Fluid Mechanics (EG 575 ME)

Ram C. Poudel
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Pulchowk Campus

19 May 2013
Chapter 3: Kinematics of Fluid
Flow
Description of Fluid Flow: 1D, 2D and
3D Flow
Circulation and Vorticity
Rotational and Irrotational Flow
Equation of Stream Line
Velocity Potential
Stream Function
Acceleration of a Fluid Particle
 Overview
 Fluid Kinematics deals with the motion of
fluids without considering the forces and
moments which create the motion.
 Items discussed today.
• Material derivative and its relationship to Lagrangian
and Eulerian descriptions of fluid flow.
• Flow visualization.
• Plotting flow data.
• Fundamental kinematic properties of fluid motion and
deformation.
• Reynolds Transport Theorem
 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows

 N-S equations are 3D vector equations.

 Velocity vector, U(x,y,z,t)= [Ux(x,y,z,t),Uy(x,y,z,t),Uz(x,y,z,t)]
 Lower dimensional flows reduce complexity of analytical and
computational solution
 Change in coordinate system (cylindrical, spherical, etc.) may
facilitate reduction in order.
 Example: for fully-developed pipe flow, velocity V(r) is a
function of radius r and pressure p(z) is a function of distance z
along the pipe.
 Flow Visualization
 Flow visualization is the visual
examination of flow-field features.
 Important for both physical experiments
and numerical (CFD) solutions.
 Numerous methods
• Streamlines and streamtubes
• Pathlines
• Streaklines
• Timelines
• Refractive techniques
• Surface flow techniques
Streamlines
 A Streamline is a curve that
is everywhere tangent to the
instantaneous local velocity
vector.
 Consider an arc length

dr  dxi  dyj  dzk

 dr must be parallel to the
local velocity vector

V  ui  vj  wk
 Geometric arguments
results in the equation for a
streamline
dr dx dy dz
  
V u v w
 Streamlines
Airplane surface pressure
NASCAR surface pressure
contours, volume streamlines,
contours and streamlines
and surface streamlines
Pathlines
 A Pathline is the actual path
traveled by an individual
fluid particle over some time
period.
 Same as the fluid particle's
material position vector
x particle  t  , y particle  t  , z particle t  
 Particle location tat time t:
x  xstart   Vdt
tstart

 Particle Image Velocimetry

(PIV) is a modern
experimental technique to
measure velocity field over a
plane in the flow field.
Streamline and Pathline
Streaklines
 A Streakline is the
locus of fluid
particles that have
passed sequentially
through a
prescribed point in
the flow.
 Easy to generate in
experiments: dye in
a water flow, or
smoke in an airflow.
 Comparisons
 For steady flow, streamlines, pathlines, and
streaklines are identical.
 For unsteady flow, they can be very different.
• Streamlines are an instantaneous picture of the flow
field
• Pathlines and Streaklines are flow patterns that have a
time history associated with them.
• Streakline: instantaneous snapshot of a time-integrated
flow pattern.
• Pathline: time-exposed flow path of an individual
particle.
Timelines
 A Timeline is the
locus of fluid
particles that have
passed sequentially
through a
prescribed point in
the flow.
 Timelines can be
generated using a
hydrogen bubble
wire.
 Plots of Data
 A Profile plot indicates how the value of a
scalar property varies along some desired
direction in the flow field.
 A Vector plot is an array of arrows
indicating the magnitude and direction of
a vector property at an instant in time.
 A Contour plot shows curves of constant
values of a scalar property for
magnitude of a vector property at an
instant in time.
Kinematic Description
 In fluid mechanics, an
element may undergo four
fundamental types of
motion.
a) Translation
b) Rotation
c) Linear strain
d) Shear strain
 Because fluids are in
constant motion, motion
and deformation is best
described in terms of rates
a) velocity: rate of translation
b) angular velocity: rate of
rotation
c) linear strain rate: rate of
linear strain
d) shear strain rate: rate of
shear strain
Rate of Translation and Rotation
 To be useful, these rates must be expressed in terms
of velocity and derivatives of velocity
 The rate of translation vector is described as the
velocity vector. In Cartesian coordinates:

