VELAMMAL BODHI CAMPUS, COIMBATORE

CLASS XI SUB: BIOLOGY

CHAPTER : REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

SECTION - A

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is ART?
(a) IUDs (b) GIFT (c) ZIFT (d) Both (b) & (c)
2. Emergency contraceptives are effective if used within,
(a) 72 hrs of coitus (b) 72 hrs of ovulation
(c) 72 hrs of menstruation (d) 72 hrs of implantation.
3. The technique called Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) is recommended
for those females
(a) who cannot produce an ovum (b) who cannot retain the foetus inside uterus
(c) who cannot provide suitable environment for fertilisation
(d) all of these
4. Which method can be used for women that cannot produce ovum but can
provide suitable environment ?
(a) IUD (b) GIFT (c) IUI (d) ICSI
5. Which of these can be used to cure infertility in couples where male partner
has very low sperm count ?
(a) IUD (b) GIFT (c) IUI (d) None of these
6. The method of directly injecting a sperm into ovum in assisted reproductive
technology is called
(a) GIFT (b) ZIFT (c) ICSI (d) ET
7. Increased IMR and decreased MMR in a population will
(a) cause rapid increase in growth rate
(b) result in decline in growth rate
(c) not cause significant change in growth rate
(d) result in an explosive population.
8. Intensely lactating mothers do not generally conceive due to the
(a) suppression of gonadotropins (b) hypersecretion of gonadotropins .
(c) suppression of gametic transport (d) suppression of fertilisation.

9. From the sexually transmitted diseases mentioned below, identify the one which does not
specifically affect the sex organs.
(a) Syphilis (b) AIDS (c) Gonorrhea (d) Genital warts

10. Condoms are one of the most popular contraceptives because of the following reasons.
(a) These are effective barriers for insemination. (b) They do not interfere with coital act.
(c) These help in reducing the risk of STDs. (d) All of the above
 ASSERTION & REASON

11. Assertion: A person should be considered reproductively healthy if they have

healthy reproductive organs but are emotionally imbalanced.
Reason: This statement about reproductive health was given by WHO.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are True and Reason is the Correct Explanation of
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are True but Reason is Not the Correct Explanation
of Assertion.
(c)Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.

12. Assertion: Family planning is an action plan to attain reproductive health

among people.
Reason: Improved programmes covering reproduction related areas were
propagated by RCH to create awareness among people.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are True and Reason is the Correct Explanation of
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are True but Reason is Not the Correct
Explanation of Assertion.
(c)Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.

SECTION - B

13. Amniocentesis for Sex Determination is banned in our country. Is this ban
necessary? Write 1 Reason for Banning of Amniocentesis in our country.

Answer : Amniocentesis is a pre-natal diagnostic technique that is used to determine the sex
and metabolic disorders of the developing foetus in the mother’s uterus through the observation
of the chromosomal patterns.

This method was developed so as to determine any kind of genetic disorder present in the
foetus.

However, unfortunately, this technique is being misused to detect the sex of the child before
birth and the female foetus is then aborted.

Thus, to prevent the increasing female foeticides, it is necessary to ban the usage of
amniocentesis technique for determining the sex of a child.
14. Is the Use of Contraceptives justified? Give 2 Reasons.

Answer : Yes, the use of contraceptives is absolutely justified.

(i)The human population is increasing tremendously. Therefore, to regulate the

population growth by regulating reproduction has become a necessary demand in
the present times. Various contraceptive devices have been devised to reduce
unwanted pregnancies, which help in bringing down the increased birth rate and
hence, in checking population explosion.

(ii) Contraceptives provide an option for planning the family by spacing the
pregnancies and avoiding unwanted pregnancies.

(iii) Contraceptives also guard against STDs to some extent.

15. What do you think is the significance of Reproductive Health in a Society?

Answer : Reproductive health is the total well being in all aspects of reproduction.
It includes physical, emotional, behavioural, and social well being.

Sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS, gonorrhoea, etc. are transferred from
one individual to another through sexual contact. It can also lead to unwanted
pregnancies. Hence, it is necessary to create awareness among people, especially
the youth, regarding various reproduction related aspects as the young
individuals are the future of the country and they are most susceptible of
acquiring sexually transmitted diseases.

Creating awareness about the available birth control methods, sexually

transmitted diseases and their preventive measures, and gender equality will help
in bringing up a socially conscious healthy family.

Spreading awareness regarding uncontrolled population growth and social evils

among young individuals will help in building up a reproductively healthy society.

16. Write Short Notes On Medical Termination Of Pregnancy (MTP).

Answer : Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is a voluntary or intentional

termination of a pregnancy before full term.
It can be either through medical abortion, which is a type of non-surgical abortion
in which abortifacient pharmaceutical drugs are used to induce abortion, or
termination of pregnancy.

