ………………………………………………………………… 1 1

2 …………………………………………………………. 1 2 1

3 …………………………………………………. 1 3 3 1

4 …………………………………………. 1 4 6 4 1

5 …………………………………. 1 5 10 10 5 1

6 …………………………… 1 6 15 20 15 6 1

7 …………………… 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1

8 …………… 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1

Hence

0 tail …………………………………………………………. 1 Result

1 tail …………………………………………………………. 8 Results

2 tails ………………………………………………………… 28 Results

3 tails ………………………………………………………… 56 Results

Hence in 56 results there will appear 3 tails.