HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY

Human Behavior

 The manner of conducting oneself which considerably involves action of a person in

response to stimuli, and vice versa (Agas & Guevara, 2008).
 Refers to the actions of an organism or system, usually in relation to its environment.

 Anything that you do that can be directly observed, measured, and repeated.
 Refers to the collection of activities exhibited by human beings including how a
person does, feels, thinks or experiences (Penetrante & Florendo, 2014).
 Is the response of individuals or groups of humans to internal and external stimuli. It
refers to the array of every physical action and observable emotion associated with
individuals, as well as the human race.
 Range of actions and mannerism exhibited by humans in conjunction with their
environment, responding to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external,
conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary (Revisa &
Pioquinto, 2020).
 To the criminologist, behavior is the observable actions because he is more
interested in actions and reactions that can be seen and verifies than in concepts,
which cannot be directly verified (Madelo, et. al., 2016).

Human Beings are intelligent social animals with the mental capacity to comprehend, infer
and think in rational ways.

Factors Influencing Behavior

1. Heredity/Biological (Nature) - it is the passing of traits to offspring (from its

parents or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism
acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism.
2. Environment (Nurture) - refers to the surroundings of an object. It consists of
conditions and factors that surround and influence behavioral patterns.
Some environmental factors are:
a. The family
b. The influences of child trauma
c. Pathogenic family structure:
 Inadequate Family - characterized by inability to cope with the
ordinary problems of the family living. It lacks the resources,
physical or psychological, for meeting the demands of family
satisfaction.
 Anti- Social Family - those that espouses unacceptable values
as a result of influence of parents to their children.
 Discordant/Disturbed Family - characterized by dissatisfaction
of one or both parents from the relationship that may express
feelings of frustration.
  Disrupted Family - characterized by incompleteness whether as
a result of death, divorce, separated or some other
circumstances.
d. Institutional Influences
e. Socio-cultural factors
f. Nutrition or the quality of food
3. Learning - is the process by which an individual’s behavior changes as a result of
experience or practice.

Kinds of Behavior (Attributes or Characteristics of Behavior)

1. Overt or Covert Behavior - Behaviors that are outwardly manifested or those that
are directly observable are overt behaviors. On the other hand, covert behavior are
behaviors that are hidden.
2. Conscious or Unconscious Behavior - Behavior is conscious when acts are within
the level of awareness. It is unconscious when acts are embedded in one’s
subconscious.
3. Simple or Complex Behavior - Complex behavior are acts categorized according to
the number of neurons involved in the process of behaving. Simple behavior involves
less number of neurons while complex behavior involved more number of neurons, a
combination of simple behaviors.
4. Rational or Irrational Behavior - There is rational behavior when a person acted
with sanity or reason and there is irrational behavior when the person acted with no
apparent reason or explanation - as when a man loses his sanity and laugh out loud
at nobody or nothing in particular.
5. Voluntary or Involuntary Behavior - Voluntary behavior is an act done with full
volition or will such as when we discriminate, decide or choose while involuntary
behaviors refers the bodily processes that foes on even when we are awake or asleep
like respiration, circulation and digestion.

Aspects of Behavior

1. Intellectual Aspect - this aspect of behavior pertains to our way of thinking,

reasoning, solving, problem, processing info and coping with the environment.
2. Emotional Aspect - this pertains to our feelings, moods, temper, and strong
motivational force.
3. Social Aspect - this pertains to how we interact or relate with other people.
4. Moral Aspect - this refers to our conscience and concept on what is good or bad.
5. Psychosexual Aspect - this pertains to our being a man or a woman and the
expression of love.
6. Political Aspect - this pertains to our ideology towards society/government.
7. Value/Attitude - this pertains to our interest towards something, our likes and
dislikes.

Views in Human Behavior

 1. Neurological View - deals with human actions in relation to events taking place
inside the body such as the brain and the nervous system.
2. Behavioral View - emphasizes on external functions of the human being that can be
observed and measured.
3. Cognitive View - it is concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms
information into various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical View - emphasizes unconscious motives that originate from
aggressive impulses in childhood.
5. Humanistic View - focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and
motivation toward self-actualization.

Two Basic Types of Behavior

1. Inherited (Inborn) behavior - refers to any behavioral reactions or reflexes

exhibited by people because of their inherited capabilities or the process of natural
selection.
2. Learned (Operant) behavior - involves knowing or adaptation that enhances
human beings’ ability to cope with changes in the environment in ways which
improve the chances of survival. Learned behavior may be acquired through
environment or training.

Classifications of Human Behavior

1. Habitual - refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and emotion.

2. Instinctive - are generally unlearned and simply comes out of man’s instinct which
can be seen among instinct-instinct survival behaviors.
3. Symbolic - are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid words and
shown through symbols or body signs.
4. Complex - are those behaviors that combine two or more of the classified ones.

