Units And Measurements

Quick Revision UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

VALUES
TERMINOLOGY 10) Absolute error : The magnitude of the
d = Plane Angle difference between the individual
measurement and the true value of the quantity
ds = Arc Length
is called absolute error.
r = Radius
11) Mean absolute error : The arithmetic mean of
d  = Solid Angle all the absolute errors is called mean absolute
D = Distance between two planet error.
b = Diameter Of Planet 12) Relative error : The ratio of mean absolute error
in the measurement of a physical quantity to its
a = Absolute error most profable value is called relative error.

amean = Mean absolute error 13) Percentage error : The relative error multiplied
by 100 is called the percentage error.
Z, A & B = Physical Quantities
FORMULAE
FORMULAE
DE FINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
1) System of Units : A complete set of units both ds
fundamental and derived for all kinds of 1) Plane Angle : d=
r
physical quantities is called system of units.
2) Unit : The reference standard used for the
measurement of a physical quantity is called a
unit.
3) Fundamental Quantities : The physical
quantities which do not depend on any other
physical quantities for their measurements are
dA
known as fundamental quantities. 2) Solid Angle : d  = 2
r
4) Derived Quantities : The physical quantities
which depends on one or more fundamental
quantities for their measurements are known
as derived quantities.
5) Parallax Method : The method used to measure
large distances are called Parallax Method.
6) Dimensional Analysis : The dimensions of a
physical quantity are the powers to which
d
fundamental units must be raised in order to 3) Parallax Method : D =
obtain the unit of the given physical quantity. 

7) Order of Magnitude : The value of its

magnitude rounded off to the nearest integral
power of 10.
8) Significant Figures : Figure which is of some
significance but it does not necessarily denote
a certainty.
9) Error : The difference between the true value
and measured value of physical quantity is
called error.

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 Units And Measurements
4) Error Analysis : a1, a2, a3, ....... an values obtained Combination of Errors:
in measurement. 1) Error of sum or difference
a + a +........ a Z=A+B
amean = 1 2 n
Z = A + B
n
2) Error of product
a1 = a1 − a mean Z = AB
a = a − a
2 2 mean Z A B
= +
an = an − amean Z A B
a + a + ....... + a 3) Error of Division
a mean = Z
1 2 n
A A B
n Z= B  = +
a Z A B
Relative error = mean
4) Error in case of raised power
amean
Ap Bq Z A B C
Percentage error =  mean  100
a Z=  = p + q +r
amean Cr Z A B C

ANT
IMPORTANALYSIS
DIMENSIONAL

Dimension Quantity
0 0 –1 Frequency, angular frequency, angular velocity, velocity gradient and
[M L T ] decay constant
1 2 –2 Work, internal energy, potential energy, kinetic energy,
[M L T ] torque, moment of force
Pressure, stress, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity,
[M1L–1T–2] energy density
1
[M L T ]
1 –1
Momentum, impulse
[M0L1T–2] Acceleration due to gravity, gravitational field intensity
[M1L1T–2] Thrust, force, weight, energy gradient
[M1L2T–1] Angular momentum and Planck's constant
[M1L0T–2] Surface tension, Surface energy (energy per unit area)
Strain, refractive index, relative density, angle, solid angle,
0 0 0
[M L T ] distance gradient, relative permittivity (dielectric constant), relative
permeability Poisson's ratio etc.
0 2 –2
[M L T ] Latent heat and gravitational potential
2 –2 −1
[ML T θ ] Thermal capacity, Boltzmann's constant and entropy
l / g , m / k , R/ g , where l = length
[M0L0T1] g = acceleration due to gravity, m = mass, k = spring constant,
R = Radius of earth
[M0L0T1] L/R, LC , RC where L = inductance, R = resistance, C = capacitance
V2 q2
I 2Rt , t , VIt, qV , LI 2 , , CV 2
[ML2T–2] R C
where I = current, t = time, q = charge,
L = inductance, C = capacitance, R = resistance

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 Scalars And Vectors
Quick Revision SCALARS AND VECTORS
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY FORMULAE
FORM ULAE
A & B : Are two vectors 1) A
Unit vectors : Â =
A
 : Angle between A and B
2) Law of Triangle : R = A + B
R : Resultant of vectors.
 : Angle made by vector with x-axis
 : Angle made by vector with y-axis
 : Angle made by vector with y-axis
i : unit vector along x axis
3) Law of Polygon : R = A + B + C + D
j : unit vector along y axis
k : unit vector along z axis
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
1) Scalar Quantity : A physical quantity which can
be completely described by its magnitude only
is known as scalar quantity. 4) Law of Parallelogram : R = A + B
2) Vector Quantity : A physical quantity which has R=
magnitude and direction and obeys all the laws
of vector algebra is called vector quantity.
3) Parallel Vector : Those vectors which have the
same directions are called as parallel vectors.
4) Equal Vector : Vectors which have equal
magnitude and same direction are called equal
vectors.
5) Anti-parallel Vectors : Those vectors wich have A sin 
the opposite directions are called as Anti- tan =
parallel vectors. B + A cos
6) Opposite Vectors : Vectors have equal Cases

magnitude but opposite directions are called as 1) If  = 0, R = A + B

opposite vectors. 2) If = 90, R = A2 + B2
7) Unit Vectors : Vectors whose magnitude is one
is called a unit vector. 3) If  = 180, R = A − B
Substraction of vectors :
8) Rectangular components of vector : When a
vector is splitted into components which are R=
right angle to each other then the components
are called rectangular components of vectors.
9) Dot Product : The dot product of two vectros
can be defined as the product of their
magnitudes with cosine angle between them.
10) Cross Product : the cross product of two vectors
can be defined as the product of their
magnitudes with sine angle between them.
5)
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 Scalars And Vectors
6) Resolution of vectors 6) In case of orthogonal vectors
a) Two dimensions i j = jk = ki = 0
7) Scalar product of a vector by itself
A  A = A2
8) Incase of unit vector
ii = j  j = k  k = 1
9) Interms of components
b) Three dimensions
A = Axi + Ay j + Az k A  B = (A xi + A y j + Az k)  (B xi + B y j + B zk)
AB = A B + A B + A B
A= A + A + A
2
x
2
y
2
z
x x y y z z

10) Projection of vector

Ax
cos= A B
A Projection of B on to A = B cos =
A A
cos= y

A Projection of A on to B = A cos = A  B
A B
z
cos=
A 8) Cross product :

cos2 + cos2  + cos2  = 1 C = A B

→
sin2 + sin2  + sin2  = 2 C = C = AB sin 
7) Dot Product : A  B = AB cos

Key points
→ → →
Key points 1) If  = 0, C = A  B = 0
1) If Q = 0, A  B = AB = → → →
If 90, C = A  B = AB
If Q = 90, A  B = 0 → → →
If  = 180, C = A  B = 0
If Q = 180, A  B = −AB
2) Angle between the vectors
2) Angle between two vectors
AB A B
cos = sin =
AB AB
3) It is commulative 3) It is anti-commutative

A B = B A A B = B A
4) It is Distributive 4) It is distributive

A (B + C ) = A  B + B  C A (B + C)A  B + A  C

5) It is associative 5) It is associative

( A + B(C + D ) = A  C + A  D + B  C + B  D ( A + B) (C + D) = A  C + A  D + B  C + B  D

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 Scalars And Vectors
6) Incase of orthogonal vector 10) If two vectors are parallel
i j = k A = Ax i + Aj j + Az k
jk =i
B = Bxi + B j j + B z k
k i = j
j  i = −k Ax Ay Az
= =
then B
k  j = −i x By Bz
i  k = −j 11) A, B and C are coplanar then A  (B  C) = 0
7) Vector product of a vector by itself
12) Angle between ( A + B) and (A  B) is 90°.
A A = 0 13) Formuale to find area
8) Incase of unit vector
i) If A and B are two sides of triangle
ii = j j = k  k = 0
9) In terms of components 1 → →
then its area = A+B
2
A  B = (A xi + A y j + A zk) (B xi + B y j + B zk)
ii) If A and B are two adjacent sides of
i j k → →
→ → parallelogram then its area = A +B
A  B = Ax Ay Az
iii) If A and B are diagonals of a
Bx By Bz
= i[A B − A B ] − j[A B − A B ] 1 → →
y z z y x z z x
paralelogram then its area = A + B
2
+k[A B − A B ]
x y y x

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 Motion In A Straight Line
Quick Revision MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY 11) Acceleration : The rate of change of velocity of
S : Displacement an object with time is called acceleration. In S.I
v : Velocity unit, it is the change in velocity in one second.
u : Initial velocity 13) Free fall: When a body released near the earth’s
t : Time taken surface, it accelerates downwards towards
a : Acceleration earth. In the absence of air resistance its velocity
g : Acceleration due to gravity continuously increases. The motion of the body
vAB : Velocity of ‘A’ with respect to ‘B’ is called free fall.
vBA : Velocity of ‘B’ with respect to ‘A’ FORMULAE
FORM ULAE
|v| : Speed Distance
vo : Initial velocity or velocity at t = 0 1) Speed =
Time
DE FINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
Displacement
1) Distance : It is the length of actual path 2) Velocity =
traversed by a body between its initial and final Time
position. Distance is a scalar quantity. d(s)
2) 3) Velocity =
Displacement : It is the shortest length between dt
initial and final position of body. It is a vector 4) Speed = |Velocity|
quantity.
v−u
3) Speed : The rate of change of position of an 5) Acceleration =
object with time in any direction is called its → t
speed. It is equal to distance travelled per unit → dv
time. 6) a =
dt
4) Average speed : For an object moving with
s + s + s +....... sn
variable speed, the average speed is total Averagevelocity = 1 2 3
distance travelled per unit time. 7) t + t + t + ... t
1 2 3 n
5) Instantaneous speed : The speed of an object 8) v = u + at
at any particular instant of time or at particular 9)
v2 – u2 = 2as
point of path is called instantaneous speed.
1
6) Velocity : The rate of change of position of 10) s = ut + at2
object with time in a given direction is called 2
velocity. It is equal to displacement per unit a
time. 11) sn th = u + (2n - 1)
2
7) Average velocity : Average velocity is called at vAB = vA – vB
the ratio of total displacement to the total time 12)
interval of the body. 13) vBA = vB – vA
Relative change in sepration
8) Instantaneous velocity : The velocity of an 14) Relative velocity =
object at a particular instant of time or at a Time
particular point on its path is called For motion under gravity
instantaneous velocity. I) v = u – gt
9) Uniform motion: An object is said to be in II) v2 – u2 = –2gs
uniform motion if it covers equal distance in 1
s = ut − gt2
equal intervals of time however small these 2
intervals may be.
IV) g
10. Non-uniform motion: A body is said to be in
sn th = u − (2n - 1)
non uniform motion if it covers unequal 2
intervals in equal periods of time. In this
motion, its velocity changes with time.
III)
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 Motion In A Straight Line
II) v
GRAPHS GRAPH
DISPLACEMENT–TIME
s
I)