An oral preparation for medical abortion is commonly referred to as an abortion

pill.

Apart from this means, abortion can also be done surgically.

Medical termination of pregnancy is legal up to 20 weeks of pregnancy.

SECTION - C

17. What are the Characteristics of An Ideal Contraceptive?

Answer : (a) An ideal contraceptive should be user-friendly, easily available, effective and
reversible with no or least side-effects.

(b) An ideal contraceptive should not interfere with the sexual drive, desire or sexual act of the
user.

18. Write in Detail about All the Contraceptive Methods For Birth Control along with
Suitable Examples.

Answer : Birth Control Methods

Birth control could be achieved in the following ways-

Natural Birth Control

Natural Birth Control is a method of preventing pregnancy without the use of medications or
physical devices.

Examples Of Natural Methods Of Birth Control :

Periodic Abstinence, Withdrawl Or Coitus Interruptus and Lactational Amenorrhea are all
Natural Methods of contraception which work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum
and sperm meeting.

Periodic Abstinence - Abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when
ovulation could be expected.
Withdrawal Or Coitus Interruptus - It is another method in which the male partner withdraws
his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation.

Lactational Amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) - This method is based on the fact that
ovulation and therefore the cycle do not occur during the period of intense lactation following
parturition.

Barrier Method

In barrier methods, ovum and sperms are prevented from physically meeting with the help of
barriers.

Such methods are available for both males and females.

Examples Of Barrier Method :

Condoms are barriers made of thin rubber/latex sheath that are used to cover the penis, in the
male or vagina and cervix in the female, just before coitus so that the ejaculated semen would
not enter into the female reproductive tract. This can prevent conception.

Advantages Of Using Condoms :

1.These are very broadly used contraceptives in India due to the fact they're without problems
available, low cost, reliable, powerful, and without facet effects.

2. They additionally prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted sicknesses like AIDs,
Syphilis, etc.

3. Condoms are useful for both sexes as:

(a)They prevent unwanted pregnancies.

(b) Protect the transmission of STDs (sexually transmitted diseases).

Other Examples Of Barrier Methods :

Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults are barriers made of rubber that are inserted into the
female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus.

They prevent conception by blocking the entry of sperms through the cervix.

Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) :

An effective and popular method of contraception is the use of Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs).
These devices are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterus through the vagina.
Non-Medicated IUDs : Example : Lippes loop

Copper - Releasing IUDs : Examples : CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375

Hormone- Releasing IUDs : Examples : Progestasert, LNG-20

Advantages Of Using IUDs :

1.IUDs increase Phagocytosis of Sperms within the Uterus.

2. Cu ions released suppress sperm motility and the Fertilizing Capacity Of Sperms.

3. In Addition, Hormone-Releasing IUDs make the Uterus unsuitable for implantation and the
Cervix hostile to the Uterus.

4. IUDs are ideal contraceptives for the females who want to delay pregnancy and or space
children.

Oral Administration Of Small Doses Of Either Progestogens Or Progestogen - Estrogen

Combinations :

Used by the Females in the form of Tablets and hence are popularly called the Pills.

Advantages Of Using Pills :

1.They inhibit Ovulation and Implantation as well as alter the quality of Cervical Mucus to
prevent entry of sperms.

2. Pills are very effective with lesser side effects and are well accepted by the females.

3. SAHELI - New Oral Contraceptive contains a Non-Steroidal Preparation for the

Females. It is a 'ONCE A WEEK' PILL with very few side effects and high contraceptive
value.

4. Progestogens alone or in combination with Estrogen can also be used by Females as

Injections Or Implants under the Skin.

5. Administration Of Progestogens Or Progestogen-Estrogen Combinations or IUDs within 72

Hours Of Coitus are very effective as "EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVES" as they could be
used to avoid Possible pregnancy due to Rape Or Casual Unprotected Intercourse.

Surgical Methods also called Sterilization :

Surgical method also called Sterilisation are generally advised for the male/female partner as a
terminal method to prevent any more pregnancies.
Surgical method blocks gamete transport and thereby prevents conception.

VASECTOMY : Sterilization procedure in the Male is called "VASECTOMY" and that in the
Female, "TUBECTOMY".

In VASECTOMY, a small incision is made on the scrotum to take out a segment of vas
deferens.

● This is followed by cutting and removing a small part of vas deferens and tying the vas
deferens.

● This method prevents transport of sperms from testes to urethra through vas deferens.

In TUBECTOMY, a small incision is made in the abdomen or vagina to reach the fallopian
tube.

● Fallopian tubes are then cut open and a small part is removed. The remaining portion
of cut fallopian tubes are ligated or clipped.

● This method prevents the transport of secondary oocyte from fallopian tubes to the
uterus.