Personality

 Refers to the sum total of how one acts, think, and feel that makes each person
unique.
 Stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives and emotion that characterizes an
individual.

Dimension of Personality by Eysenck

1. Extroverts - are outgoing, sociable and impulsive - they need more stimulation,
easily bored and more likely to be the life and soul of a party.
2. Introverts - tend to be shy, keep to themselves.
3. Emotionally Unstable - being anxious, excitable and easily disturbed.

Freud’s Model of Personality Development (Psychosexual Stages)

1. Oral Stage (0-18 Months) - this is the first stage in which infant’s source of
gratification is the mouth, they get pleasure from sucking and swallowing.
 2. Anal Stage (18 Months - 3 Years) - when parents decide to toilet train their
children during anal stage, the children learn how much control they exert over
others with sphincter muscles. Children can have the immediate pleasure of expelling
feces, but that may cause their parents to punish them.
This represents the conflict between the id, which deprives pleasure from the
expulsion of bodily wastes, and the super-ego which represents external pressure to
control bodily functions. If the parents are too lenient in this conflict, it will result in
the formation of an anal expulsive character of the child who is disorganized,
reckless and defiant. Conversely, a child may opt to retain feces thereby spiting his
parents, and may develop an anal retentive character which is neat, stingy and
obstinate.
3. Phallic Stage (3-6 Years) - genitals become the primary source of pleasure. The
child’s erotic pleasure focuses on masturbation, that is, on self- manipulation of the
genitals.
a. Oedipus Complex - refers to an instance where in boys build up a warm and
loving relationship with mothers. (Mommy’s Boy)
b. Electra Complex - refers to an occasion where in girls experience an intense
emotional attachment for their fathers. (Daddy’s Girl)
4. Latency Stage (6-11 Years) - sexual interest is relatively inactive in this stage.
Sexual energy is going through the process of sublimation and is being converted
into interest in schoolwork, riding bicycles, playing house and sports.
5. Genital Stage (11 Years on ward) - refers to the start of puberty and genital
stage; there is renewed interest in obtaining sexual pleasure through the genitals.
Masturbation often becomes frequent and leads to orgasm. Sexual and romantic
interests in others also becomes a central motive.

Freud Psychosexual Theory believes that an individual is born with two basic instincts:

1. Eros named from the Greek God for love. Eros includes the sex drives and drives
such as hunger and thirst.
2. Thanatos named after the Greek God for death. This includes not only striving for
death but also destructive motives such as hostility and aggression. These drives
highly influence the personality of a person.

Traits refers to the characteristics of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving,

thinking, and feeling (Wade, et. Al, 2003)

Kind of Traits by Allport

1. Common Traits - personality traits that are shared by most members of a particular
culture.
2. Individual Traits - personality traits that define a person’s unique individual
qualities.
3. Cardinal Traits - personality traits that are so basic that all person’s activities relate
to it, one of the most powerful and dominant behavioral predisposition.
4. Central Traits - core traits that characterize an individual’s personality.
5. Secondary Traits - inconsistent or relatively superficial, less generalized and far
less enduring that affects one’s behavior in specific circumstances.
Kinds of Traits by Goldberg (Big Five or Five Factor Theory)

1. Extraversion - reflects the tendency

and intensity to which someone seeks
interaction with their environment,
particularly socially. Individual that are
sociable, outgoing, talkative,
assertive, persuasive, decisive, and
active.
2. Neuroticism - are people who are
prone to emotional instability.
3. Conscientiousness - are individual
who are dependable, organized,
reliable, responsible, and hard-
working. Describes a person’s ability
to regulate their impulse control in
order to engage in goal- directed behaviors.
4. Agreeableness - refers to how people tend to treat relationships with others. Unlike
extraversion which consists of the pursuit of relationships, agreeableness focuses on
people’s orientation and interactions with others. Person who is pleasant, good-
natured, warm, sympathetic and cooperative.
5. Openness - is a person who is openness to experience, creative, and sensitive.
Refers to one’s willingness to try new things as well as engage in imaginative and
intellectual activities. It includes the ability to “think outside of the box.”

Psychosocial Theory of Development

Developmental psychologist Erik H. Erikson was best known for his theory on social
development of human beings, and for coining the phrase identity crisis.

The theory describes eight stages through which a healthy developing human should
pass from infancy to late adulthood.

Stag Basic
Conflict Age
e Virtue

1 Trust vs. Birth to - During this stage, the infant is unsure of Hope
Mistrust 12–18 their surroundings. To alleviate these
months feelings of insecurity, the infant looks to
their primary caregiver for consistency
and stability of care. If the infant receives
consistent, predictable, and dependable
care, he or she will develop a sense of
trust that will carry over into other
relationships.
- If the care has been harsh or
inconsistent, unpredictable and
unreliable, the infant will develop a sense
of mistrust and will lack confidence in
 their abilities to influence events.
- This infant will carry their basic mistrust
into other relationships. It may cause
anxiety, increased insecurities, and a
general sense of mistrust in the world
around them.