t
Uniformly increasing velocity
t v
III)
Object at Rest
II) s

t
Uniformly decreasing velocity
* GRA
Relative Velocity PHS
Graphs
t
I) s B
Object moving with uniform velocity
A
s
III)

t vA = vB
Relative velocity is zero
Object moving with uniform +ve acceleration
II) B
IV) s s

t t

Object is moving with decreasing velocity vB > vA vB – vA = +ve

GRAPHSGRAPH
VELOCITY–TIME III) s
A
v
I)
B
P

t
t vA > vB vA – vB = +ve
Object moving with constant velocity P = Point of overtaking

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 Motion In A Plane
Quick Revision MOTION IN A PLANE
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY →
a→
dv
6) =
r : Displacement Vector lim t→0 dt
r1 or r0 : Initial position vector
7) Speed =|v|= v2 + v2
x y
r2 : Final position vector
→
v : Velocity vector 8) a = a xiˆ + ay jˆ
vx : x-component of velocity dvx
vy : y-component of velocity 9) ax =
dt
a : Acceleration vector
ax : x-component of acceleration vector dvy
10) a =
vy : y-component of acceleration vector y dt
R : Range of Projectile → dvx ˆ dvy ˆ
= +
T : Time of light 11) a i j
u : Initial velocity dt dt
t : Half time of projectile or Instantaneous time 12) v = v0 + at
m : slope 13) r − r0 = r
DE FINITIONS
DEFINITIONS → → v+v 
1) Projectile : A projectile is the name given to any 14) r − r0 =  
o t

body which since thrown its space with some  2 

initial velocity moves thereafter under the effect → → →
15) v2 − v2o = 2 a.( r − ro )
of gravity alone, without being propelled by
any engine or fuel. The path followed is called v
trajectory. 16) m = tan = y

vx
Assumptions used in projectile motion:
a) There is no air resistance on the projectile. AANGULAR
NGULARPROJECTILE
PROJECTION
b) The effect due to earth’s curvature is negligible. u2 sin 2
c) The effect due to rotation of earth is zero. 1) R=
d) Acceleration due to gravity is constant in all g
points of motion.
2usin .ucos 2uy ux
2) Time of flight : It is the total time which the 2) R= =
projectile remains in the flight. g g
3) Horizontal Range : It is the horizontal distance
covered by the projectile during its time of T = 2usin = 2uy
3)
flight. g g
4) Horizontal component : It is the component of
= u sin = uy
velocity which remain constant and is parallel T
t=
to surface of earth. 4)
2 g g
FORMULAE
FORM ULAE
u sin 
2 2
1) r = r2 − r1 H=
5)
→ 2g
2) r = xiˆ + yjˆ
→
2
uy
3) v = v xiˆ + v yjˆ 6) H=
2g
→ r
4) v= 2H
t 7) T=2
→ g
→ dr
5) v
lim t→0
=
dt

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 Motion In A Plane
 x
8) y = x tan 1 − 3) Y
 
 R

gx2
9) y = x tan −
2u2 cos2 
HORI ZONTAL PROJ
HORIZONTAL ECTION
PROJECTILE
x
1) t=
u t

2h
2) T= Vertical distance with time.
g
3) v = v2 + v2 4) x
x y
R
4) vy = 2gh
5) vy = gt

2h
6) R=v
g
O T t
vy gt
7) tan  = =
u u Horizontal distance with time.
GGRAPHS
RAPHS
1) Y 5) vy
r
r0 v sin 

r
O X t
O
ro = Initial Position
r = Displacement vector
r = Final position
-v sin 
2) ux

Vertical velocity with time

t
Horizontal velocity in projectile w.r.t. time

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 Circular Motion
Quick Revision CIRCULAR MOTION
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY 8) Centrifugal force : The pseudo force in circular
 : Angular Displacement [rad] motion which acts along radius and directed
away from the center of circle is called as
i : Initial Angular Velocity [rad/s] centrifugal force.
f : Final Angular Velocity [rad/s] 9) Angle of Banking : The angle made by the
surface of road with the horizontal surface of
 : Angular Acceleration [rad/s2] road is called angle of banking.
V : Linear Velocity [m/s] 10) Banking of Road : The process of raising outer
r : Radius [m] edge of road over its inner edge through certain
acp : Centripetal Acceleration [m/s2] angle is called as Banking of road.
at : Tangential Acceleration [m/s2] FORMULAE
FORM ULAE
Fcp : Centripetal Force [N]
1) Kinematics of Circular Motion
Wcp : Work Done by Centripetal Force [ J ]
1
Pcp : Power by centripetal Force [W] =  t + t2
i
Ft : Tangential force [N] 2
s : Displacement [m]
2f = i2 + 2
 : Coefficient of Friction
b : Angle of Banking 
nth =  + (2n − 1)
m : Mass [kg] 2
q : Charge [coulomb]
DEFINITIONS relative =
Vrelative
DEFINITIONS
rrelative
1) Circular Motion : Movement of an object along
the circumference of a circle or rotation along VB − VA
a circular path is calloed as circular motion. =
r −r
B A
2) Uniform Circular Motion : Periodic motion of
a particle movin g along circumference of a 2) Uniform Circular Motion
circle with constant angular speed is called as
d
uniform circular motion. = =0
3) Non-uniform Circular Motion : Motion of a dt
particle moving along circumference of a circle d
with variable angular speed is called as Non- at = r  =0
uniform circular motion. dt
4) Angular Displacement ( ) : The angle V2
acp =  r = = V
2
described by radius vector in a given time at the
r
center of circle is called as angular displacement.
5) Angular velocity [  ] : The time rate change of → → V2 → →
acp = − r =−
2
limiting angular displacement is called angular rˆ =  V
r
velocity.
6) Angular Acceleration [] : The time rate change mv2
of an angular velocity is called angular Fcp = = m2 r = mv
r
acceleration.
7) Centripetal Force : Force acting on a particle Wcp = 0
performing circular motion which is along
radius of circle and directed towards. Pcp = 0

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 Circular Motion
3) Non-uniform Circular Motion
→ →
→ d →  −
= = 2 1
dt t
d
a =r
t
dt
→ → v2 → →
acp = −2r = − rˆ =  v
r
→ → For condition of slack
at =  r TA = 0 , V A =
→ → → gl
a =a +a
net cp t
→ V
= 5gl
F = ma B
cp
→ cp For any condition
F = T − T = 6mg
t mat B A

Wcp = 0 6) Motion of a Charged aprticle in a magnetic field

W = F S mv2
t t qvB =
Pcp = 0 r
W
P = t = F V
t t
t
p=P +P
cp t

4) Banking of Road
Horizontal curve road
V = rg
7) Conical Pendulum
Banked road 2
tan = V
rg(+ tan)
V= rg
(1 −tan)
g
If  = 0 =
h
V2
tan = cos
rg T = 2
g
Pendulum in a car
2 2
tan = V r
Tension = mg 1 +  
rg h
5) Verticle Circular Motion 8) Change in vector quantities

Change in velocity = V = 2V sin 
2

Change in radial vector = V = 2r sin  
2

Change in momentum = P = 2mv sin 
2

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 Circular Motion
9) Death Well : 12) Reaction of road on car
1) car on a concave bridge
rg
V= 2
 R = mg cos + mv
r

2) car on a convex bridge

10) Hemispherical Vessel : 2
R = mg cos − mv
g r
=
R cos

11) Inverted Cone : 13) Motion of a block on frictionless hemisphere

V = gh 2
h= r
3

cos= h
r
2
= cos−1  
r

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 Newton’s Laws Of Motion
Quick Revision NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY FORMULAE
FORMULAE
F : Force [N] →
→ dp dV →
1) F= =m = ma
m : Mass [kg]
dt dt
dv : Change in velocity [m/s] →
2) p = mV
p : Linear momentum [kg m/s]
I : Impulse [N-s] 3) I = Ft = mV − mu
dp : Change in momentum [N-s] I =  F  dt
W : Weight [N]
Area under F-t graph
T : Tension [N]
will give impulse.
L : Length [m]
4) W = mg
a : Acceleration [m/s2]
 : Angle 5) Fpseudo = ma frame

m0 : Initial mass of rocket [kg] 6) Law of conservation of momentum

dm m1u1 = m1 v1
: Rate of fuel consumption [kg/s]
dt 7) Motion of connected bodies
Vr : Velocity of gases relative to rocket i) For two bodies
N : Normal reaction [N] F
a=
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS m +m
1 2
1) Force : Force is a push or pull which tries or
change the state of rest or uniform motion of m1F
T=
a body. m1 + m2
2) Weight : Force given by earth towards its centre
ii) For three bodies
on an object is called weight.
3) Reaction : If a body is pressed against a rigid F
a=
support, the body experienced a force which is m1 + m2 + m3
perpendicular to surface in contact is called
reaction or normal reaction. m1 F
T1 =
4) Linear Momentum : The quantity of motion m1 + m2 + m3
present in a body is called as Linear
Momentum. (m + m )F
T2 = 1 2
5) Impulse : When a large force acting for a short m1 + m2 + m3
interval of time is called impulse.
8) Rope on a horizontal surface
6) Intertial frame of reference : A non-accelerating
frame of reference is called inertial frame of
reference.
7) Pseudo Force : Those force which do not
actually act on the particles but appear to be
acting on the particles due to accelerated  l
motion of frame of reference are called pseudo T = 1− F
force.  L

