COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

STATE-OF-THE-ART: lo ultimo, nivel mas alto, lo mejor. STATE-

OF-THE-ART ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM
STATE-OF-THE-ART MEDICAL EQUIPMENT
STATE-OF-THE-ART EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
TODAY, LIFE IS ALSO EASIER BECAUSE STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNOLOGY IS AFFORDABLE AND WE CAN
STATE-OF-THE-ART SKILLS
ACCESS PRODUCTS THAT 30 YEARS AGO WOULD HAVE BEEN IMPOSSIBLE TO PURCHASE
01 STATE-OF-THE-ART VEHICLES (DRIVERLESS CARS)
NOWADAYS, OUR SMARTPHONES HAVE STATE-OF-THE-ART FEATURES THAT MAKE OUR LIVES EASIER
STATE-OF-THE-ART SCULPTURES/PAINTINGS
PERUVIANS HAVE STATE-OF-THE-ART CUISINE
STATE-OF-THE-ART AIRCRAFT
STATE-OF-THE-ART RESEARCH
STATE-OF-THE-ART ENGINEERING
STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNOLOGY

THE FACT THAT SMARTPHONES ARE EASILY OUTDATED AND OUTPERFORMED BY THE NEXT VERSION IS
EVER-INCREASING TREND: tendencias que aumentan. AN EVER-INCREASING TREND
02
THE FACT THAT: el hecho de que THE FACT THAT BULLYING IS TAKING ITS TOLL ON CHILDREN IS AN EVER-INCREASING TREND ALL OVER
THE WORLD

MOST UNIVERSITIES HAVE CUTTING-EDGE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESEARCH

CUTTING-EDGE TECHNOLOGY: es lo que está en el mercado de
03 TODAY, MANY TECHNOLOGY ENTHUSIASTS DEVELOP SMARTPHONE APPLICATIONS USING CUTTING-
última generación pero no de vanguardia
EDGE SYSTEMS
CRIME IS A NEVER-ENDING PROBLEM
04 NEVER-ENDING PROBLEM: problema de nunca acabar.
RACISM IS A NEVER-ENDING PROBLEM IN MOST COUNTRIES

MAN-MADE ACTIONS: acciones hechas por la mano del hombre.

GLOBAL WARMING HAS RAISED THE GLOBAL TEMPERATURE OF OUR PLANET DUE TO MAN-MADE
DEFORESTATION, OIL SPILLS, FAST FASHION, CARBON DIOXIDE
ACTIONS
05 RELEASE, WATERWAYS POLLUTION, DEPLETION
CLIMATIC CHANGE HAS STRIKEN ALMOST EVERY REGION OF THE WORLD DUE TO MAN-MADE ACTIONS
(SPECIES/RESOURCES), UNDERGROUND DRILLING,
THE DEPLETION OF SEVERAL SPECIES IS GETTING WORSE DUE TO MAN-MADE ACTIONS
EXTINCTION, ILLEGAL MINING, SOIL DEGRADATION

LABOUR-SAVING___: ahora esfuerzo, tiempo, nos hace la vida MOST SOFTWARES ARE LABOUR-SAVING AND HELP US HAVE MORE TIME FOR OURSELVES
06 facil. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, TELECOMMUTING, SMARTPHONES, CHAT GPT IS LABOUR-SAVING AND MILLIONS AROUND THE WORLD ARE USING IT FOR WORK AND
CARS, ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES, AUTOMATION SYSTEMS STUDYING