V  ui  vj  wk
 Rate of rotation at a point is defined as the average
rotation rate of two initially perpendicular lines that
intersect at that point. The rate of rotation vector in
Cartesian coordinates:
1  w v  1  u w  1  v u 
   i     j    k
2  y z  2  z x  2  x y 
 Linear Strain Rate
 Linear Strain Rate is defined as the rate of increase in length per
unit length.
 In Cartesian coordinates
u v w
 xx  ,  yy  ,  zz 
x y z
 Volumetric strain rate in Cartesian coordinates
1 DV u v w
  xx   yy   zz   
V Dt x y z
 Since the volume of a fluid element is constant for an
incompressible flow, the volumetric strain rate must be zero.
 Shear Strain Rate
 Shear Strain Rate at a point is defined as
half of the rate of decrease of the angle
between two initially perpendicular lines that
intersect at a point.
 Shear strain rate can be expressed in
Cartesian coordinates as:
1  u v  1  w u  1  v w 
 xy     ,  zx     ,  yz    
2  y x  2  x z  2  z y 
 Shear Strain Rate
We can combine linear strain rate and shear
strain rate into one symmetric second-order
tensor called the strain-rate tensor.

 u 1  u v  1  u w  
      
 x 2  y x  2  z x  
  xx  xy  xz  
  1  v u  v 1  v w  
 ij    yx  yy  yz          
  zx   2  x y  y 2  z y  
  zy  zz   
 1  w  u  1  w v  w 
 2  x z     
 2  y z  z 
 Shear Strain Rate
 Purpose of our discussion of fluid element
kinematics:
• Better appreciation of the inherent complexity
of fluid dynamics
• Mathematical sophistication required to fully
describe fluid motion
 Strain-rate tensor is important for
numerous reasons. For example,
• Develop relationships between fluid stress and
strain rate.
• Feature extraction and flow visualization in
CFD simulations.
 Vorticity and Rotationality
 The vorticity vector is defined as the curl of the
velocity vector z    V
 Vorticity is equal to twice the angular velocity of a
fluid particle. z  2
Cartesian coordinates
 w v   u w   v u 
z    i     j    k
 y z   z x   x y 
Cylindrical coordinates
 1 u z u   ur u z     ru  ur 
z   
 r 
e   e     ez
 r  z   z r   r  
 In regions where z = 0, the flow is called irrotational.
 Elsewhere, the flow is called rotational.
Vorticity and Rotationality
 Circulation
 The circulation, Γ is defined as the line
integral of the tangential velocity
component about any closed curve fixed
in the flow,

where ds is an elemental vector tangent to the curve and

having length ds of the element of arc; a positive sense
corresponds to a counter clockwise path of integration
around the curve.
 Circulation and Vorticity

Equation 5.18 is a statement of the Stokes Theorem in

two dimensions: the circulation around a closed contour
is equal to the total vorticity enclosed within it.
 Comparison of Two Circular Flows
Special case: consider two flows with circular streamlines

ur  0, u   r ur  0, u 
K

1    r 
r
1    ru  ur 
2

z     ez    0  ez  2ez 1    ru  ur  1  K  
r  r  r  z     ez    0  ez  0ez
 r
  r  r   r  r 
 Velocity Potential

For irrotational flow, we define the

potential function  such that
V=-
Implies:
u = -  /  x
v = -  /  y
w = -  /  z
Satisfies Irrortationality
 x V =  x (-   ) = - curl(grad  ) = 0
Stream Function
 Stream function and Velocity
Potential

These equations are known as Cauchy–Riemann equations and

they enable the stream function to be calculated if the velocity
potential is known and vice versa in a potential flow.
Laplace Equation
 Acceleration Field
 Consider a fluid particle and Newton's second law,
Fparticle  mparticle a particle

 The acceleration of the particle is the time derivative

of the particle's velocity.dV
a particle  particle
dt
 However, particle velocity at a point is the same as
the fluid velocity,Vparticle  V  x particle  t  , y particle  t  , z particle  t  
 To take the time derivative of, chain rule must be
used. V dt V dx particle V dy particle V dz particle
a particle    
t dt x dt y dt z dt
 Acceleration Field
dx particle dy particle dz particle
 Since  u,  v, w
dt dt dt
V V V V
a particle  u v w
t x y z
 In vector form, the acceleration can be written as

dV V
a  x, y , z , t  
dt

t
 V V  
 First term is called the local acceleration and is nonzero only
for unsteady flows.
 Second term is called the advective acceleration and accounts
for the effect of the fluid particle moving to a new location in
the flow, where the velocity is different.
 Material Derivative
 The total derivative operator d/dt is call the material
derivative and is often given special notation, D/Dt.
DV dV V
Dt

dt

t
 V  V  
 Advective acceleration is nonlinear: source of many
phenomenon and primary challenge in solving fluid
flow problems.
 Provides ``transformation'' between Lagrangian and
Eulerian frames.
 Other names for the material derivative include: total,
particle, Lagrangian, Eulerian, and substantial
derivative.
Thank you!