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 Newton’s Laws Of Motion
9) Pulleys Case - V
Case - I (m − m sin)
a = (m1
+m ) g
2

m =m =m 1 2
1 2

T = mg (m1m2 )(1 + sin)

T= g
(m + m )
a=0 1 2

Case - VI
Case - II
(m sin− m sin)
m m a= 1 2
g
1 2 (m + m ) 1 2

(m − m ) m1m2 (sin  + sin)

a= 1 2 g T= g
(m1 + m2 ) (m + m )
1 2

10) Tension in lift wire

2m1m2 i) Lift is stable : T = mg
T= g
(m + m )
1 2
ii) Lift moving up : T = m(g + a)
Case - III
iii) Lift moving down : T = m(g − a)
(m + m − m ) 11) Apparent weight
a= 2 3 1
g
(m1 + m 2 + m 3 ) i) Lift is stable : N = Mg
ii) Lift moving up
N = M(g + a)
iii) Lift moving down
N = M(g − a)
12) Rocket propulsion
Vr dm
acceleration of rocket = − 
m dt
dm
Thrust on rocket = ma = −Vr 
dt
If gravitational force is considered acceleration
Case - IV V dm
of rocket = − r  −g
mg m dt
a = m +2 m
 
m = m0 −  dm t
1 2

T=
m1m2
g  dt 
(m + m )
1 2

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 Friction
Quick Revision FRICTION
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY FORMULAE
FORMULAE
F : Force (N) 1) Friction:
µ : Coefficient of friction fs = µsN
N : Normal reaction (N)
fk = µkN
µk : Coefficient of kinetic friction
µs : Coefficient of static friction 2) Angle of friction:
m : Mass (kg)  = tan–1(µ)
W : Weight (N)
 : Angle of repose N
R
v : Velocity (m/s)
s : Distance (m)  F
t : Time (s) f
fs : Static friction
fk : Kinetic friction 3) Angle of repose:
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS  = tan–1(µs)
1) Friction:
The resistive force which will act when two
bodies tries to slide is called friction.
2) Static friction:
The frictional force acting between two surfaces 
at rest is called as static friction.
3) Kinetic friction: 4) Pull is easier than push:
The frictional force acting between two surfaces
in relative motion is called kinetic friction. µmg
FPush =
4) Rolling friction: cos− µ sin 
The frictional force acting when object perform
rolling motion is called rolling friction. F
5) Limiting friction: 
The maximum force of static friction upto
which body does not move is called limiting
friction.
6) Angle of friction: µmg
FPull =
The angle which the resultant contact force cos + µ sin 
makes with the normal reaction is called angle
of friction.
F
7) Angle of repose:

The maximum angle of inclination of a plane
with the horizontal at which the object placed
on it just begin to slide down is called as angle
of repose.

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 Friction
5) Motion of an insect in the rough bowl: 8) Friction on an inclined surface:
i) Object moving up
 
1 
h = R1 −
 µ + 1 


 R
h ii) Object moving down

6) Maximum length (Y) hung from table:

µL
Y=
µ+1

L–Y
9) Minimum force to move:
µmg
Y Fmin =
µ2 + 1

7) Stopping of block due to friction:

10) f Versus FApplied:
s= v
2

2µg

v f
t=
µg

a = µg

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 Work, Energy And Power
Quick Revision WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY 5) Work energy principle:
W : Work done Work done by net force acting on a body is equal
P : Power to change in kinetic energy of body.

s : Displacement 6) Conservative forces:

ds : Small change in displacement A force is conservative if work done by force

in displacing a particle from one point to
K.E. : Kinetic energy another is independent on the path followed by
T.E. : Total energy particle and depends only on the initial and end
points.
T.M.E. : Total mechanical energy
6) Non-conservative forces:
P.E. : Potential energy
If the amount of work done in moving an object
p : Momentum against a force from one point to another point
KEF : Final kinetic energy depends along the path along which the body
moves, then such a force is called non-
KEI : Initial kinetic energy
conservative force.
U : Potential energy
7) Conservation of mechanical energy:
U This principle states that when only
: Partial derivative of energy w.r.t. x
x conservative forces are acting on body then its
net mechanical energy (potential energy +
U kinetic energy) remains constant.
y : Partial derivative of energy w.r.t. y
8) Power:

U It is the rate of doing work. In other words, if

: Partial derivative of energy w.r.t. z work done or energy consumed per unit time.
z
9) Watt:
00
Watt is S.I. unit of power. The power of an agent
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS is one watt if it does work at the rate of 1 joule
1) Work: per second.

Work is said to be done whenever a force acts 10) Kilowatt-hour:

on a body and body moves through some Kilowatt-hour is the commercial unit of energy.
distance in the direction of force. One kilowatt hour is the electrical energy
2) Positive work: consumed by an appliance of 1000 watt in
1 hour.
The force acting on a body has component in
the direction of displacement. The work done FORMULAE
FORM ULAE
is called positive work. →
1) W = F . s
3) Negative work:
2) W =|F||s|cos 
If the force acting on a body has the component
→
opposite to direction of displacement then work s2
→ →
done is called negative work done. 3) W = → F.ds
s1
4) Zero work:
When force or displacement for cos , either of 1 p2
them is zero then work done is zero. 4) K.E. = mv = 2

2 2m

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 Work, Energy And Power

5) p = 2m(K.E.) 12)

6)
1 1
W = mv2 − mu2 13) F = −dv
2 2 ds
−U
7) Fnet .s = m(v − u ) = K.E. 14) F =
2 x

1 −U
8) P.E. of spring = kx Fy =
2 y

1 2 1 −U
U= kx = Fx = F F =
2
9)
2 2 2k z
10) P.E. = mgh − mgh = mgh 15) For equilibrium,
−dU
W dW F =0 =0
11) P = = ds
t dt

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 Centre Of Mass And Collision
Quick Revision CENTRE OF MASS AND COLLISION
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY 6) Centre of gravity :
Fnet : Net force on a particle (Fext + Fint) A point where whole weight of body is act or
m : Total mass supposed to be concentrated is called centre of
→ gravity.
rcom : Position of center of mass
OR
xcom : Coordinates of Centre of mass on x-axis. Is a point at which resultant of gravitational
ycom : Coordinates of Centre of mass on y-axis. force of all the particles of a body act.
zcom : Coordinates of Centre of mass on z-axis. 7) Velocity of centre of mass :
m1, m2 : Mass of particles Taking time defivative of position vector of
→ →
r1 ,r2 : Position of individual particle centre of mass will get the velocity vector of
centre of mass.
d1 : Distance of centre of mass m1.
8) Acceleration of centre of mass :
d2 : Distance of centre of mass m2.
Taking time derivative of velocity vector of
 : Linear mass density. centre of mass will get the acceleration of centre
R : Radius of circle, semicircle, disc, sphere, of masss.
hemisphere and ring. CONCEPT
CONC EPT
h : Height of triangle, hollowand solid cone. 1) Two particle system : Centre of mass divide the
 : Density of material distance between particles in inverse ratio of
A : Area there masses.
V : Volume Centre of mass is closer to a massive body.
Vcom : Velocity of centre of mass 2) Applied force is in line with centre of mass then
acom : Acceleration of centre of mass body will travel in translational motion.
DE FINITIONS
DEFINITIONS 3) For small body centre of mass and centre of
1) Particle : gravity both one same.
Is defined as an object whose mass in finite but 4) Try to place particles on co-ordinates system,
size and structure is neglected. so that we get maximum no. of zero.
2) System : 5) Try to find symmetry.
Is a collection of very large no of particle, having 6) Centre of mas of a two particle always lie on
line joining of these two particle.
finite size and structure.
7) Internal force is action reaction pair.
3) Internal force :
The mutual force exerted by particles of system FORMULAE
FORM ULAE
on one another is called as internal force. →
r = 11m r + m r + ....... Weighted average
1) 2 2
com m + m + ......
 F net(Internal) = 0 .... always on system
1 2
m x + m x + .......
 ex. - Intermolecular force 2) xcom = m 1 +1 m +2 m2 + ......
1 2 3
- Friction
- Explosion m1 y1 + m2 y2 + .......
y com =
- Electrostatic 3) m + m + ......
1 2
- Gravitation 4) Centre of mass of two particle system
4) External force :
The outside force exerted on a system by
external agent is called external force.
→
 Fnet(Internal) = ma m2d m1 d
5) Centre of Mass : d = ,  d2 =
1 m +m m +m
1 2 1 2
Is a point where whole mass of a body is
supposed to be concentrated is called centre of d1 m2
 = or m1d1 = m2 d2
mass. d2 m1

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 Centre Of Mass And Collision
5) Centre of mass of a continious body 7) Motion of centre of mass
→ → → a) Velocity of centre of mass
→ m r + m r + .......... m r
r = m1 +1 m +2 2..................m
com n n

1 2 n → m V + m V + ........
V com = 1m1 + m2 +2 ........

xcom =
 x  dm , y =
 y  dm 1 2

com

 dm  dm P = MVcom
Trick : For regular shape body b) Acceleration of centre of mass
→ →
→ m a + m a + ......
acom = 1 1 2 2
m + m + ........
1 2

→
F
net
= Ma com

F =F +F
net external internal
6) Centre of mass a remaining portion
a) For solid body Finternal = 0
Cases:

If Fexternal = 0

→ → Then
→ m r − m2 r2
rcom = 11
m1 − m2
m1x1 − m2 x2
x com =
m −m
1 2

m1y1 − m2 y2 Irrespective of the individual acceleration of

y com =
m −m particle.
1 2

b) For two dimensional body (lamina) a) Vcom = const :

If initially Vcom = constant then it will remain
always constant.
→ →
→ m1r1 − m 2r2 b) Vcom = 0
rcom =
m1 − m2 If initially Vcom = 0 then it will remain always
m1x1 − m2 x2 A x − A2 x2 zero.
x com = or xcom = 1 1
m1 − m2 A1 − A2 ex. - Particles is at rest initially
y m1y1 − m2 y2 y A1 y1 − A2 y2 Initial velocity is zero
com
= m −m or com = A − A
1 2 1 2 Body is at rest.