- The child is discovering new skills and

abilities, such as putting on clothes and
shoes, playing with toys, and so on. Such
abilities demonstrate the child's growing
independence and autonomy.
18 - According to Erikson, it is critical that
Autonomy
months parents allow their children to test the
2 vs. Shame & Will
to 3 limits of their abilities in a supportive
Doubt
years environment that is tolerant of failure.
Children in this stage become more
confident and secure in their ability to
survive in the world if they are
encouraged and supported in their
increased independence.

- The primary feature during this period is

the child's regular interaction with other
children at school. Children start planning
activities, making up games, and
initiating activities with others. When
children are given this opportunity, they
develop a sense of initiative and
confidence in their ability to lead others
Initiative vs. 3 to 5 and make decisions. As the child's thirst
3 Purpose
Guilt years for knowledge grows, he will begin to ask
a lot of questions. If the parents dismiss
the child's inquiries as trivial, a nuisance,
or embarrassing, or other aspects of their
behavior as threatening, the child may
experience feelings of guilt for "being a
nuisance." Too much guilt can slow a
child's ability to interact with others and
stifle their creativity.

4 Industry vs. 5 to 12 - Children are at the stage where they will Competenc
Inferiority years be learning to read and write, to do sums, y
to make things on their own.
- Too much industry leads to maladaptive
tendency called narrow virtuosity.
Children who aren’t allowed to” be
children”. The ones that parents or
 teachers push into one area of
competence.

- The transition from childhood to

adulthood is crucial. Children are
becoming more self-sufficient, and they
are beginning to consider their future in
Identity vs. 12 to 18
5 terms of career, relationships, families, Fidelity
Confusion years
housing, and so on. "The individual
wishes to be a part of a society and to fit
in." The adolescent's body image changes
during this stage.

- When one begins to share oneself more

intimately with others in young
Intimacy vs. 18 to 40 adulthood. They investigate relationships
6 Love
Isolation years that could lead to longer-term
commitments with someone other than a
family member.

- During middle adulthood, one can

establish careers, settle into
relationships, start families, and develop
a sense of belonging to a larger picture.
Generativity - Concern for the next generation and all
40 to 65
7 vs. future generations is referred to as Care
years
Stagnation generativity. A parent does not expect
to be compensated for his love for his
children.
- Stagnation, on the other hand, is self-
centeredness with no regard for others.

Integrity vs. Over 65 Pride in what you’ve achieved leads to

8 Wisdom
Despair years feelings of satisfaction

Temperament refers to the fundamental groundwork of character, generally presumed to

be biologically determined and existent early in life.

Four Types of Temperament

1. Melancholic -- sad, gloomy

2. Choleric -- hot- tempered, irritable
3. Phlegmatic -- sluggish, calm
4. Sanguine -- cheerful, hopeful

Mood Disorder
  Referred to as an affective disorder, is a condition that severely impacts your mood
and its related functions.
 Characterized by extreme and unwanted disturbance in feeling or mood.

Types of Mood Disorder

1. Bipolar Disorder - also called manic depression or bipolar affective disorder,

depression that includes alternating times of depression (extreme sadness) and
mania (extreme happiness).
2. Depressive Disorder - is when the person experiences extended, unexplainable
periods of sadness.

Forensic Psychology is the application of psychology in the criminal and civil justice
system.
Criminal Behavior

 refers to antisocial acts at risk of becoming a focus of the attention of criminal

behavior and juvenile justice professionals.
 it refers to acts that are injurious, acts that are in violation of the law.
 refers to a behavior which is criminal in nature; a behavior which violates a law.
 refers to action prohibited by the state and punished under the law. (Legal
Definition)
 refers to an action that may be rewarding to the actor but that inflicts pain or loss to
others. (Moral Definition)

Goals of Studying Criminal Behavior

 To describe behavior whether normal or abnormal.

 To identify factors that can predict behavior.
 To control and change behavior as a result of a problem.

Insanity

 A legal term.
 Not able to judge between right from wrong.
 Is the mental inability in managing one’s affairs or to be aware of the consequences
of one’s actions and it is established by testimony of expert witness (Uriate, 2009).
 United States Federal Court legally defines Insanity as the inability to appreciate the
nature and quality or wrongfulness of one’s acts (Redding, 2006).

Lucid Interval refers to a brief period during which an insane person regains sanity that is
sufficient to regain the legal capacity to contract, make a will and to act on his/her own
behalf.
Rules of Intelligence in Criminal Case

1. McNaughton Rule - There is the presumption of sanity, unless the defense proved
“at the time of committing the act, the accused was laboring under such defect of
reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he
was doing or if he did know it, that he did not know what he was doing was wrong.”
2. English Court - “Man was not responsible for his act if he does not know what he is
doing, no more… a wild beast.”
3. Durham Rule - An accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act is the
product of mental disease or mental defect. Irresistible Impulse.

