Equal area criterion The accelerating power in swing equation will have sine ter! swing equation is non-linear differential equation and obtaining its s ¢ connected to infinite bus bar m. Therefore the olution is not simple. For two machin stability or not makes use Such criteria which decides the stability, conditions is n, but makes‘ use of areas in power From the Fig. 3, it is clear that if the rotor angle 6 oscillates, then the system is stable. For 6 to oscillate, it should reach a maximum value and then should a di Rare ; decrease. At that point oe 0. Because of damping inherently present in the system, subsequence oscillations will be Smaller and smaller. Thus while . dé sii fi 5 changes, if at one instant of time, a 0, then the stability is ensured.EE —, es dd. Let us find the condition for a’ to become zero. The swing equation for the alternator connected to the infinite bus bars is a0 -p,-Pe (18) Woe Multiplying both sides by S we get #6 db dd . ddd, do 06 48 -(p.-Py ite. (36 =p, 49 wae at at 7 M ggbar) = (Pam Per at 13) Thus dd, dt 2(P, ‘ d (3 2 , * ; .e. On int ition aGh ae i te See = n integrati . #2(P, -P,) dd Po ’ ie. S- {oe dd Before the disturbance occurs, 5,Wwas the torque angle. At that time “j= 0. As soon as the disturbance occurs, s is no longer zero and 6 starts changing.Torque angle dwill cease to change and the machine will again be operating at dé synchronous speed after a disturbance, when = 0 or when (P. ~Pe) gs=0 es: 5 {tr - P,) dd=0 (21) 8 {f there exist a torque angle & for. hich the above satisfied, then the machine ew operating point and hence it has transient stability, The machine will not remain at rest with respect to infinite bus at the first time when S- 0. But due to damping present in the system, during subsequent oscillation, maximum value of 3 keeps on decreasing. Therefore, the fact that Shas momentarily stopped changing may be taken to indicate stability.Input power — P.=P,,,, sin O 6 8, 5, The following changes occur when the load is increased suddenly, Pointa Initial condition; Input = output = Po; w = W,; 5 = So Due to sudden loading, output = P,; output > Input; w decreases from w,; 5 increases from do. Between a-b Output > Input; Rotating mass starts loosing energy resulting deceleration; w decreases; 5 increases. Point b Output = Input; & = Wmin which is less than w.; 3 = 5s Since w is less than ws, 5 continues to increase.Between b-c Point c Between c-b mcen cD Point b Between b-a usen ba Point a & 8, Input power 4 Pat Pros 8in & 5, ° Input > output; Rotating masses start gaining energy; Acceleration; w starts increasing from minimum value but still less than ws; 5 continues to increase. Input > output; w= Ws; 5 = Smi There is acceleration; w is going to increase from ws; hence 6 is going to decrease from 5m. Input > output; Acceleration; w increases and 6 decreases. Input = output; w = Wmax + 8 = 5s. Since,w is greater than Ws, 6 continues to decrease. Output > input; Deceleration; » starts decreasing from Wm still greater than Ws; 5 continues to decrease. W = w,; 5 = So; Output > Inputs The cycle repeats.because oF gamping present in ue system, SsuBsequeNt UScIaUENs BECOIE »maller and smaller and finally b will be the steady state operating point. Interpretation of equal area As discussed earlier (eqn. 21), the condition for-stability is 5 5 [(P, =P.) d5=0 ie. [P,dd = [Pao , Input power . <= Prag sin 5 4 From Fig. 4, |P,d& = area Sp abc Sm Se Py ‘ and [P,dd = areadpade Bm & Thus for stability, i area Spa bc Sm = area Spade Sm 5 5, 5, 6 Fig. 4 Subtracting area 8 ab e 5m from both sides of above equation, we get Ay = A, " 2 = Ay Thus for stability, Ar = Ay ° (22) ‘