Math Language &

Logic
Describe the error in each of the
following.
•1⊂N
• (1, 2) ∈ 𝑓 where 𝑓 is a function
• 𝑥 > 2 or 𝑥 < 1 is equivalent to 2 < 𝑥 < 1
• Given the function 𝑥 + 10, find the value of
𝑓 4
• (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥)
Translate each sentence using mathematical
symbols

1. 0 is an integer.
2. 𝑥 is multiple of 5.
3. 𝑥 belongs to both sets A and B.
4. The values of x range from -2 to 5.
5. The square of the sum of x and y is not more than 20.
6. The square of a number is nonnegative.
7. The sum of two consecutive numbers is 31.
Logic

 Allowsus to determine the validity of

arguments in and out of mathematics
 Illustrates
the importance of precision and
conciseness of the language of mathematics
Statement or Proposition
 Must express a complete thought.
A declarative sentence that is either true or false
but not both.
Determine whether proposition or not
• Planets revolve around the sun.
• Sketch the graph of 𝑓.
• All multiples of 5 are odd numbers.
• Are you happy?
• x is a real number.
Connective
 Operation that combines two propositions to yield a
new one whose truth value depends only on the
truth values of the two original propositions.
 Conjunction,disjunction, implication (conditional)
and bi-conditional
Simple Statement vs. Compound Statement
• Simple statement – conveys only a single idea
• Compound statement – conveys two or more ideas and is
formed by combining simple statements using connectives
Logic Connectives and Symbols

STATEMENT CONNECTIVE SYMBOLIC TYPE OF

FORM STATEMENT
not P not 𝑃 Negation
P and Q and 𝑃∧𝑄 Conjunction
P or Q or 𝑃 ∨𝑄 Disjunction
If P, then Q If … then 𝑃→𝑄 Implication
P if and only if Q if and only if 𝑃↔𝑄 Bi-conditional
Example 1 (Write a compound statement
in symbolic form)
Example 2 Translate symbolic
statements into English Sentences)
Compound Statements and Grouping
Symbols

 Ifa compound statement is written in symbolic

form, then parentheses are used to indicate
which simple statements are grouped together.
Compound Statements and Grouping
Symbols
 If a compound statement is written as an English
sentence, then a comma is used to indicate which simple
statements are grouped together. Statements on the
same side of a comma are grouped together.
Example 3 (Translate compound
statements)
 Exercises
1. Determine whether each sentence is a statement or
not.
a. Taylor Swift held a concert in Singapore in 2024.
b. Do you like math?
c. Check your Math 100 GC for updates.
d. The moon is made of green cheese.
2. Determine the simple statements in each compound
statement.
a. The freshmen ORSEM will either be on Thursday or
Friday.
b. If today is Tuesday, then tomorrow is Wednesday.
 Exercises
3. Write each sentence in symbolic form. Represent
each simple statement in the sentence with the
letter indicated in the parentheses. Also state
whether the sentence is a conjunction, a
disjunction, a conditional, or a biconditional.
a. The moon is made of butter (b) or cheese (c).
b. If seven is a prime number (p), then eight is a
composite number (c).
c. Laura eats a balanced diet (d) and gets enough
sleep (s).
d. Rice is expensive (e) if and only if it is being
hoarded (h).
 Exercises
4. Consider the following statements:

Use the above information to translate the dialogue

in the speech bubbles below.
 Exercises
5. Let p, q and r represent the following:
𝑝: Ms. Woo is a genius.
𝑞: Ms. Woo is a lawyer.
𝑟: Ms. Woo loves whales.
a. Write (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ↔ 𝑟 as an English sentence.
b. Write “If Ms. Woo is not a genius, then she is not a
lawyer or she loves whales.
Truth Value and Truth Table

 Thetruth value of a simple statement is either

true (T) or false (F).
 Thetruth value of a compound statement
depends on the truth values of its simple
statements and its connectives.
A truth table is a table that shows the truth
value of a compound statement for all possible
truth values of its simple statements.
Truth Value and Truth Table
 Truth Value of a Negation
If a statement 𝑝 is true, its negation is false and if a statement
𝑝 is false, its negation is true.
Example 4:
Truth Value of a Conditional Statement
 Inany conditional statement represented
by “If p, then q” the p statement is called
the antecedent and the q statement is the
consequent.

A conditional statement is always true except when the

antecedent is true and the consequent is false.
Example 5
Determine the truth value of each of the following.
 Truth Value of a Bi-conditional Statement
 The biconditional statement 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 is equivalent
to the conjunction of the conditional statements
𝑝 → 𝑞 and 𝑞 → 𝑝; that is,
𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 ≡ (𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝)

A bi-conditional statement is true only when p and q

have the same truth value.
Example 6
Determine the truth value of each bi-conditional
statement.
a. 3 is odd if and only if 4 is even.
b. 𝑥 + 4 = 7 if and only if 𝑥 = 3.
c. 𝑥 2 = 36 if and only if 𝑥 = 6.
Equivalent Forms of the Conditional
The converse, inverse and contrapositive of a
Conditional Statement
The converse, inverse and contrapositive of a
Conditional Statement
Quantifiers and Negation
Negation of Quantified Statements
Example 7
Write the negation of each of the following
statements.
Exercises
1. Determine whether each statement is true or false.
a. 21 is a rational number and 21 is a natural number.
b. 4≤7
c. −7 ≥ −3
d. 9 is both a prime and an odd number.
e. If 4 ≥ 3, then 2 + 5 = 6.
f. If 5 > 9, then 4 > 9.
g. If Tuesday follows Monday, then March follows April.
h. 4 = 7 if and only if 2 = 3.
i. 𝑥 > 7 if and only if 𝑥 > 6.
j. 𝑥 + 5 > 7 if and only if 𝑥 > 2.
2. Write each of the following in the “if p, then q” form:
a. Every square is a rectangle.
b. Being older than 30 is sufficient to show that she is at
least 21 years old.
c. Being in excellent shape is a necessary condition for
competing in the triathlon.
3. Write the converse, inverse and contrapositive of
each statement.
a. If streets are flooded, then traffic is heavy.
b. Every odd prime number is greater than 2.