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 Rotational Motion
Quick Revision ROTATIONAL MOTION
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY 7) Rolling Motion : When a body perform
 : Angular velocity [rad/s] translational and rotational motion is called as
rolling motion.
2 : Final angular velocity [rad/s]
FORMULAE
FORM ULAE
1 : Initial angular velocity [rad/s] 1) Fundamental of rotational motion
T : Time period [s] 2  2 − 1
f : Frequency [1/s] = =
T t
 : Angular acceleration [rad/s2]
1
m : Mass [kg] f=
I : Moment of inertia [kg m2] T
r : Perpendicular distance [m]
2 − 2
I0 : Moment of inertia of an object through point O. =
Ic : Moment of inertia of an object through centre t
of mass. Comparison of linear and rotational motion
Iz : Moment of inertia of an object through z axis. Linear motion Rotational Motion
Ix : Moment of inertia of an object through x axis V = u + at 2 = 1 + t
Iy : Moment of inertia of an object through y axis
m1 : Mass of first particle [kg] V 2 = u2 + 2as 22 = 12 + 2
m2 : Mass of second particle [kg] 1 1
 : Torque [N-m] S = ut + at2  =  t + t2
1
F : Force [N] 2 2
r1 : Perpendicular distance [m] 2) Moment of inertia of a particle
 : Angle I = mr2
k : Radius of gravition [m] 3) Theorem of parallel axis
h : height [m]
v : Velocity [m/s] I0 = I c + Mh2
DE FINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
Rotation Motion : The change in the orientation X
1) a
of body during its motion is called rotational d
motion.
2) Moment of Inertia : The property of body due CM
to which it oposees any change in its state of
rest or of uniform rotation is called moment of
ienrtia.
3) Radius of Gyration : The distance from an axis X’ a’
of rotation where entire mass of the body 4) Theorem of perpendicular axis
supposed to be concentrated and the value of
Iz = Ix + I y
moment of inertia is same that due to actual
distribution of masses of body is called radius
Z Y
of gyration.
4) Torque : If a pivoted, hinged or suspended body
tends to rotate under the action of force it is said O
X’ X
to be acted on by a torque. Z’
5) Angular Momentum : The moment of linear Y’
momentum of body with respect to any axis of
rotation is called as angular momentum.
6) Kinetic Energy of Rotation : The energy which Formula for moment of inertia of regular
a body has by virtue of it rotational motion is bodies
called as kinetic energy of rotation.

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 Rotational Motion

Shape Of Moment Of Radius Of

Axis Of Rotation Figure
Body Inertia (I) Gyration

(1) 1.Passes through the centre 2

Circular Ring & perpendicularto plane MR R
M = Mass
R = Radius 2.About it’s diameter in
2
it’sown plane (1/2)MR R/ 2

3.A b out a t ang ential axis 2

2MR 2R
perpendicular to its own plane

4.About a tangential axis in its 3 3

MR2 R
own plane 2 2

(2)
1.Passing through the centre and MR2 R
Circular Disc perpendicular to the plane
2 2
M = Mass
R = Radius
MR2 R
2.About diameter
4 2

3.About a tangential axis lying 5 5

MR2 R
its own plane 4 2

4.A b out a t ang ential axis 3 3

MR2 R
perpendicular to its own plane 2 2

(3)
1.About its geometrical axis R
Hollow
Cylinder l
M = Mass 2.About an axis passing through
2 2
R = Radius its CM and perpendicular to its R2 l2
cm +
length
L = Length l
3.About an axis perpendicular to  MR2 Ml 2  R2 l2
its length and passing through +
one endof the cylinder
l

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 Rotational Motion

(4) MR2
1.About its geometrical axis
Solid C
Cylinder
M = Mass 2.About an axis passing through 2 2
its CM and perpendicular to its MR M R2 l2
R = Radius + +
C
L = Length length
l
3.About an axis perpendicular to
 R2 l 2 
its length and passing through M +  R2 l2
+
one endof the cylinder

(5)
Annular disk
R1 M R2 + R2
1.Passing through centre and [ R2 + R2 ]
1 2
perpendicular to the plane R2 2 2
R1
R2

M = Mass
R1 = Internal
2.About its diameter R2 M[R2 + R2 ] 2
R +R
2
Radius R1 1 2 1 2
4 2
R2 = Outer
Radius

(6)
1.About its geometrical axis or M[ R2 + R2 ]
Hollow R1 R2 R 2 + R2
about the axis which is passing 1 2 1 2
Cylinder R1 2 2
through centre
= Internal
Radius
R2 = Outer
 L2 (R + R ) 
2 2
Radius 2.Passing through centre of mass L2 R2 + R2
M + 1 2  + 1 2
M = Mass and perpendicular to its length cm 12 4  12 4

L = Length

(7)
1.About its axis OR diameter
Solid Sphere 2 2 2
which is passing through MR R
M = Mass R = 5 5
which is
Radius

7 2 7
2.About tangential axis MR R
2 5

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 Rotational Motion

(8)
Thin Spherical 1 .Passing t hro ug h axis or 2 2 2
MR R
Shell diameter 3 3
(Hollow Sphere)
M = Mass
R = Radius
(Thickness 5 2 5
2.About tangential axis MR R
negligible) 3 3

(9)
Solid Sphere
With Cavity
r = Internal About passing through centre 2 [ R5 − r5 ] 2 (R5 − r 5 )
M
Radius OR about diameter 5 [ R3 − r3 ] 5 (R3 − r 3 )
R = Outer
Radius
M = Mass

(10)
1.Passing through centre of mass ML L
Thin Rod
and perpendicular to length 12 2 3
[Thickness is L
negligible
w.r.t. length]
2.Passing through its one end and ML2 L
perpendicular to axis 3 3

(11)
Rectangular 1.About an axis passing through
CM and perpendicular to side cm Ma 2
Plate b
a in its plane
a = Length
b = Width a
M = Mass
2.About an axis passing through 2
CM and perpendicular to side M
cm b
b in its plane
a

3.About an axis passing through M(a 2 + b 2) a 2 + b2

CM b
cm 12

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 Rotational Motion

(12) Triangular
Prism Passing through centre of mass
Ma 2 a
a = (Side of base and perpendicular triangular
6 6
and height) face
a

(13)
Cone About the line joining of top of 3 3
MR2 R
R = Radius the cone and mid-point of base 10 10
h = Height
R

Moment of inertia of some special bodies

Ma2 I5
I1 = I3 = I4 =
Moment of inertia of square 12
(a) a I1
plate Ma2
I5 = cm
6
a I4
I3 I5

I1
I2

Ma2
I1 =
6
(b) Moment of inertia of cube
2Ma2
I2 = a
3

IAB
A
In a triangle, M.I. will be If
(c) maximum relative to smallest AC > BC > AB,
side IAC < IBC < IAB
B C I
AC
IBC

I2
In t riang le, M. I . will b e
If 
maximum relative to that 2

(d) 1 < 2 < 3 ,

perpen dicular axis which
I1 > I2 > I3 3
passes through least angle 1
I3 I1
Greater the mass away from
(e) axis of rotation, more will be
M.I.

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 Rotational Motion
5) Radius of gyration [k] 10) Rolling motion
I = mk2 i) Kinetic energy in rolling motion
6) Moment of inertia of two point masses 1 1
K.E. = I2 + MV 2
r = r1 + r2 m1 m2 rolling
2 2
CM
m1r1 = m2 r2 r1 r2  k2 
1
= MV 2 1 + 2 
mr 2  R 
r1 = m +2 m
1 2
ii) Rolling : motion on an inclined plane
mr
r2 = m +1 m g sin 
a=  m
2
Rolling body
1 2
1+ k
I = m1 r1 + m 2r2
2 2 R2 Height
h S
 
I =  m1+m2  r2 = mr  r2 V= 2gh Inclined plane

 m1 m2  k2
1+
7) Torque R2
→ →
 =r  F
= 1
2h  k2 
rF sin  t= 1+ 2 
sin  g  R 
 = F  r1
Moment of couple = Fr iii) Pure rolling
V = R
F

F
8) Angular momentum [L]
→ →
L=rp iv) Energy distribution in rolling motion
L = rmv sin 
Etrans 1 K 2 / R2
E rotation
Etotal = =
L = mvr sin  K2 Etrans 1 K2
Body = Etotal K2
R2 Erotation K 2 / R2 1+ 1+ 2
R2 R
Law of conservation of angular momentum if Ring 1 1
1 1

there is no external torque. 2

2
2
1
1
Disc 2
I 11 = I 2 2
2 3 3
2 5 5 2
Solid Sphere
5 2 7 7
9) Kinetic energy of rotation 2 3 3 2
Spherical Shell
1 1 V
  

3 2 5 5
K.E. = I = mk  2 Solid cylinder
1
2
2 1
2 2 2 3 3

2 2 R2 Hollow Cylinder 1 1
1 1
2 2

1 k2 L2
= mV 2  =
2 R2 2I

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 Gravitation
Quick Revision GRAVITATION
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY DDEFINITIONS
EFINITIONS
F : Force due to gravitation 1) Newton’s law of gravitation :
 20 −