Criminal Profiling

 This is an attempt to derive hypothesis about an offender based on analysis of a

crime scene, victim information and current knowledge of offenders from previous
research.
 Criminal profiling is merely another investigative tool available for police and other
criminal justice elements to utilize when investigating or trying a crime. It is not a
panacea, or total solution.

Serial Killer

 Killer is traditionally defined as a person who has murdered three or more people
over a period of more than a month, with down time (a "cooling off period") between
the murders.
 A series of two or more murders, committed as separate events, usually, but not
always, by one offender acting alone" or, including the vital characteristics, a
minimum of two murders.
 Most of the killings involve sexual contact with the victim, but the FBI states that
motives for serial murder include "anger, thrill, financial gain, and attention seeking".
 The murders may have been attempted or completed in a similar fashion and the
victims may have had something in common; for example, occupation, race,
appearance, sex, or age group.

Characteristic of ALMOST all Serial Killers:

1. Bed Wetting - most intimate and most likely less to be willfully divulged. 60% of
multiple murderers wet their beds past adolescence.
2. Fire Starting - fascination of fire was an early manifestation of obsession with
destruction.
3. Animal Torture (Cruelty to Animals) - most serial killers before moving to human
victims start with animals.

Two Types of Serial Killer based on Motive:

1. Act- Focused generally doesn’t kill for psychological gratification of the kill, making
the act itself their primary emphasis.
Two Subtypes:
 a. Visionary - this killer usually receives a vision or hears a voice telling him to
kill, sometimes the vision or voice comes from God or the Devil.
b. Missionary - on a “mission” to eradicate a specific group of people, such as
prostitutes, white- collared bankers, etc.
2. Process- Focused kill for the enjoyment of it, and usually get a perverse sexual
thrill out of it, so therefore they take their time and go very slowly.
Four Subtypes:
a. Gain - murdering someone for profit or personal gain, female murderers are
common under this type.
b. Trill - killing someone for the rush or high, they like to watch the light go out
in their victim’s eyes.
c. Power - pleasure comes from manipulating and dominating, sex is involved in
this type.
d. Lust - murder is associated with sexual pleasure in the minds of these killers.
Lust killers basically have sexual gratification as their main motivation.

Normal Behavior

 Is the standard behavior.

 The accepted behavior because they follow the standard norms of society.

Abnormal Behavior

 Means “away from home”.

 Is something that deviates from normal or different from the typical.
 In medical terms is a mental illness that affects or is manifested in person’s brain and
can affect the way a person thinks, behaves, and interacts with other people.

Abnormal behavior could be recognized through any of the following:

1. Deviation from Statistical Norm - Many characteristics such as weight, height, an

intelligence cover a range of values when, measured over a population. For instance,
a person who is extremely intelligent or extremely happy would be classified as
abnormal.
Intelligence - It is statistically abnormal for a person to get a score about 145 on an
IQ Test or to get a score
2. Deviation from Social Norm - Behavior that deviates from standard is considered
abnormal. However, it is primarily dependent on the existing norm of such society.
3. Maladaptive Behavior - Effect the well-being of an individual and or the social
group. This kind of deviant behavior interferes with the welfare of the individual such
as a man who fears crowd can’t ride a bus. This means that a person cannot adopt
himself with the situation where in it is beneficial to him.
Two aspects of Maladaptive Behavior:
a. Maladaptive to One’s Self - refers to the inability of a person to reach goals or
adapt to the demand of life.
b. Maladaptive to Society - refers to a person’s obstruction or disruption to social
group functioning.
 4. Personal Distress - abnormality in terms of the individual’s subjective feelings,
personal distress, rather that his behavior. Most people commonly diagnosed as
“mentally ill” feel miserable, anxious, depressed and may suffer from insomnia
(Whitford, et al., 2006).
5. Failure to Function Adequately - this is the inability of an individual to cope with
the demands of everyday life. They are unable to perform necessary behavior for a
day-to-day living like self- care, interaction with other people and maintaining a job.

The following are signs of Abnormal Behavior:

1. Long Periods of Discomfort - Persist for an extended period of time and seem to
be unrelated to events surrounding the person.
Example: Worrying about an upcoming examination or Grieving for the death of a
love one.
2. Impaired Functioning - A distinction should be made between a simple period of
inefficiency and a prolonged period inefficiency.
Example: A brilliant person consistently fails in his classes or Someone who
constantly changes his job for no apparent reason.
3. Bizarre Behavior - Behavior with no rational basis.
Example: Hallucination and Delusion.
4. Disruptive Behavior - Means impulsive, apparently uncontrollable behavior that
disrupts the lives of others or deprives them of their human rights on a regular basis.
Example: Antisocial Personality Disorder (Spoor, 1999).