TECHNICAL COLLEGES OFFER TECHNOLOGY-ORIENTED EDUCATION FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE PASSIONATE
TECHNOLOGY-ORIENTED: Todos los adjetivos compuestos que
ABOUT TECHNICAL CAREERS RATHER THAN PROFESSIONS
tiene a ‘oriented’ a su izquierda, dicen que el sustantivo/sujeto de
07 NOWADAYS, ENTERTAINMENT IS TECHNOLOGY-ORIENTED
la derecha esta ‘orientado’, ‘esta en pro de eso’, esta parcializado
NOWADAYS, EDUCATION IS TECHNOLOGY-ORIENTED
(sesgado), o ese es su objetivo/finalidad. Los hay buenos y malos.
NOWADAYS, HEALTH IS TECHNOLOGY-ORIENTED
TODAY, MANY PEOPLE FACE LIFE-THREATENING ACCIDENTS DUE TO RECKLESS DRIVERS
08 LIFE-THREATENING¬¬___: pone en peligro la vida
TECHNOLOGY HAS HELPED US FIND SOLUTIONS TO LIFE-THREATENING SITUATIONS
COOKING AT HOME IS COST-EFFECTIVE, NOT ONLY HEALTHIER
09 COST-EFFECTIVE (2 BENEFICIOS PLATA + ALGO MAS)
RIDING BIKES IS DEFINITELY COST-EFFECTIVE APART FROM HEALTHY FOR US
LIFE-CHANGING: (cambia la vida) Este adjetivo describe un
TRAVELING ABROAD IS LIFE-CHANGING
cambios, marca un antes y un despues (a turning point), en el que
10 MY ACCIDENT WAS LIFE-CHANGING
tu vida dio un giro, vio un cambio y ya no volvió a ser igual que
BREAKING UP WITH A PARTNER CAN BE LIFE-CHANGING
antes. Abriste un nuevo capitulo.

LIFE-ENRICHING: (enriquece la vida) Este adjetivo dice que eso de CALLING OUR PARENTS AND KNOWING THEY ARE OKAY IS LIFE-ENRICHING
11 que hablas, le suma muchísimo a tu vida, es vigorizante, te hace la MEDITATION IS LIFE-ENRICHING
vida más feliz. Es una descripción muy positiva de algo. SEEING OUR CHILDREN GROW IS LIFE-ENRICHING
SUSTANTIVO - ADJECTIVES
Culturalmente pobre __________________: MOST TELEVISION SHOWS ARE CULTURALLY POOR HOWEVER,…..
01
(BE)____CULTURALLY POOR_____ (ADJECTIVE) THERE ARE MANY CULTURALLY POOR SHOWS ON TELEVISION

HIGHLY + ADJETIVO BUENO (BENEFICIAL) O MALO

EXTREMELY + ADJETIVO MALO (HAZARDOUS/DETRIMENTAL) O BUENO
Altamente nocivo/beneficioso ______________:
02 GIVING CHILDREN FINANCIAL EDUCATION IS HIGHLY BENEFICIAL
(EXTREMELY, HIGHLY) (DETRIMENTAL, HAZARDOUS) / BENEFICIAL
MANY HEALTH PROFESSIONALS POSTED HIGHLY/EXTREMELY BENEFICIAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE
COVID-19

Económicamente sostenible _______________: A BUSINESS HAS TO BE ECONOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE IN ORDER TO MAKE PROFITS
03
ECONOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE STATE POLICIES SHOULD BE ECONOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE TO MAKE A REAL CHANGE
Ampliamente conocido _______________: SOME SOCCER PLAYERS ARE TOO WIDELY KNOWN
04
WIDELY KNOWN SOME PERFORMERS ARE WIDELY KNOWN BUT THEIR MUSICAL TALENTS ARE QUESTIONABLE
MOST OF OUR EVERYDAY DEVICES ARE TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED AND ELDERLY PEOPLE MIGHT
Tecnológicamente avanzado _________:
05 FIND THEM DAUNTING TO USE
TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED / ENGINEERED
SMARTPHONE APPLICATIONS ARE TECHNOLOGICALLY ENGINEERED TO MAKE EVERYDAY LIFE EASIER
MBAs HAVE ACADEMICALLY STRUCTURED PROGRAMS TO TRAIN STUDENTS AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL
Académicamente estructurado _____________:
06 MOST INTERNATIONAL EXAMS ARE ACADEMICALLY STRUCTURED TO TEST PEOPLE AT THE HIGHEST
(BE) ACADEMICALLY STRUCTURED____:
LEVEL
Terminantemente prohibido _______________: SMOKING AT MOST PUBLIC PLACES IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED
07
STRICTLY FORBIDDEN/PROHIBITED IN JAPAN, ENTERING A HOUSE WITH SHOES ON IS STRICTLY FORBIDDEN
Altamente recomendado __________________:
CHEMOTHERAPY IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED BY ONCOLOGISTS WHEN CANCER HAS AN AGGRESSIVE
HIGHLY RECOMMENDED
08 SPREAD
HIGHLY RECOMMENDED BY (LA FUENTE)
READING IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDABLE FOR CHILDREN OF ALL AGES
HIGHLY RECOMMENDABLE FOR (PARA EL BENEFICIARIO)