Law states that every particle on planet or
G : Universal gravitational constant   10 11  universe attract every other partical by a force
 3  which is directly preportional to product of
M : Mass of earth (6 × 1024 kg) their masses and inversely proportional to
square of distance between them.
m : Mass of object
2) Acceleration due to Gravity :
g : Acceleration due to gravity
Acceleration produced in body due to gravity
 : Density of object or gravitational pull is called as acceleration due
g’h : Acceleration due to gravity at height h above to gravity.
g’d : Acceleration due to gravity at depth d 3) Gravity or Gravitational pull :
h : Height above the earth surface The force of attraction due to earth on a body
d : Depth below the earth surface is called as gravity or gravitational force or
gravitational pull.
R : Radius of earth (6400 km)
4) Gravitational field :
E : Gravitational field.
The gravitational force of attraction per unit
V : Graivtational potential
mass is called as gravitational field.
U : Gravitational potential energy.
OR
W : Work done
A gravitational field is defined as a sphere of
Ve : Escae velocity influence around a mass in which gravitational
Vc : Orbital or critical velocity. force has been experienced.
C : Speed of light (3 × 108 m/s) 5) Gravitational potential :
 : Angular velocity Gravitational potential at a point in a
B.E. : Binding energy gravitational field of a body is defined as
amount of wokdone required to bring a mass
K.E. : Kinetic energy
from infinity to that point per unit mass.
VP : Velocity of projection
6) Gravitational potential energy :
VH : Horizontal velocity
GPE of a body is defined as amount of
T : Time period of satellite or planet. workdone required to bring a mass from
a : Semi-major axis. infinity to that point.
b : Semi-minor axis. 7) Escape velocity :
The minimum velocity with which a body
 dA  projected to just overcome the gravitational pull
VA : Areal velocity  dt 
  of planet.
L : Angular momentum. 8) Orbital velocity (critical velocity) :
g’R : Acceleration due to gravity due to rotation. The velocity of sattelite required to put this
satellite in to a circular orbit around the planet.
g’P : Acceleration due to gravity due to at a pole
9) Binding energy :
g’eq : Acceleration due to gravity due to at a equator
The minimum amount energy required to
Rp : Radius of earth at pole.
remove a satellite from earth’s gravitational
Req : Radius of earth at equator. influence.

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 Gravitation
FORMULAE
Gm1m2 FORMULAE
a) if h <<<< R
1) F= → → then g ' =  2h 
r2 h g  1 − R 
F F
→ Gm1m2 12 r 21
m m2 4  d
F= (−rˆ) 1  g ' = G(R − d) or g 1 −  .. At depth ‘d’
r2 d
3  R
2) Null point
g 'R = g − 2 R cos2  ... Due to rotation of Earth
r
x=  = Latitude
m2
+1
GM
m1  g 'p = g 'eq = GM
Rp2 , Req2
3) Gravitational force between spherical shell and
point mass. F
6) Gravitational field : E =
m
i) For point mass

xR x=R x=r → GM

GMm GMm E= (−rˆ)
F=0 F= F= r2
2
R R2 ii) For spherical shell
4) Gravitational force between solid sphere and
point mass.

xR x=R x=r

= GM GM
E=0 E= E=
2
R r2
M Mx
= iii) For solid sphere
4 3 4 3
R x
3 3

xR x=R x=r

GMm GMm GMm
F= F= F=
3 2
R R R2
5) Acceleration due to gravity
GM
g= ... Surface xR x=R x=r
R2 GMx GM GM
R
2 E= E= E=
GM
 g 'h = or g .... height ‘h’ R3 R2 r2
(R + h)2 (R + h)2

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 Gravitation
7) W iii) Relation between GP and GPE
Gravitational Potential = V =
m U = Vm
i) For point mass : iv) U on the earth surface
U = – mgR
v) U at height (h << R)
U = mgh
10) Escape velocity
2GM
ii) For spherical shell : Ve = ................... from surface
R
2GM
V 'e = ... from height ‘h’ above
R+h
11) Orbital velocity
GM
VC =.................... r = R + h
r
xR x=R x=r
−GM −GM −GM T = 2
VR = VQ = VP =
R R r GMm
Kinetic Energy =
iii) For solid sphere : 2r
−GMm
Potential Enegy =
r
−GMm
Total Energy =
2r
Binding Energy = – Total Energy
xR x=R x=r KE = −TE = −2PE = BE
W + WR−x W W−r 12) Areal Velocity :
VR = −R VQ = −R VP = dA L
m m r V = =
GM 2 x2  V =−
GM
V =−
GM A dt 2m
=−  − 
2R  R2  Q
R P
r GRAPHS
GRAPHS
i) Acceleration due to gravity Vs. distance from
8) Relation between V and E
center
dv
E =−
dr
V = − Edr
9) Gravitational potential energy
GMm ........
U = W =− point mass
i) − r
r
ii) For solid sphere (earth) ii) E vs. Position Vector
a) Point mass

GMm  x2 
U =− 3 − 2  ...... inside earth
x
2R  R 

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 Gravitation
b) Spherical Shell b) Spherical shell

c) Solid Sphere c) Solid sphere

iii) V vs. position (Distance) iv) Energy

a) Point mass

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 Mechanical Properties Of Solids
Quick Revision MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY 5) Rigid body:
F : External force The body which is having regular shape.
A : Area of cross section 6) Stress:
l : Change in length Internal restoring force (external force) per unit
L : Original length area.
V : Change in volume 7) Longitudinal stress:
V : Original volume
When applied force / deforming force produces
 : Shear strain change in length of body is called as
Y : Young’s modulus longitudinal force.
K : Bulk modulus 8) Volume stress:
 : Shear modulus When deforming force produces change in its
E : Modulus of elasticity volume of body is called as volume stress (also
 : Poisson’s ratio called as change in pressure).
P : Breaking stress 9) Shear stress:
C : Compressibility When applied force produces change in its
 : Angle of twist shape only of body is called shear stress.
 : Angle of shear 10) Strain:
W : Work done The ratio of change in dimension by original
U : Elastic potential energy dimension is called strain.
f : Final density 11) Longitudical strain:
i : Initial density Longitudinal strain or tensile strain is the ratio
Kt : Isothermal elasticity of change in length to the original length.
K : Adiabatic elasticity 12) Volume strain (Bulk strain):
v : Heat capacity
It is the ratio of change in volume to the original
DE FINITIONS
DEFINITIONS volume.
1) Elasticity: 13) Shear strain:
The property of matter by virtue of which body
Ratio of change in shape by original shape.
regains its original size and shape after removal
of deforming force is called as elasticity. OR
2) Deforming force: The applied force produces change in shape
The force which produces deformation is called (cube to parallelopiped) the strain is called as
as deforming force. shear strain.
3) Deformation: 14) Elastic limit:
The change in size, shape or both in a body The maximum deforming force up to which
arising due to external force called as body regains its original size and shape is called
deformation. as elastic limit.
4) Plasticity: 15) Hooke’s law:
The property of matter to undergo a permanent
It states that within elastic limit stress is directly
deformation after removal of deforming force
proportional to strain.
is called as plasticity.

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 Mechanical Properties Of Solids
16) Modulus of elasticity: FORMULAE
FORMULAE
It is a slope of stress-strain graph within elastic F
limit. 1) Stress = A
C/S
17) Young’s modulus:
= Longitudinal stress
Within elastic limit, it is the ratio of longitudinal
(tensile) stress to longitudinal strain. F
2) Volume stress = = P
18) Bulk modulus: Total area

Within elastic limit, it is the ratio of volume Tangential force F

stress to the volume strain. 3) Shear stress = = t

A A
It measures the resistance offered by solid,
liquid and gas to change its volume. l
4) Longitudinal strain =
19) Shear modulus (Modulus of rigidity): L

Within elastic limit, it is the ratio of shear stress V

to shear strain. 5) Volume strain = −
V
It measures the resistance offered by solids to
x
change in its shape. 6) Shear strain =  =
L
20) Compressibility:
The reciprocal of bulk modulus of elasticity is Stress
7) E=
called compressibility. Strain
21) Poisson’s ratio: FL
8) Y=
Within elastic limit, it is the ratio of lateral strain AL
to longitudinal strain.
Breaking force
22) Lateral strain: 9) Breaking stress = P =
C/ S Area
Strain developed in the direction perpendicular
to the applied deforming force. P
10) K=
23) Longitudinal strain: −V / V
Strain developed in the direction of applied 1
deforming force. 11) C=
K
24) Strain energy:
12)
It is defined as elastic potential energy stored  f =  i [1 + CP]
by wire during elongation or compression by
13) Kt = Pressure
deforming force.
14) K = v × Pressure
Area of stress-strain graph gives work done or
elastic potential energy stored in stretched wire Ft FL
per unit volume. = or t
15) Shear modulus,
A Ax
Molecules having mininum potential energy
when they are in stable equibrium position, for r
16)  = = Angle of shear
any other position potential energy increases. L

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 Mechanical Properties Of Solids
17) Relation between Y, K and : GRAPHS
GRAPHS
1) Hooke’s law:
9 3 1 Stress
= +
Y  K Elastic limit

Proportional limit
r / r
18) = Value 0   0.5
L / L
Strain
19) Relation between Y, K,  and : 2) Stress–Strain Graph:
Y = 3K(1 − 2)
Breaking strength
B
Y = 2(1 + ) Elastic region
Yield point C
20) Work done = Change in potential energy E

Stress
Rupture point
P Elastic limit
1
W=U= × Force× Elongation Proportional limit
2

1
W=U= × Stress×Strain× Volume Strain
2

1 B &C Small then material is brittle

W =U = × Stress2 × Volume Distance
2Y
Large then material is ductile

1 Very very small then elastome

W = U = × Y  Strain2 × Volume
2
3) Elastomer:
21) Elongation due to self weight  Stress is not directly proportional to strain
Does not obey Hooke’s law.
Mg  L
L = Stress
2AY
22) Breaking stress due to self weight