19. Draw and Label Vasectomy in Males and Tubectomy in Females.

Answer : Refer Figure 4.4 (a) Vasectomy & Figure 4.4 (b) Tubectomy Of NCERT PAGE
NO. 61

SECTION - D

CASE BASED QUESTIONS

20. A large number of couples all over the world including India are infertile, I.e., they are unable
to produce children inspire of unprotected sex. Such Couples could be assisted to have children
through Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART).
Answer The Following :
(a)Expand IVF.
(b) Expand ET. What happens during this event?
(c)Expand ZIFT. What do you understand by this Technique?
(d) Expand IUT. What happens during this Technique?

Answer : (a) IVF Stands For In Vitro Fertilization.

(b) ET Stands For Embryo Transfer. Popularly known as "TEST TUBE BABY
PROGRAMME", Ova from the Wife/ Donor (Female) & Sperms from the
Husband/ Donor (Male) are Collected and are Artificially induced to form
ZYGOTE under suitable conditions in the Lab.

(c)ZIFT Stands For ZYGOTE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRABSFER. The Zygote Or Early
Embryos (up to 8 Blastomeres) is transferred into the Fallopian Tube.

(d) IUT Stands For INTRA UTERINE TRANSFER. The Embryos with More Than 8
Blastomeres is transferred into the Uterus.

21. In-Vivo Fertilization could also be suggested to assist infertile Couples to have
Children.
Answer The Following :
(a)Expand AI.
(b) Expand ICSI. What happens during this event?
(c)Expand GIFT. What do you understand by this Technique?
(d) Expand IUI. What happens during this Technique?

Answer : (a) AI Stands For Artificial Insemination.

(b) ICSI Stands For Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection in which a Sperm is directly
injected into the Ovum.

(c)GIFT Stands For GAMETE INTRA FALLOPIAN TRABSFER. The Ovum is Collected
from the Donor & is transferred into the Fallopian Tube of Another Female who
is infertile, but can provide suitable environment for Fertilization.

(d) IUI Stands For INTRA UTERINE INSEMINATION. The Semen is collected either
from the Husband or A Healthy Donor and afterwards that Semen is Artificially
introduced either into the Vagina Or into the Uterus Of The Female.

SECTION - E

22. Define Surgical Methods of Birth Control. Write 2 Reasons for Adopting
Surgical Methods for the Male / Female Partner. What do You understand by
Vasectomy & Tubectomy? Write the Procedure followed in both Vasectomy &
Tubectomy. Draw and Label Vasectomy and Tubectomy.

Answer : Surgical Methods also called Sterilization :

Surgical method also called Sterilisation are generally advised for the male/female partner as a
terminal method to prevent any more pregnancies.

Surgical method blocks gamete transport and thereby prevents conception.

VASECTOMY : Sterilization procedure in the Male is called "VASECTOMY" and that in the
Female, "TUBECTOMY".

In VASECTOMY, a small incision is made on the scrotum to take out a segment of vas
deferens.

● This is followed by cutting and removing a small part of vas deferens and tying the vas
deferens.

● This method prevents transport of sperms from testes to urethra through vas deferens.

In TUBECTOMY, a small incision is made in the abdomen or vagina to reach the fallopian
tube.

● Fallopian tubes are then cut open and a small part is removed. The remaining portion
of cut fallopian tubes are ligated or clipped.

● This method prevents the transport of secondary oocyte from fallopian tubes to the
uterus.

Refer Figure 4.4 (a) Vasectomy & Figure 4.4 (b) Tubectomy Of NCERT PAGE NO. 61

23. Define Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI). Write the Name of Any Two
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI). Mention 3 Simple Principles For
Prevention Of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI).

Answer : Infections or diseases which are transmitted through sexual intercourse

are collectively called Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI).

NAMES OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STI) :

These are spread by different types of pathogens.

Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is a bacterium.

Syphilis is caused by a bacterium, Treponema pallidum.

Chlamydiasis is also caused by bacteria, Chlamydia trachomatis.

Genital Herpes is caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus(HSV) is, therefore, a viral
disease.

Genital Warts is a viral disease caused by the Human Papilloma Virus(HPV).

Trichomoniasis is caused by a protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis.

Hepatitis B and AIDS are caused by Hepatitis B virus and Human

Immunodeficiency Virus respectively.

Thus, out of all the diseases mentioned above, Three diseases- Gonorrhea,
Syphilis and Chlamydiasis are caused by Bacteria.

3 Simple Principles For Prevention Of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) :

(a)Avoid Sex with Unknown Partners / Multiple Partners.
(b) Always try to use Condoms during Coitus.
(c)Consult a Qualified Doctor for early detection & get complete treatment if
diagnosed with infection