Science Lab Manual Class 10 Experiment - 1 Aim To study the dependence of potential difference (\/) across a resistor on the current (I) passing through it and determine its resistance. Also plot a graph between V and | Theory + Ohm's Law: The potential difference, V across the ends of a given metallic wire in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided its temperature is the same. This is Ohm's law. Vel . V=IR, (Here R = Constant for the given metallic wire) + The $1 unit of resistance is Ohm (Q). R=t+ Circuit Diagram: R AWWW A=A mmeter V= \p itmeter De R= Resistor 4 @ = Battery ee K=Key | | -—+e- —i— | | - Rh = Rheostat é K Rh + In acircuit ammeter is always connected in series and voltmeter is connected in parallel across the points between which potential difference is to be measured, + Astraight line graph obtained between V and I verifies the Ohm's law. + Least Count: Itis very important to find the least count of ammeter and voltmeter before using them. 02 2 0.4 1 0 0 Ammeter Voltmetertras Requed i. Std copper (ain 10 plese) a ay, an ammeter,Mean alucoft = BABAR. 2424299 oy obe eos, coy abs ob our obs vie a ae ae ag Conclusions 4. The value of Ris found tobe same and consant in al tree racing. 2. Tho tooltane of s resistor rae of potntalcfrenea and curert 3. The glaph Vand isa sraigh ine. Tis shows that Va. This verfles Ohi tow Precautions 1. The connecting wires should be thick copper witas and the insulation oftheir ends should be removed using the sand paper. 2. Connections shouid be tight otherwise some external resistance may introduce in the circuit. 3. Connections should be made as per the circuit. Before closing the crcult show the ‘connections tothe teacher to tako the readings. 4, The ammeter should be connected in series with the resistor such thatthe current ‘enters at the postive terminal and leaves at the negative termina ofthe ammeter. Voltmeter should alvays be connected in parallel to resistor. Calculate the least count of volmeter and ammeter correctly ‘The pointers of the ammeter and voltmeter should be at zero mark when no current flows through the circuit.Science Lab Manual Experiment - 2 Aim To determine the focal length of (i) concave mirror (ii) convex lens by obtaining the image of a distant object. Theory Focal length of Concave Mirror + Aspherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is curved inwards, that is, faces towards the centre of the sphere, is called a concave mirror. = Aconcave mirror, like a plane mirror, obeys the laws of reflection of light.Materials Required A-concave mitror, a measuring scale, a screen a mirror holder and mirror stand. Procedure 1. Select a distant object from the laboratory window (distance should be more than 50 ft). 2. Fix the concave mirror on the mirror stand placed on the table, facing the distant object. 3. Place the screen in front of the reflecting surface of the mirror. Move the screen back and forth until a clear, sharp image of the distant object is obtained on the screen. 4, Measure the distance between the concave mirror and the screen with a metre scale. This distance is the focal length of the given concave mirror. Record the focal length.5. Repeat the above procedure twice and record the reatings. Take thee readings ‘and calculate the average focal length. a Determination of focal length o concave mor Observation Table ‘Ss | Petlon af eoncave mieror | Poston af szreenS) Foaliongth/= (aS em Caleulation Mean valve of focal length of concave miro = fr pth $F cm= 10cm Result ‘The focal length of the glven concave mitror PrecautionsPrecautions 1. The distant object must be well illuminated to produce a well illuminated and distinct image. Always place the concave mirror near an open window. The polished surface of the concave mirror must face the distant obje eonScience Lab Manual Experiment 3 Aim To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out during respiration.(A) Test for release of CO, during respiration in animals. Materats Required “Two test tubes cork wth two hoes, to ges tober, syringe, me water. Procedure 1 Take some freshly prepared lime water in two tat tubes. 2. Fitcork with holes in tet tubes and 8. ‘3 Fovtwo glass tubes in tis cork fest tube A as shown inthe gue ‘4 Ele alrinta the tubs and record your abaervaions 5 In nether test tube 8 wich has ime water. passa through syringe and record your ebservations. owng a “i v I osute ning ena et ‘ving oon te ie wate wth observation 1+ Intest tube A, the lime water uns milky sooner than in test ube B. contusion 1. The exhaled ar contans ot of CO, which tums lime water milky, 2. This proves that curing respation we exhale CO, gas. Precautions, 1. The aass te shouldbe dipped in the tine water. 2. Thelma water shou be resly prepared,