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CHEMICAL BONDING

The document discusses chemical bonding, detailing the process of atom bonding through electron redistribution to achieve stable configurations. It outlines three main types of chemical bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic, with specific characteristics and examples for each type. Additionally, it compares ionic and covalent compounds based on their properties, highlighting differences in melting and boiling points, solubility, and conductivity.

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Andre John
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16 views4 pages

CHEMICAL BONDING

The document discusses chemical bonding, detailing the process of atom bonding through electron redistribution to achieve stable configurations. It outlines three main types of chemical bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic, with specific characteristics and examples for each type. Additionally, it compares ionic and covalent compounds based on their properties, highlighting differences in melting and boiling points, solubility, and conductivity.

Uploaded by

Andre John
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STRAND: DIVERSITY OF MATTER

SUB-STRAND: MATERIALS
CHEMICAL BONDING
• The joining of atoms together is called bonding.
• Bonds are formed between atoms when electrons are redistributed among those atoms involved
in the bonding process.
• When this happens, each atoms achieves a stable electronic configuration which is the same as
the nearest noble gas.
• In the redistribution of electrons, an atom may either lose or gain or share electron(s).

TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING


The main types of bonding are:
1. Electrovalent or ionic bonding
2. Covalent bonding
3. Metallic bonding

ELECTROVALENT OR IONIC BONDING


• Ionic bond is formed when there is a complete transfer one or more electrons from one atom to
another atom.
• The atom that donates or gives out electrons becomes positively charged (cation) and, the one
that receives or accepts electrons becomes negatively charged (anion).
• The formation of the bond is a result of the strong attraction between the cation and anion. This
strong attractive force is called electrostatic force.
• This type of bond is likely to be formed between a metal and a non-metal where the metal
donates electrons to the non-metal.
• Compounds formed as a result of ionic bonding are called ionic or electrovalent compounds.
Examples are NaCl, MgO, Na2O, CaCl2, etc.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF IONIC BOND FORMATION;


1. Formation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
2. Formation of Magnesium Oxide (MgO)

COVALENT BONDING
• Covalent bond is formed when a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms both of which
need to gain electrons to achieve stability.
• For covalent bonding, each of the participating or bonding atoms contributes electrons to be
shared
• There is an electrostatic force of attraction between the shared electrons and the positive nuclei of
the participating atoms.
• Examples of covalent molecules are H2, Cl2, O2 etc.
• Examples of covalent compounds are HCl, H2O, NH3, CO2, CH4, etc.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF COVALENT BOND FORMATION:


1. Formation of chlorine molecule (Cl2)

NB: This is a single covalent bond because one electron from each chlorine atom is donated to form
a pair of electrons which is shared between them.
2. Formation of HCl

3. Formation of oxygen molecule (O2)

NB: This is called a double covalent bond because each oxygen atom donates two electrons such
that four electrons (two pairs) are shared between both atoms.

4. Formation of ammonia (NH₃)

METALLIC BOND
• It is the strong attraction between closely packed positive metal ions and a “sea” of delocalised
electrons.
• Examples are: Iron, Gold, Copper, Silver, Lead, Magnesium, etc.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN IONIC AND COVALENT BONDS
Ionic Bond Covalent Bond
1. Transfer of electrons from one of the 1. Electrons are shared between two bonding
bonding pairs to another. pairs
2. Only one of the bonding pair contributes 2. Each bonding pair contributes electrons to
electrons. the bond

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TONIC COMPOUNDS AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS


BASED ON THEIR PROPERTIES
Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds
1. High melting point 1. Low melting point
2. High boiling point 2. Low boiling point
3. Soluble in water 3. Insoluble in water
4. Made up of up of ions 4. Made up of molecules
5. Form crystals 5. Do not form crystals
6. Good conductor of heat and electricity when 6. Pour conductor of heat and electricity when
molten molten
7. Mostly solids at room temperature 7. Mostly gas or liquid at room temperature

WHY IONIC COMPOUNDS HAVE HIGHER MELTING AND BOILING POINTS THAN
COVALENT COMPOUNDS
Ionic compounds have very strong attractive or electrostatic forces between positive and negative
ions. Therefore, large amount of energy is needed to break these strong electrostatic forces between
the particles.

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