Mental Retardation is a condition of limited ability in which an individual has a low IQ

usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday
life.

Categories of Mental Retardation

1. Mild Mental Retardation - has an IQ between 50 to 70. This are individual capable
to taking care of themselves are self- sufficient and able to live independently.
2. Moderate Mental Retardation - has an IQ between 35 to 49. This are people that
can be trained to care for themselves. They can carry out work and self- care task
with moderate supervision.
3. Severe Mental Retardation - has an IQ of 20 to 34. This are individuals that are
able to master very basic self- care skills and communication skills. Many severely
retarded individuals are able to live in a group home.
4. Profound Mental Retardation - has an IQ of 20 Below. They may develop self-
care and communication skills with appropriate training and support. Profoundly
retarded people need a high level of structure and supervision.

Mental Deficiency is the condition of incomplete development of the mind existing before
the age of 18 years old, whether arising from inherent causes or induced by disease or
injury.
 a. Idiot - has mental intelligence compared to that of a two year old. It is a mental
defect which prevents a person from common physical danger.
b. Imbecile - mental development similar to 2–7 years old.
c. Morally Defective - devoid of moral sense.
d. Feeble-minded persons - mental defectiveness which though not amounting to
imbecility, yet they require care, supervision and control for their own or for the
protection of others, or in the case of children, they appear to be permanently
incapable of receiving proper benefit from ordinary school.

Nota bene:

Somnambulism a person is performing an act while in the state of natural sleep;

sleep walking.
Semisomnolence or Somnolencia he is half-asleep or in a condition between sleep
and being awake.
Hypnotism or Mesmerism unconscious by the suggestive influence of the
hypnotist.
Delirium state of confusion of the mind; it is characterized by inherent speech,
hallucination, illusions, delusions, restlessness and apparently purposeless motions.

Psychopathology is the scientific study of mental disorder.

Mental Disorder (Mental Illness or Psychiatric Disorder)

 refers to the significant impairment in psychological functioning.

 it is a psychological disorder that involves excessive levels of negative emotions such
as nervousness.
 it is defined as an unpleasant emotional state for which the cause is either identified
as uncontrollable or unavoidable.
 according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)- IV, a
mental disorder is a psychological syndrome or pattern which is associated with
distress.
 in 2013 the American Psychiatric Association (APA) redefined mental disorder as “a
syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s
cognition =, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the
psychological, biological or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.”

Psychosomatic Disorder a disorder in which physical illness is considered to be highly

associated with emotional factors. The individual may not perceive that his emotional state
is contributing to his physical illness.

Psychosis

 came from the word “psyche” which means mind/soul and “osis” meaning
abnormal behavior.
 it means abnormal condition of the mind.
 generic psychiatric term for mental state often described as involving a “loss of
contact with reality.”
Characteristic of Psychosis

 Delusion
 Hallucination
 Bizarre behavior
 Inappropriate emotion responses
 Distortion of thinking, association and judgement

Symptoms of Psychosis:

a. Involution Reaction - severe depression during the involution period without

previous history of psychosis.
b. Affective Reaction - inappropriately exaggerated mood and mark change in activity
level with associated through disorder.
c. Manic- Depressive Reaction - shows cyclical disturbances involving various
combination of or alternation between excitement and delusional optimism on the
one hand and immobilizing, delusional depression on the other.
d. Schizophrenic Reaction - bizarre behavior; disturbances of thought and reality
testing; emotional withdrawal; and varying levels of psychotic thinking and behavior.
(Beltran, 1996)

Neurosis

 Coined by Dr. William Kullen

 Known as Psychoneurosis or Neurotic Disorder, and person suffering of such is
called Neurotic.
 Is a class of functional mental disorder involving distress but neither delusion nor
hallucinations, whereby behavior is not outside socially accepted norms.
 The distinguishing feature of neurosis is a sustained characteristic of showing
anxiety, fear, endless troubles that carries significant aspects of the individual’s life.

Anxiety Disorder

 Is a psychological disorder that involves excessive level of negative emotions, such

as nervousness, tension, worry, fright, and anxiety.
 Becomes a disorder when it's irrational, excessive and when it interferes with a
person's ability to function in daily life.

Anxiety

 Also known as “Neurotic Fear”.

 Is defined as an unpleasant emotional state for which the cause is identified or
perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable.
 Is an intangible feeling that seems to evade any effort to resolve it.