Mg
P= Strain
A

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 Mechanical Properties Of Fluids
Quick Revision MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY FORMULAE
FORMULAE
dv/dt :Velocity Gradient
dv
A :Area 1) Fv = −A
 :Coefficient of Viscosity dt
 :Shearinag stress
Fv dv
Fv :Viscous force 2) = =
W :Weight A dt
FB :Buoyancy force
3) 1 poise = 0.1 N.s/m2
Vt :Terminal velocity
 :Density of ball (spherical object)
4) Fv = 6rv
 :Density of fluid
r :Radius of sphere
5) FB = Vsub g  = density of liquid
g :Acceleration due to gravity
Re :Reynold’s number
P :Pressure Vd
6) Re =
Q :volumetric flow (Discharge) 
L :Length
Vsub :Submerged volume 2r2 (− )g
H :Total height of tank 7) Vt =
h :Height of hole g
DE FINITIONS
DEFINITIONS 8) Q = AV
1) Viscosity :
The characteristic of fluid by virtue of which 9) Velocity of efflux V = 2gh
relative motion between different layers is
opposed is known as viscosity.
10) Range of efflux R = 2 h(H − h)
Viscosity is internal friction of a fludi in motion.
2) Critical Velocity :
The maximum velocity up to which fluid
2gh
motion is steady is called critical velocity. 11) Q = A1 A2
A2 − A2
3) Laminar flow :
Flow in which one liquid particle never cross
GRAPHS
GRAPHS
a path of other liquid particle.
4) Reynold’s number :
It can be defined as a ratio of inertia force to
viscous force.
Re  2000 ... Laminar flow
3000  Re  2000 ... transition flow
Re  3000 ... Turbulent flow

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 Surface Tension
Quick Revision SURFACE TENSION
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY FORMULAE
FORM ULAE
T or  or s : Surface Tension F
1) Surface Tension (T) =
F : Force due to surface tension l
l : Length of object in contact with liquid 2) Name of object Length
surface (for circular object it is i) Wire 2l
circumference) ii) Ring 2  2r
W : Work done iii) Circular plate 2r
A : Total change in surface area. iv) Hollow disc 2r + 2r
1 2
Q : Increase or decrease in temperature
v) Square plate 4l
J : Mechanical equivalent of heat. vi) Square frame 8l
V : Volume 3) W = T  A
d or  : Density 4) Name of object Surface Area
S : Spacific heat Droplet 4r2
P : Pressure difference Bubble 2  4r2
 : Angle of contact Air bubble inside liquid 4r2
h : Rise in capillary 5) Formation of smaller droplet from bigger
t : Thickness between two plate. W = 4T[nr2 − R2 ] ... Energy absorbed
DEDEFINITIONS
FINITIONS Or
1) Surface Tension : 1 1 
Surface tension of liquid is measured by the W = 3VT  − 
force acting per unit length on either side of an r R
imaginary line drawn on the free surface of
3T 1 1 
liquid.  =  −  ... Temperature Decreased
JSd  r R 
2) Surface Energy :
6) Formation of bigger droplet from smaller
The potential energy stored in surface film per
unit surface area is called as surface energy per W = 4T [nr2 − R2 ] ... Energy released
unit area. Or
3) Angle of Contact :
1 1 
When liquid is in contact with solid, the angle = 3VT  − 
between tangent drawn to the free surface of r R
liquid and the surface of solid at the point of
3T 1 1 
contact measured inside the liquid.  =  −  ... Temperature increased
JSd  r R 
4) Capillarity :
The phenomena of rise or fall or a liquid inside 7) Excess pressure ( P )
a capillary tube when it is dipped in the liquid 2T
P = ... For droplet and Air bubble inside
is called capillaryity.
r
5) Sphere of Influence : liquid
An imaginary sphere around a molecule in 4T
which intermolecular force has been P = ... For bubble
experienced is called as sphere of influence. r

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 Surface Tension
2T cos 10) Formation of Double bubble :
8) h= 1 1 1
rg = −
R R1 R2
1 R = R1R2
h or hr = constant or h r = h r R −R
1 1 2 2 2 1
r
11) Force required to pull two plate (JEE concept)
2TA
h r  F=
(tube) (meniscus radius) (Angle of contact) t
GRAPHS
GRAPHS
Rise in capillary Vs radius of tube
9) Formation of single bubble or droplet from two
bubble or droplet in isothermal condition

c = a2 + b2

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 Thermal Properties Of Matter
Quick Revision THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY 3) Heat :
TC : Temperature in °C is energy in transit which is transfered from one
Tk : Temperature in °K body to other due to temperature difference
x0 : Thermometric property at 0°C between them.
x100 : Thermometric property at 100°C 4) Heat Capacity :
xt : Thermometric property at t°C The heat required to raise the temperature of
l : Length body by 1°C is called heat capacity.
V : Volume 5) Water equivalent :
P : Pressure Water equivalent of a body is the mass of water
R : Resistance having the same heat capacity as a given body
 : Linear expansion coefficient 6) Latent heat :
 : Coeficient of areal expansion The amount of heat required to change the state
 : Coeficient of volume expansion of unit mass of a substance at a constant
temperature is called latent heat.
 : Density
7) Thermal conductivity is a measure of the ability
T : Time period of a substance to conduct heat through it.
Y : Young’s modulus 8) Black body :
vapp : Apparent coefficient of volume expansion
A body which absorb all the radiation falling
W : workdone on it is caused black body.
J : Mechanical equivalent of heat (4.2 J/cal)
8) Emissive power :
Q : Heat
Emissive is the energy radiated per unit area
S : Specific heat capacity
per unit time per unit solid angle along the
 : Change in temperature normal to the area.
C : Molar heat capacity 9) Absorptive power :
M : Molecular weight Absorptive power is a fraction of the incident
L : Latent heat radiation that is absorbed by the body.
LF : Latent heat of fusion FORMULAE
K : Coefficient of thermal conductivity FORMULAE
A : Area of cross-section t = tt − t0  100C
i : Heat current 1) t100 − t0
R : Thermal resistance
E : Emissive power C−0 F − 32 K − 273.15
2) = =
U : Energy radiator 100 − 0 212 − 32
373.15 − 273.15
a : Absorptive power l − l0
 : Stefans constant (5.67 × 10–8 W/m2k4) 3) Liquid thermometer : t =  100C
l −l
100 0
e : Emmissivity of the surface
S : Solar constant V − V0
DEFINITIONS 4) Gas thermometer : t =  100C
DEFINITIONS V −V
100 0
1) Temperature :
It is defined as degree of coldness or hotness P − P0
t=  100C
of a body and it is measured by thermometer. P100 − P0
2) Zeroth law of Thermodynamics :
If two bodies x and y are are in equlibrium and R−R
x and z are in equilibrium then y and z are in 5) Resistance thermometer : t = 0
 100C
R100 − R0
equilibrium.

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 Thermal Properties Of Matter
6) Thermal expansion U
a) Linear expansion L = L [1 + ] 14) E =
2 1 At
b) Area expansion A 2 = A 1[1 + ] 15) u = T 4
c) Volume expansion V 2 = V 1[1 + ] dT eA
16) Rate of cooling − = (T 4 − T 4 )
0
d) pendulum clock time period dt ms
 1  dT
T = T 1 +  Newtons law − = −K(T − T0 )
2 1  dt
2
 
e) Density  2 =  1[1 − ] 4eAT 3
K = ms 0
7) Thermal stress  t = 
17) Wien’s law  m T = b = constant
8) V = V  where  =  −
app app app 1  b = 0.288 cm-k
9) W = JQ
10)  = ms ,  = nc ,  = mL GRAPHS
GRAPHS
11) Heat lost = Heat gained 1) Heating Curve
While solving problems, when temperature
change is involved, use  = ms or nc ,
when state change is involved, use  = mL
 KA(1 − 2 )
12) =
t L
d d
= −KA
dt dx
 L
 =  = iR
t KA 2)
13) Keq
1 1 1
= + .........
a) Series K K K
eq 1 2

b) Parallel Keq = K1 + K 2 + K 3......

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 Thermodynamics
Quick Revision THERMODYNAMICS
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY 5) Adiabatic process :
n : Number of moles of gas. If system is completely isolated from
c : Molar specific heat capacity. surroundings so that no heat flows ‘in’ or ‘out’,
cp : Molar specific heat capacity at constant then any change that the system undergoes is
pressure. called an adiabatic process.
cv : Molar specific heat capacity at constant
volume. 6) Iso-baric process :
R : Universal gas constant. A process taking place at constant pressure
T : Absolute temperature of gas. throughout.
Q : Heat energy supplied to the gas. 7) Isochoric (Isometric) process :
w : Work done by the gas.
u : Internal energy of gas. Thermodynamic process in which volume of
the system remains constant throughout.
u : Change in internal energy of gas.
 : Efficiency 8) Cyclic process :
The process in which the initial and final states
cp  of gas after traversing a cycle are same.
 : Adiabatic exponent  = c 
 v  9) Second laws of thermodynamics :
P : Pressure exerted by gas. It states that it is impossible for a self acting
V : Volume occupied by gas. machine unaided by any external agency, to
f : Degree of freedom. transfer heat from a body at lower temperature
 to a body at higher temperature. It is decided
R 
k : Boltzmann constant k =   from this law that, the efficiency of any heat
 NA  engine can never be 100%.
F.L.T. : First law of thermodynamics. 10) Heat engine : It is a device which converts heat
DEDEFINITIONS
FINITIONS energy into mechanical energy.
1) Heat (  ) : 11) Refrigerator :
It is the energy which is transfered from a
Refrigerator is a heat engine running in
system to surroundings (or) vice versa due to
backward direction i.e., working substance
temperature difference between system and takes heat from cold body and gives out to
surroundings. hotter body with the help of external agency.
→ It is a macroscopic quantity.
→ Path dependent. 12) Carnot’s theorem :
2) Work : It states that no heat engine can have efficiency
Work is the energy that is transmitted from one greater than carnot’s engine working between
system to other by a force moving its points of same hot and cold reservair.
application. 13) Reversible process :
→ It is a macroscopic quantity.
→ Path dependent. A process which can proud in opposite
direction in such a way, that the system passes
3) Internal energy :
through the same states as in the direct process
The total kinetic energy of gas and gas
and finally the system and surroundings
molecule. u  T acquire the initial conditions.
4) Isothermal process :
A thermodynamic process in which the 14) Irreversible process :
temperature of the system remains constant The process which cannot be traced back in the
throughout. opposite direction.