SOME PEOPLE SAY THAT THE VIRUS HAD BEEN ‘MANIPULATED’ BY CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS BUT THOSE
Científicamente comprobado ______________: CLAIMS HAVE NOT BEEN SCIENTIFICALLY PROVEN.
09
SCIENTIFICALLY PROVEN SOME RESEARCHERS HAD DEVELOPED CHEMICALS THAT CAME CLOSE TO A VACCINE, BUT NONE OF
THEM HAD BEEN SCIENTIFICALLY PROVEN.
10

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MOST USEFUL IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

 (TO) BE LIKELY TO (VERB): ser altamente probable que (por
TOURISM IS LIKELY TO CREATE MORE EMPLOYMENT IN THE COUNTRY
01 antecedente) ‘usualmente’, ‘por lo general’, ‘tienden a’, ‘casi
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IS LIKELY TO CAUSE THE BREAKDOWN OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS
siempre’, ‘suelen’ etc
(TO) BE WILLING TO (VERB) : estar 100% dispuesto a hacer algo por I AM WILLING TO WORK DURING THE NIGHT
02 que tiene que ser hecho = es una especie de ‘obligacion’ la cual MANY PEOPLE ARE WILLING TO PREPARE FOR THE IELTS OR THE TOEFL TEST
debes estar preparado(a) a hacer. (logistico) SOME PEOPLE ARE NOT WILLING TO WAIT BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT PATIENT

(TO) BE KEEN ON (ING): estar interesado, estar 100% dispuesto a

MY FATHER IS KEEN ON SPENDING TIME WITH THE FAMILY
hacer algo (por interes propio, espontaneo) = es algo innato,
03 I HAVE ALWAYS BEEN KEEN ON ASTRONOMY
natural que siempre desperto y despertara interes en ti. (vida
MANY PEOPLE ARE KEEN ON ORGANIC AND VEGAN FOOD THESE DAYS
personal)
(TO) BE ABLE TO (VERB): poder (estar apto, capacitado, o serle IN THE FUTURE, WE WILL BE ABLE TO SAVE TIME BECAUSE TRAINS AND PLANES WILL BE FASTER
04
posible a alguien hacerlo) BACK IN TIME, WE WERE NOT ABLE TO TALK TO OUR FRIENDS OR FAMILY ABROAD EVERY DAY
(TO) BE CAPABLE OF + VERB-ING: estar capacitado, haber SOPRANOS AND TENORS ARE CAPABLE OF REACHING THE HIGHEST PITCHES
05
entrenado, haber sido capacitado para hacer algo a un alto nivel. ELITE ATHLETES ARE CAPABLE OF TRAINING FOR HOURS
(TO) LOOK AFTER (ST/SB): velar por, ver por, ocuparse de, atender WE LOOK AFTER OUR CHILDREN
06 *(TO) TAKE CARE OF : cuidado mas superficial, cuidado general, se I BELIEVE THAT WE SHOULD LOOK AFTER OUR INNER-PEACE AND STOP WATCHING FAKE NEWS OR HYPE
usa con cosas/personas no tan allegados(as). ON TV