Fear is an emotional and physiological response to a recognized external threat or a

response to a real danger or treat.
Forms of Anxiety Disorder

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder - is a mental health condition that causes fear, a

constant feeling of being overwhelmed and excessive worry about everyday things. It
can affect children and adults, and is manageable with talk therapy and/or
medications.
Symptoms
a. Restlessness or Feeling Keyed up
b. Difficulty Concentrating
c. Irritability
d. Muscle Tension and Jitteriness
e. Deep Disturbance
f. Unwanted, Intrusive Worries
2. Panic Disorder (Panic Attack) - are sudden, intense feelings of fear that cause
physical symptoms like a racing heart, fast breathing and sweating.
Symptoms
a. Sweating
b. Chest pain
c. Palpitations (Irregular Heartbeats)
d. Feeling of Choking
3. Post - Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - a condition that can develop following
a traumatic and/or terrifying event, such as a sexual or physical assault, the
unexpected death of a loved one, or a natural disaster.
People with PTSD often have lasting and frightening thoughts and memories
of the event, and tend to be emotionally numb.

4. Specific Phobias - an intense fear of a specific object or situation. Some specific

phobias are:
a. Arachnophobia is the fear of spiders and other arachnids.
b. Ophidiophobia is the fear of snakes.
c. Acrophobia the fear of heights.
d. Agroraphobia the fear of open or crowded spaces
e. Cynophobia the fear of dogs.
f. Astraphobia is a fear of thunder and lightning.
g. Claustrophobia is the fear of small spaces.
h. Mysophobia the excessive fear of germs.
i. Aerophobia the fear of flying.
j. Trypophobia the fear of holes.

Three Types of Anxiety According to Freud

1. Reality Anxiety - refers to fear of real dangers in the external world.

2. Neurotic Anxiety - refers to fear that instincts will get out of control and cause the
person to do something for which he or she will be punished.
3. Moral Anxiety - refers to fear of the conscience.

Personality Disorder - it is a maladaptive personality pattern. It is a psychological disorder

that is believed to have resulted from personalities that developed improperly during
childhood.
Types of Personality Disorder: Cluster A, B, & C according to the Diagnostic and
statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR, 2000), a reference used to clinically define mental illness.
Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric Behaviors

a. Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD) - is characterized by the inability to form

social relationship and lack of interest in doing so. The person seem to express their
feelings, they lack social skills. They are the so-called “loners”.
b. Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) - is characterized by suspicious, rigidity,
envy, hypersensitivity, excessive self-importance, argumentativeness and tendency
to blame others of one’s own mistakes. Prone to unjustified anger or aggressive
outbursts when they perceive others as disloyal or deceitful, they more often come
across as emotionally “cold” or excessively serious.
c. Schizotypal Personality Disorder - is characterized by seclusiveness, over
sensitivity, avoidance of communication and superstitious thinking is common.

Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Bahaviors

a. Antisocial Personality Disorder (APB) - behave in a manner that demonstrates a

lack of consideration for the emotions and entitlements of others. Individuals with
anti-social personalities frequently engage in illegal activities. Utilize or leverage
individuals for personal benefit. Individuals may engage in repetitive lying, impulsive
behavior, and physical altercations.
b. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) - a mental illness interferes with an
individual’s ability to regulate emotion. Borderlines are highly sensitive to rejection,
and fear of abandonment may result in frantic efforts to avoid being left alone, such
as suicide threats and attempts.
c. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) - is characterized primarily by
grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.
d. Histrionic Personality Disorder - individuals with this personality disorder exhibit
a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attempt to get attention in unusual
ways, such as bizarre appearance or speech

Cluster C: Anxious, Fearful Behavior

1. Avoidant Personality Disorder (APD) - those with avoidant personalities are often
hypersensitive to rejection and unwilling to take social risks.
2. Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) - typically exhibits a pattern of needy and
submissive behavior, and rely on others to make decisions for them.
3. Obsessive- Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) - also known as
Anankastic Personality Disorder, individuals that are focused on order and
perfection that their lack of flexibility interferes with productivity and efficiency. They
can be also workaholics, preferring of working alone, as they afraid that work
completed by others will not be done correctly.

Delusional Disorder

 Is sometimes referred to as paranoia: delusions are false, sometimes even

preposterous, beliefs that are not part of the person’s culture.
  A strong tendency to feel that you cannot trust other people or that other people
have a bad opinion of you.
 A mental illness that causes extreme feelings that others are trying to harm you.

Type of Delusional Disorder

1. Persecutory Type (Delusion of Persecution) - person of this type believes that he or

she is being threatened or mistreated by others.
2. Grandiose Type (Delusion of Grandeur) - victims of this disorder believe that they are
extraordinarily important people.
3. Jealous Type - centers on suspected unfaithfulness of spouse or sexual partner.
4. Erotomanic Type - where a person has an erotic delusion that he or she is loved by
another person, especially by someone famous or of higher status.
5. Somatic Type - false belief focuses on a delusional physical abnormality disorder. A
person believe that his or her body is under attack.
6. Guilt Delusion - this person believes he or she has done something terrible.