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 Thermodynamics
FORM ULAE
FORMULAE 6) Cyclic process :
1) First law of thermodynamics a) Initial and final states are same.
 = u +  b) u = 0
 = ncT  heat energy supplied to gas. c) Work done by gas = Area inside cycle.
 = +ve for clockwise cycle and –ve for anti-
u = nGT  change in internal energy of gas.
clockwise cycle.
1
2 d)  net =  ; ( net =  supplied −  released )
=  dV  work doen by the gas. 
 =
v1 e) cycle
supplied
2) Isothemal process :
7) Molar specific heat capacity for a polytropic
a) condition T = constant throughout
b) State equation pv = constant process with state equation PVh = constant is
R
(PV = P2 V2 ) given by C = CV +
1 1
1−n
c) F.L.T.  u = ncv T = 0 ; (∵T = 0) 8) Area covered by P-V graph with volume axis
gives work done by the gas.
 = 
u  P
d) Work done by the gas = RT ln  2 
 u1 
P 
= RT ln 1
  Work
 P2  V
3) Iso-baric process : 9) Bulk modulus of gas Bisothermal = P
Badiabatic = P
a) Condition p = constant throughout
10) Efficiency of heat engine :
V V V  c/p 
b) State equation = constant.  1 = 2  efficiency = =
T  T1 T2  i/p 1
 2
c) F.L.T.   = ut  = = 1−
d) Work done by the gas = P(V ) = R(T) 1 1
4) Iso-choric process : (Isometric process) for carnot engine ' ' is
a) Condition : v = cconstant throughout maximum is given by
 T
P P P   = 1− 2 = 1− 2
b) State equation = constant   1 = 2  max
1 T1
T  T1 T2 
11) Refrigerator
c) F.L.T.  = u;(∵ = 0) Co-efficient of performance
d) Work done by the gas   = 0 ;  
T1
=  =  −1 
1  =
(∵ v = constant) T −T
2 1
5) Adiabatic process : 2 1

a) Condition   = 0 (Hot Reservoir) (Cold Reservoir)

Source Engine Sink
b) State equation  PV  = constant
T1 T2
TV −1 = constant
Q1 Q2
P1−T  = constant
c) F.L.T.  u +  = 0 ; (∵= 0)
d) work done by the gas W = Q1 – Q2
12) Relation between " " and ""
PV − P2V 2 R(T1 − T2 ) 1 −
= 1 1 =
− 1 − 1 =


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 Thermodynamics
GGRAPHS
RAPHS 5) What does the slope of P-V graph gives ..?
1) Iso-thermal process : a) for isothermal process graph
dP P
slope = =−
dV V
b) for adiabatic graph
dP P
slope = = −  
dV V 
6) Iso-choric process :

2) Adiabatic process :

7) Iso-baric process :

3) Iso-thermal and Adiabatic comparison :

4) Comparison of mono, dia and polyatomic gases

for adiabatic process
8) Carnot’s cycle :
T = T = T (temperature of hot reservior)
1 2 H

T = T = T (temperature of cold reservior)

3 4 C

TC
 = 1−
cycle
TH
more  → more slope   1   2   3
5
 =
 1 → monoatomic
3
7
2 → diatomic gas   = 1 → 2  isothermal expansion
5 2 → 3  adiabatic expansion
4
 = 3 → 4  isothermal compression
3 → polyatomic gas 4 → 1  adiabatic compression
3

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 Kinetic Theory Of Gases
Quick Revision KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY 6) Charle’s law:
P : Pressure exerted by the gas It states that, volume of given mass of gas
varies directly proportional to its absolute
V : Volume occupied by the gas
temperature, given its pressure is constant.
n : Number of moles of the gas
V
R : Universal gas constant = Constant
T : Absolute temperature of gas T
7) Dalton’s law of partial pressure:
M : Molar mass of the gas
Partial pressure of a gas is the pressure which
m : Mass of gas sample it would exert if contained alone in the given
µ : Molecular mass of the gas confined space.
K : Boltzmann constant P = P1+P2+P3
C : Specific heat capacity P = Total pressure of mixture of gases
P1+P2+P3 = Partial pressure of individual gases
Cp : Specific heat capacity at constant pressure in mixture
Cv : Specific heat capacity at constant volume 8) Graham’s law of diffusion:
 : Density of gas Graham’s law of diffusion states that, rate of
N : Number of molecules diffusion of gas varies inversely as the square
NA : Avagadro’s number root of density of gas.
 : Adiabatic exponent (Cp / Cv) r
1
f : Degree of freedom 
v : Speed of gas molecules 9) Avagadro’s law:
Q : Heat energy It states that under similar conditions of
U : Internal energy of gas pressure and temperature equal volumes of all
DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS gases contain equal number of molecules.
PV = nRT
1) Gas:
10) Root mean square speed (vrms):
Type of matter that does not have any fixed It is the square root of the mean of squares of
shape or volume. individual speeds of the molecules of gas.
2) Ideal gas: 11) Average speed:
Gas in which, size of molecule and force of It is the arithmetic mean of speed of the
interaction between molecules is considered molecules of a gas.
zero. 12) Most probable speed:
3) Real gas: It is the speed possessed by maximum number
of molecules of a gas sample.
The gas that shows deviation from ideal gas
13) Degree of freedom:
behaviour is called a real gas.
Number of possible independent ways in which
4) Avagadro’s number (NA): the position and configuration of the system
It is the number of carbon atoms contained in may change.
12 gms of C-12 carbon. 14) Law of equipartition of energy:
NA = 6.023 × 1023 In a gas sample, in thermal equilibrium, the
5) Boyle’s law: total internal energy of the gas is divided
It states that the volume of a given amount of equally among all the degree of freedom.
gas varies inversely as its pressure, provided its 15) Gram specific heat capacity (c):
temperature is kept constant. Amount of heat energy required by unit mass
of gas to rise its temperaure by 1°C (or) 1 K.
PV = Constant

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 Kinetic Theory Of Gases
16) Molar specific heat capacity (c): 6) Translational K.E. of a gas,
Amount of heat energy required by 1 mole of
3
gas in order to rise its temperature by 1°C or K.E.T = nRT
1 K. 2
17) Heat capacity: 7) Energy per molecule per degree of freedom is
Heat energy consumed by gas sample to rise is
1
temperature by 1°C or 1 K. KT
18) Adiabatic exponent (): 2
It is the ratio of Cp to Cv of a gas. 8) Energy per mole per degree of freedom is
C 1
= p RT
Cv 2
FORM ULAE
FORMULAE 9) Internal energy (U):
1) Ideal gas equation:
f
a) PV = nRT For one molecule = KT
RT 2
b) P = f
M For n moles of gas = nRT
KT 2
c) P =
µ 10) Change in internal energy of a gas sample is,
d) PV = NKT f
2) Real gas equation: U = nRT = nC T
v
2
 n a
2

P + 2  (V − nb) = nRT 11) For a given gas,

 V 
R
where a, b are Vander waal’s constants a) Cv = f
3) Pressure exerted by a gas 2
2 b) Cp – Cv = R
P= e
3 (If Cp & Cv are molar specific heat capacities)
where e is translational KE per unit volume of R
c) C − C =
gas. p v
M
1 2
and P = v rms ;  = Density of gas (If Cp & Cv are gram specific heat capacities)
3
Cp
4) R.M.S. speed, =
3RT 3P 3KT d) C
v = = =
v

rms
M  µ
2
Average speed, e)  = 1 +
f
8RT 8P 8KT
vavg = = =
M  µ R ; C = R
f) Cv =
Most probable speed, − 1 p − 1
2RT 2P 2KT 12) Degree of freedom (f) (Excluding vibrational
vmp = =  =
M µ energies):
i) Monoatomic = 3, (3 Translational)
5) In a given gas sample vrms  vavg  vmp ii) Diatomic (or) polylinear = 5, (3 Translational
+ 2 Rotational)
8
v :v :v = 3: : 2 iii) Poly non-linear = 6, (3 Translational
rms avg mp
 + 3 Rotational)

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 Kinetic Theory Of Gases
13) For a mixture of gases: GRAPHS
GRAPHS
1) Boyle’s law:
n C + n C + .....
C p(mix.) = 1 p1 2 p2
n + n + .....
1 2

n C + n C + ..... 1
C v(mix.) = 1 v1 2 v2 P ; T = constant
n + n + ..... V
1 2

Cp(mix)
 mix =
Cv(mix)
2) Charle’s law:
Absolute temperature of mixture,
V
f n T + f n T + .....
T mix. = 1 1 1 2 2 2

f1n1 + f 2 n2 + .....
P = constant
14) Heat energy supplied to a gas

Q = mCab T or Q = nC molar T T
Cab = gram sp. heat capacity
Cmolar = molar sp. heat capacity