WE MUST KEEP OUR CHILDREN FROM BROWSING WEBSITES WITH INAPPROPRIATE CONTENT
(TO) KEEP (ST/SB) FROM (ING) : EVITAR que ese 'alguien o algo'
WE MUST AVOID DANGER
07 haga, sea, o actue de tal manera, o haga tal cosa
I BELIEVE THAT PARENTS SHOULD KEEP THEIR CHILDREN FROM WASTING HOURS ON THEIR
(TO) AVOID: se usa solo para sustantivos/gente negativa
SMARTPHONES

MAKING SACRIFICES FOR WHAT WE AIM IS WORTH IT

(TO) BE WORTH (ING) : valer la pena (lo que vale la pena va
08 CONSUMING JUNK FOOD FREQUENTLY IS NOT WORTH IT
primero, y 'de lo que vale la pena' va con ing)
THEY ARE WORTHY OF MY RESPECT. (digno de mi)
(TO) BE UP TO (SB): depender (potestad) MOST STUDENTS DEPEND ON THEIR PARENTS TO STUDY AT UNIVERSITY
09 (TO) DEPEND ON ______ : falta de autonomia, falta de suficiencia, IT IS UP TO PARENTS TO RAISE GOOD CHILDREN
dependencia. I THINK THAT IT IS UP TO PEOPLE TO HAVE A RELIGION OR NOT

(TO) MAKE SURE (PRONOMBRE/OF VERB/ING): asegurarse de WE NEED TO MAKE SURE THAT CHILDREN DO THEIR HOMEWORK
(persona / hacer algo) WE NEED TO MAKE SURE OF LOCKING THE DOOR BEFORE LEAVING
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(TO) MAKE SURE THAT = una oracion WE MUST MAKE SURE THAT OUR CHILDREN HAVE SCHOOL INSURANCE
(TO) MAKE SURE OF = verb/ing WE MUST MAKE SURE OF BUYING OUR CHILDREN SCHOOL INSURANCE

(TO) (P) ASSURE (SB) THAT: asegurarle a alguien algo, un ser POLITICIANS ASSURE US THAT THEY WILL FIND THE WAY TO CHANGE THE COUNTRY BUT MANY PEOPLE
11 humano a otro, afirmar y asegurar (en algun tipo de comunicación, FIND IT HARD TO BELIEVE
conversacion) que algo sucede/sucedera. es oral. no OUR AUTHORITIES ASSURE PEOPLE THAT THEY WILL FIGHT AGAINST POLITICAL CORRUPTION BUT……
necesariamente existe evidencia/garantia/algo
legal/normativo/tangible

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(TO) END UP (ING/ADJECTIVE): terminar haciendo algo que no se I ENDED UP STUDYING ENGINEERING EVEN THOUGH I WANTED TO STUDY MEDICINE AT FIRST
tenía planeado FOR EXAMPLE, I ENDED UP CATCHING A BUS TO ARRIVE AT SCHOOL

(TO) KEEP UP WITH (SB/ST): mantenerse al dia con algo, mantener EVERYONE KEEPS UP WITH TECHNOLOGY THESE DAYS.
13 el contacto con algo/alguien, mantenerse/estar al tanto, en NOWADAYS, MOST PEOPLE USUALLY KEEP UP WITH TECHNOLOGY AND NEW SMARTPHONE
contacto con (sb/st). APPLICATIONS
14 (TO) MAKE SENSE: tener sentido (ser bueno, logico) DOING EXERCISE MAKES SENSE.
ALLOCATING FUNDING FOR EDUCATION MAKES SENSE