Somatoform Disorder is a mental disorder characterized by physical symptoms that

mimic physical disease or injury for there is no identifiable physical cause.

Major Type of Somatoform Disorder

1. Conversion Disorder (Hysteria) - patient display neurological symptoms such as

numbness, paralysis, or fit, even though no neurological explanation is found and it is
determined that it is due to patient’s psychological response to stress.
2. Hypochondriasis - disorder in which persons are preoccupied with their health and
are convinced that they have some serious disorder despite reassurance of from the
doctors.
3. Somatization Disorder - also known as Briquet’s Disorder, is a psychiatric
diagnosis applied to patients who chronically and persistently complain of varied
physical symptoms that have no identifiable physical origin.
4. Pain Disorder - it is when a patient experience chronic pain in one or more areas,
and is thought to be caused by psychological stress
5. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) - previously known as Dysmorphophobia and
sometimes referred to as Body Dysmorphia or Dysmorphic Syndrome. Affected
person is excessively concerned about and preoccupied by perceived defect in his or
her physical feature.
6. Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder - only one unexplained symptom is
required for at least months. Example: False Pregnancy

Amnesia disorder wherein the individual cannot recall his or her name and remembers little
or nothing about the past in varying levels of intensity.

Types of Amnesia

 Anterograde – inability to retain information, which has just been seen or read
 Retrograde – inability to recall any event that took place during a certain period.
  Localized – inability to t=recall events and details that are related to a particular
situation

Dissociative Disorders are disorders in which, under stress, one loses the integration of
consciousness, identity, and memories of important persons or events. These include the
following:

1. Psychogenic Amnesia - known as Dissociative Amnesia is the temporary or

permanent loss of a part or all of the memory of a person. Occurs when a person
blocks out certain events, often associated with stress or trauma, leaving the person
unable to remember important personal information.
2. Psychogenic Fugue - known as Dissociative Fugue is simply the addition to
generalized amnesia. A temporary state where a person has memory loss and ends
up in an unexpected place. People with this symptom can't remember who they are
or details about their past.
3. Multiple Personality Disorder - known as Dissociative Identity Disorder, characterized
by "switching" to alternate identities. One may feel the presence of two or more
people talking or living inside your head, and you may feel as though you're
possessed by other identities.
4. Depersonalization Disorder - is the continued presence of feelings that the person is
not himself or herself or that he or she can’t control his or her own actions.

II. Paraphilias

 The word paraphilia derives from Greek; Para means around or beside, and Philia
means love.
 Used to indicate sexual arousal in response to sexual objects or situations that are
not part of societal normative arousal/ activity patterns, or which may interfere with
the capacity for reciprocal affectionate sexual activity.
 Is any emotional disorder characterized by sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or
behaviors that are recurrent, intense, occur over a period of at least six months, and
cause significant distress or interfere with the sufferer’s work, social function, or
other important areas of functioning.

Common Form of Paraphilia

a. Exhibitionism
 Also known as flashing.
 Exposure of private parts of his/her body to another person in a situation
when they would not normally be exposed.
 May be called Apodysophilia or a Lady Govia Syndrome

Type of Exposure
  Flashing - is the display of bare breasts and or/ buttocks by a woman
with an up-and-down lifting of the shirt and/ or bra or a person
exposing and/ or stroking his or her genitals.
 Mooning - refers to the display of the bare buttocks while bending
down by the pulling-down of trousers and underwear.
 Anasyrma - lifting up of the skirt when not wearing underwear, to
expose genitals.
 Martymachlia - involves sexual attraction to having others watch the
execution of sexual act.
b. Fetishism
 Experience sexual urges and behavior which are associated with non- living
objects.

Types of Fetishism

 Sexual Transvestic Fetishism (Transvestism) - male who are aroused

by wearing, fondling, or seeing female clothing.
 Foot Fetishism - sexual interest in human feet. Most common fetishistic
interest among humans.
 Tickling Fetishism - gaining specific sexual trill from either tickling a
sex partner or being subjected to tickling themselves.
 Wet and Messy Fetish (WAM) - getting aroused by substance applied
on the body like mud, shaving foam, custard pudding, chocolate sauce,
etc.
 Pygmalionism - sexual deviation whereby a person has sexual desire
with a statue.
 Incendiarism - sexual deviation whereby a person derives sexual
pleasure from setting fire.
c. Frotteurism (Frottage) - is an act of obtaining sexual arousal and gratification by
rubbing one’s genitals against others in public places or crowds.
d. Pedophilia - used to refer to child sexual abuse which come from the Greek word
Pais “Child” and Philia “Friendship”.
e. Masochism - involves acts in which a person derives sexual excitement from being
humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise abused.
f. Sadism - is the act of attaining sexual pleasure or gratification by the infliction of
pain and suffering upon another person.
g. Voyeurism (Peeping Tom) - is the act of attaining sexual pleasure or gratification
by watching others while naked or having sex, generally without their knowledge;
also known as scopophilia or scoptophilia.
h. Scatologia - is the act of attaining sexual pleasure or gratification by obscene phone
calls, particularly to strangers; also known as telephonicophilia and scatophilia.
i. Necrophilia - also called thanatophilia and necrolagnia, is the sexual attraction
to corpses.
j. Coprophilia - from Greek kopros - excrement and filia - liking, also called
scatophilia or scat, is the paraphilia involving sexual pleasure from feces.
k. Zoophilia - is the practice of sex between humans and animals.
l. Urolagnia - attaining sexual gratification by urination, particularly in public, on
others, and/or being urinated on, also referred to as "water sports".
m. Gerontophilia - sexual inclination towards the elderly.
 n. Mysophilia - obtaining sexual gratification by dirty surroundings.