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 Simple Harmonic Motion
Quick Revision SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY 4) Amplitude :
T : Time period [s] The maximum value of displacement from
 : Angular frequency [rad’s] equilibrium position is called as amplitude.
x : Displacement of particle from mean 5) Phase :
position [m] The state of particle with respect to its position
and direction of motion is called as phase.
V : Velocity [m/s]
6) Initial phase :
a : Acceleration [m/s2] The initial state of particle is said to be initial
k : Spring constant [N/m] phase.
m : Mass of block [kg] 7) Free oscillation :
When a system is displaced from its
Ms : Mass of spring [kg]
equilibrium position and released, it oscillates
F : Force [N] with the natural frequency and the oscillations
A : Amplitude [m] are called as free oscillation.
 : Initial phase or epech 8) Forced or driven oscillation :
If an external agency maintain the oscillations
K.E. : Kinetic energy [ J ]
then it is called as forced or driven oscillation.
P.E. : Potential energy [ J ] 9) Resonance :
T.E. : Total energy [ J ] The phenomenon of increase in amplitude
R : Resultant amplitude [m] when driving force is close to natural
frequenccy of oscillator is called resonance.
s : Resultant initial phase angle
ULAE
FORMULAE
FORM
Fd : Damped force [N]
1) Linear simple harmonic motion
b : Damping constant
F = –kx
F(t) : External force [N]
F −kx
F0 : Amplitude of external force [N] a= = = −2 x
m m
d : Forced frequency
k
0 : Natural frequency =
m
I : Moment of inertia
2 m
C : Torsinal constant T= = 2
 k
DE FINITIONS
DEFINITIONS
F = –kx
1) Periodic motion :
ma = –kx
A motion that repeat itself at regular interval
of time is called periodic motion. −k
a= x
2) Time period : m
The smallest time interval after which the d2 x
motion repeats itslef is called the time period. = −2 x
dt2
3) Simple harmonic motion :
Incase of motion of particle moves back and d2 x
+ 2 x = 0
forth about fixed point throught a force which dt2

is directly proportional to displacement but

opposite in direction the motion is called as V = A2 − x2
simple harmonic motion. x = A sin(t + )

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 Simple Harmonic Motion
2) Equation of SHM 6) Pendulum in lift
i) Particle starting from extreme right i) If lift is at rest
x = A cos(t)
l
Angle measured from positive x axis. T = 2
g
ii) Particle starting from mean position
ii) If lift is moving upward with an acceleration
x = A sin t
[a]
Angle measure from negative y axis.
3) Energy in SHM
l
If x = A sin t T = 2
g+a
1 1
K.E. = m2 ( A2 − x2 ) = K( A2 − x2 ) iii) If lift is moving downward with an
2 2 acceleration [a]

1 l
K.E. = K(A2 − A2 sin2 t) T = 2
2 g−a
1 iv) If lift is under free fall
= KA2 cos2 t
2 T =
1 1 2 1 t=1 = 1 =0
P.E. = m x = kx = KA2 sin2 t
2 2
T 
2 2 2
v) Pendulum accelerating horizontally
1
T.E. = K.E. + P.E. = KA2
l
2 T = 2
1 (g 2 + a2 )2
K.E.average = KA2
4 7) Second pendulum
1 KA2 T=2S
P.E. =
average
g
4 =
 l
4) Comparison of two SHM
8) 2 of large length
Pendulum
x = A sin(t +  )
1 1 1

x = A sin(t +  ) T = 2
2 2 2

x = x1 + x2 l R
x = A sin(t +  ) + x = A sin(t +  ) if l =
1 1 2 2

x = R sin(t + ) R
 T = 2 = 84.6 min
g
R = A2 + A2 + 2A A cos( −  )
9) Compound pendulum
tan = A1 sin 1 + A2 sin 2
I
A1 cos 1 + A2 cos 2 T = 2
mgl
5) Simple pendulum
10) Torsional pendulum
l I
T = 2 T = 2
g C

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 Simple Harmonic Motion
11) Motin of a ball in a tunnel through earth 16) Damped simple harmonic motion
F=F +F
d s
R
T = 2 = 84.6 min Ma = −bV − kx
g
d2 x dx
12) Oscillating of a floating body in a liquid
M = −b − kx
dt2 dt

T = 2 h s
d2 x dx
M + kx = 0
+b
g dt dt
2

13) Oscillating of a liquid column in a V-tube. = −

bt

x Ae 2 m  cos('t + )
h
T = 2 2
g k  b 
' = − 
14) Simple pendulum in a liquid m  2m 

l s 2
T = 2 T=
g ( −  ) k  b 
2

− 
15) Spring System m  2m 
F = −kx
17) Forced oscillation and resonance
=
F(t) = F0 cos(t)

m 2
T = 2 d x dx
k m + b  + kx = F cos t
dt2 dt 0
Spring in sereis
1
=
1
+
1 x(t) = A cos( dt + )
Keff K1 K2
F0
A= 1
[m2 (2 − 2d )2 + 2db2 ]2

−v0
tan=
x
d 0

Spring in a parallel V = Initial velocity

K =K +K 0
eff 1 2

If mass of spring [Ms] considered then i) Small damping driving frequency far from
natural frequency

F0
T = 2 A=
M(2 − 2d )
Reduced mass
ii) Driving frequency closed to natural
Mr
T = 2 frequency
K
F0
M M2
Mr = M 1+ M A=
b
1 2 d

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 Simple Harmonic Motion
GGRAPHS
RAPHS 3) x = A cost
1) F Vs x V = −A sin t
a = −2 A cost

2) x = A sin t
V = A cost
a = −2 A sint

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 Waves
Quick Revision WAVES
VALUES
TERMINOLOGY FORMULAE
FORM ULAE
A : Amplitude 1) Wave velocity (v) :
 : Wavelength  
v : Wave velocity v = f = =
K : Wave number T k
T : Tension in string 2) Intensity of wave (I) :
 : Mass per unit length I = 22 f 2 A2v
 : Density of medium 3) Energy density :
Y : Young’s modulus of elasticity 2 2 2
2 f a v
B : Bulk modulus of elasticity Energy density =
P : Pressure V
R : Universal gas constant 4) Velocity of transverse wave :
T : Temperature T
M : Molar mass v= (in stretched string)

I : Intensity
 : Angular 
 : Modulus of rigidity v= (in solid)

D EFINITION
TYPES OF WAVESS 5) Velocity of sound wave :
1) On The Basis Of Medium:
i) Mechanical Waves : Required medium for Elasticity of medium
v=
their propagation ex.: Waves on string, and Density of medium
spring etc.
ii) Non-mechanical Waves : Do not require E
v=
medium for their propagation ex.: Light, 
radio waves, X-rays etc.
2) On The Basis Of Vibration Of Particle: Y
v= (in solids)
i) Transverse waves : Particle of medium 
vibrates in a direction perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of waves ex.: B
v= (in liquid and gaslong medium)
movement of string of sitar 
ii) Longitudinal waves : Particles of medium
6) Newton’s formula :
vibrate in the direction of wave motion. ex.:
sound wave travel through air. P
v=
3) On The Basis Of Energy Propagation: 
i) Progressive wave : These waves propagates
7) Laplace correction :
energy in medium. Ex. : Sound wave
ii) Stationary wave : Energy is not propagated YP
by these waves. ex.: waves in a string, waves v= Y = 1.41 for air

in organ pipes.
4) Amplitude : Maximum displacement from YRT
mean position. v=
M
5) Wavelength : It is equal to the distance travelled
8) Equation of plane progressive wave :
by the wave during the time in which any
particle of medium completes one vibration. y(x 1t) = A sin(t  kx  ) (general equation)
6) Angular wave number : Number of wavelengths where  = Initial phase
in the distance 2 .
 = Wave number
7) Wave velocity (v) : It is the distance travelled
A = amplitude
by the disturbance in one time period.

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 Waves
Various Form Destructive interference:
Phase difference, = 180 or (2n − 1)
i) y = A sin(t − kx) , Let = 0
 = 1, 2, 3, .........

y = A sin  t − 2  x  Path difference = (2n − 1) (odd multiple of  )
ii)    2 2
 
A =A −A
min 1 2

 2 2 
( )
2
iii) y = A sin  t − x I min = I1 + I 2 − 2 I1 I2 = − I2
 T  
11) Stationary wave :
 t x equation, y = 2 A –_
sin–
,
kx cost
y = A sin 2  − 
T  
Amplitude of wave

Node : The points where amplitude is

9) Particle velocity minimum

VP = –v × slope of wave at that point. Distance between two successive nodes is
2
10) Interference of sound waves : When two waves Antinode : The points of maximum amplitude.
of same frequency, same velocity moves in same Distance between two successive antinodes
direction. 
is .
2
y1 = A1 sin(t)

y2 = A2 sin(t + )

after superposition. 12) Stenting wave can string

frequency of vibration = frequency of wave
Anet = A2 + A2 + 2 A A cos
v 1 T
==

Intensity (I) = I 1 + I 2 + 2 I1 I2 cos
13) i) Fundamental frequency or first harmonic
Constructive interference: 1 T 1 T
n1 = =
Phase difference = 0 or 2n   2l 
ii) Second harmonic or first overtone :

Path difference =  (even multiple of ) 1 T
2 h2 =
 
Resultant amplitude,
1 T
h = = 2n2
A =A +A 2
l 
max 1 2

iii) Third harmonic or second over tone.

Resultant intensity
1 T
h =
I =I +I +2 I I 3  
max 1 2 1 2

2
h =
3 = 3n
T
= ( I1 + I2 ) 3
2l  1

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 Waves
14) Standing wave in organ pipe : Open organ pipe
Closed organ pipe {Vs = Velocity of sound}
Resonance frequency f = Vs [fundamental frequency or 1st harmonic]
1
V 2l
f = s [fundamental frequency 1st harmonic]
1
4l

2Vs
f2 = [2nd harmonic or 1st overtone]
2l
3Vs
f2 = [3rd harmonic or 1st over tone]
4l

15) Beat frequency

Beat frequency = No. of beats per second
= Difference in frequency of
two source
= n −n
1 2
5Vs
f3 = [5th harmonic or 2nd overtone] Doppler effect :
4l apparent frequency
 vv 
fapp = v  v 0
  f actual
 source 

Note : choose plus / minus signs based on

situation
v = velocity of sound.

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