(TO) GET USED TO (ING): acostumbrarse a MY FAMILY IS USED TO GATHERING EVERY WEEKEND
15 BE USED TO VERB-ING: estar acostumbrado(a) TODAY’S CHILDREN ARE USED TO BROWSING WEBPAGES FOR INFORMATION
USED TO (VERBO EN PRESENTE): solia, antes lo hacia y ahora no. = SOME PEOPLE FIND IT HARD TO GET USED TO THE WEATHER IN SOME EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
solo se refiere a el pasado. y solo se refiere a cosas que ‘alguna vez’
hicimos y que ya no hacemos.
 ACADEMIC OPENINGS
'IN THIS DAY AND AGE....'' : ''HOY EN DIA Y EN NUESTRA ERA EN IN THIS DAY AND AGE, SMARTPHONES ARE AN INHERENT PART OF OUR LIVES
01
GENERAL...'' IN THIS DAY AND AGE, FAST FOOD IS THE MOST POPULAR AROUND THE WORLD
'IN FORMER TIMES...'' : ''ANTIGUAMENTE...'' (REFERENCIA IN FORMER TIMES, THE CATHOLIC RELIGION WAS PART OF EVERYONE’S LIFE
02 HISTORICA, GENERALMENTE SOBRE COSAS QUE ''SOLIAN'' QUE IN FORMER TIMES, FAMILY VALUES WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT IN SOCIETIES
SOLIAN SUCEDER Y QUE GENERALMENTE YA NO IN FORMER TIMES, FAMILIES USED TO HAVE LUNCH TOGETHER, REGARDLESS OF THE SITUATION.
03 'FORMERLY...'' : UNA MANERA MUY SIMILAR A ''IN FORMER
TIMES'', UNA VARIANTE, DIRIA YO.
04 '(BACK) IN THE OLD DAYS...'' : MUY SIMILAR A ''IN FORMER TIMES''
(UNA FORMA ALTERNATIVA DE DECIR LO MISMO)
TO TELL THE TRUTH, SOME DOCTORS TODAY CAN BE TOO GREEDY TO
05 'TO TELL THE TRUTH...'': ''A DECIR VERDAD...'' TELL THE TRUTH, WE HAVE BECOME DEPENDENT ON OUR SMARTPHONES TO DO OUR EVERYDAY
THINGS

06 'FORTUNATELY..'' : ''AFORTUNADAMENTE....'' = PARA ANTECEDER FORTUNATELY, HEALTH PROFESSIONALS HAVE DEVOTED THEIR TIME 24/7 TO FIGHT OUR BATTLES
COSAS POSITIVAS EN LA VIDA O ENE EL DIA A DIA. AGAINST THE COVID-19
'HOPEFULLY....'' : ''SI DIOS QUIERE...'' / ''DIOS MEDIANTE...''
07 (ESPERANZA DE UN BUEN DESENLACE, ESPERANZA DE ALGUN HOPEFULLY, THE VIRUS WILL BE CONTROLLED IN A COUPLE OF YEARS AND THINGS WILL GO BACK TO
EVENTO POSITIVO) THE WAY THEY USED TO BE

'LIKEWISE...'' : ''DEL MISMO MODO...'' / ''DE MANERA SIMILAR...'' =

LIKEWISE, GREECE AND TURKEY FOLLOWED THE SAME PATTERN AND SHOWED INCREASES BELOW THE
08 PARA INICIAR UNA NUEVA IDEA (OTRA MAS) QUE VA EN EL MISMO
SENTIDO DE LA ANTERIOR PERO SUMA, REFUERZA LA IDEA 10% MARK.
ANTERIOR.
'UNDOUBTEDLY...'' : ''SIN DUDA ALGUNA..''
09
CETAINILY, INDEED (en efecto)
ON REFLECTION, SALARIES MIGHT HAVE BECOME THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR WHEN ACCEPTING A
10 'ON REFLECTION...'' : ''ANALIZANDOLO BIEN...'' / ''PENSANDOLO
FRIAMENTE....'' ‘PENSANDOLO MEJOR….’ JOB OFFER WHICH IS NOT NECESSARILY ETHICAL.