III. Gender Identity Disorder (Transsexualism)

 Person experiences confusion, vagueness, or conflict in his/her feelings about his/her

own sexual identity.
 Individual feels trapped in a body of the wrong sex.

Category of Sexual Abnormalities

a. Sexual Abnormalities as to the Choice of Sexual Partner:

 Heterosexual - refers to sexual desire towards the opposite sex.
 Homosexual - refers to a relationship or having a sexual desire towards
member(s) of his or her own gender.
 Overt Homosexual - persons who are conscious of their homosexual cravings
and who make no attempts to disguise their intention. They make advances
towards members of their own sex.
 Latent Homosexual - persons who may or may not be aware of the tendency
in the direction but are inclined to repress the urge to give way to their
homosexual yearning.
 Tribadism (Lesbianism) - a special name for female homosexuals wherein
woman has the desire to have sexual intercourse with another woman; the
“masculine” woman may be the active subject during the sexual act; most
lesbians have antipathy towards men.
 Infantosexual - refers to a sexual desire towards an immature person such as
Pedophilia.
 Bestosexual - refers to sexual gratification towards animals. This is also similar to
Bestiality and Zoophilia.
 Autosexual (Self Gratification or Masturbation) - is a form of “self - abuse” or
“solitary vice” carried without the cooperation of another person or the induction
of a state of erection of the genital organs and the achievement of orgasm by
manual or mechanical situation.

Types of Masturbation:
 Conscious Type - person deliberately resorts to some mechanical means of
producing sexual excitement with or without orgasm
o In Male - by manual manipulation to the point of emission or
rubbing his sex organ against some part of the female body without
use of hand (frottage);
o In Female - manual manipulation of clitoris or introduction of penis-
substitute
 Unconscious Type - release of sexual tension may come about via the
mechanism of nocturnal stimulation with or without emission
 Gerontophilia - refers to sexual desire with elder person.
 Necrophilia - refers to a sexual perversion characterized by erotic desire or actual
sexual intercourse with a corpse.
 Incest - refers to sexual relations between persons who, by reason of blood
relationship cannot legally marry.
b. Sexual Abnormalities as to the Part of the Body:
  Sodomy - refers to sexual act through anus of another human being.
 Uranism - refers to the attainment of sexual gratification by fingering, fondling
with the breast, licking parts of the body, etc.
 Frottage (Frotteurism) - form of sexual gratification characterized by the
compulsion of a person to rub his sex organ against some parts of the body of
another.
 Partialism - a form of sexual deviation wherein a person has special affinity to
certain parts of the female body.
c. Sexual Abnormalities as to Visual Stimulus:
 Voyeurism - is a form of sexual perversion characterized by a compulsion to peep
to see persons undress or perform other activitites.
 Mixoscopia (Scoptophilia) - refers to a perversion wherein sexual pleasure
attained by watching couple undress or during their sex intimacies.
d. Sexual Abnormalities as to Number of Sex Partner:
 Triolism - from the French word, Trio which means Three, a form of sexual
perversion in which three persons are participating in sexual orgies.
 Pluralism - a form of sexual deviation in which a group of person participates in
the sexual orgies. Two or more couples may perform sexual act.
e. Sexual Abnormalities as to Sexual Reversal:
 Transvestism - a form of deviation wherein a male individual derives pleasure
from wearing the female apparel.
 Transexualism - dominant desire in some person to identify themselves with the
opposite sex.
 Intersexuality - a genetic defect wherein an individual show intermingling, in
varying degrees, of the characteristics of both sexes including physical form,
reproductive organs,a nd sexual behavior.
Classification of Intersexuality:
o Gonadal Agenesis - sex organs have never develop.
o Gonadal Dysgenesis - external sexual structures are present but at
puberty the testes or ovaries fail to develop.
o True Hermaphroditism - state of bisexuality, having both ovaries
and testicles.
o Pseudohermaphrodite - sex organ is anatomically of one sex but
the sex character is that of the opposite sex.