'BEYOND ANY REASONABLE DOUBT, ...'' : ''ES CLARAMENTE OBVIO BEYOND ANY REASONABLE DOUBT, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WILL CHANGE THE WAY WE LIVE
11 QUE...'' = UN EVENTO O REALIDAD QUE NOS HA ABIERTO LOS BEYOND ANY REASONABLE DOUBT, THE PANDEMIC HAS MADE US REFLECT ON WHAT IS TRULY
OJOS. IMPORTANT IN LIFE

IT IS NO WONDER THAT OUR ECOSYSTEMS ARE DECLINING. MOST PEOPLE POLLUTE AND CONSUME
'IT IS NO WONDER THAT...'' : ''NO DEBE SORPRENDERNOS PRODUCTS TIREDLESSLY.
12
QUE....'' / ''CON RAZON...'' IT IS NO WONDER THAT SOCIAL VALUES ARE BEING LOST. SOCIAL MEDIA AND TELEVISION ARE NOT
SHOWING QUALITY CONTENT.

BEAR IN MIND THAT UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW, CHILDREN ARE PROTECTED AND HAVE RIGHTS THAT
13 'BEAR IN MIND THAT...'' : TENGAMOS EN CUENTA QUE...'' ARE RECOGNIZED ALL OVER THE WORLD
BEAR IN MIND THAT WHEN WE AVOID GROUNDING FOR THE SAKE OF ‘THEIR PYSCHOLOGICAL
WELLBEING’, WE MIGHT BE SHAPING A CONCEITED CHILD.
14 ACCORDING TO THE EXPERTS, OUR ENVIRONMENT…
'ACCORDING TO....'' : DE ACUERDO A.....'' ACCORDING TO SCIENTISTS, WE WILL FACE WATER ISSUES IN THE NEXT 40 YEARS
15 'ALL IN ALL...'' : ''EN GENERAL....'' ‘CONSIDERANDO TODO LO
ANTES DICHO…’
LET US FACE IT: /THE TRUTH BE TOLD, MOST PEOPLE MISUSE SOCIAL MEDIA
16 'THE TRUTH BE TOLD....'' : ''A DECIR VERDAD....'' / ''PARA SER LET US FACE IT: /THE TRUTH BE TOLD, MOST PARENTS NEGLECT THEIR QUALITY TIME WITH THEIR
SINCEROS...'' CHILDREN
17 'LET US FACE IT....'' : ''RECONOZCAMOS QUE...'' / ''DEBEMOS
RECONOCER QUE....''
I THINK THAT THE INTERNET ALSO CAUSES PROBLEMS HOWEVER, BE AS IT MAY, WE MUST USE OUR
18
'BE AS IT MAY....'' : ''SEA COMO SEA...'' JUDGEMENT
19 'PROVIDED THAT...'' : ''ASUMIENDO QUE...''
''MORE OFTEN THAN NOT....'' : ‘’GENERALMENTE’’, ‘CASI
20 SIEMPRE’’, ''LA MAYORIA DE VECES...'' / ''LA MAYORIA DEL
TIEMPO...''
21 'EVERY NOW AND THEN...'' : ''DE VEZ EN CUANDO...''
38 ''SEEMINGLY....'' : ''APARENTEMENTE....''
39 'AS FAR AS MEMORY GOES...'' : ''DESDE SIEMPRE....''
40
'AS A MATTER OF FACT...'' : ''SI LO PENSAMOS BIEN, EN EFECTO....''
41 'FIRST AND FOREMOST...'' : ''ANTES QUE NADA....''
'IT IS KNOWN THE WORLD OVER THAT..'' : ''ES BIEN SABIDO A
42
NIVEL MUNDIAL QUE...''

43 ''IT GOES WITHOUT SAYING THAT...'' : ''ES TACITO-

SOBREENTENDIDO QUE''
44 'IT IS VOX POPULI THAT...'' : ''ES VOZ POPULI QUE....''
45 'IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT....'' : ''AUN CUANDO -EL HECHO-.....''
46 'BASICALLY...'' : ''PRACTICAMENTE....''
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