Badji Mokhtar University - Annaba

Faculty of Technology
Department of Computer sciences

Information & Communication

Technology
Presented by:

Dr. Asma Chebli

Dr. Ouissem Benmesbah

2023-2024
Content 01
ICT: Tools and
Applications

02 Computer Networks

03 Web Technology

04 NTIC in the external

communication
ICT: Tools and Applications
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external
Applications communication

Information
To define ICT, we have to define 3
concepts:

I
C T
Communication
01 Technology
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external
Applications communication

The information has two meanings:

• From a technical standpoint: information is
a sign, a symbol, an element that can be
transmitted and stored.

• Information in the sense of intelligence:

data that provides knowledge, information
about an object, or an event.
02
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external
Applications communication

• Communication is the way information

circulates.
• It occurs through a network that includes at
least a sender, a transmission channel, and a
recipient (the receiver).

03
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external
Applications communication

Technology can be defined as the

application of scientific knowledge, skills,
and resources to create tools, machines,
systems, and processes that solve
problems.

04
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external
Applications communication

What is Information & Communication Technology?

• It encompass all the tools, services, and
techniques used for the creation, recording,
processing, and transmission of information.

• So, it primarily involves computing, the Internet,

radio and television (live and recorded), and
telecommunications.
05
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external
Applications communication

06
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external
Applications communication

New Information and Communication

Technologies" (NICT) is also used to refer to
tools resulting from the convergence of
computing, telecommunications, and audiovisual
technologies, such as smartphones, personal
computers, tablets, the Cloud, etc.

07
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external
Applications communication

NTIC vs TIC

The NTICS (New ICTs):

• The term ICT (Information and Communication

Technologies) is a francophone term used in the
1990s.
• It was used to distinguish technologies based on the
Internet from traditional means of
telecommunications.
8
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external
Applications communication

Tools of ICT

ICT encompass a set of resources necessary

for manipulating information, especially the
computers, programs, and networks required
to convert, store, manage, transmit, and
retrieve it.

09
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external 10
Applications communication
Tools of ICT We can categorize ICT into the following sectors:

Telecommunications
Hardware
Telecommunications and computer networks
Computer equipment, servers…

Multimedia Software
The IT services and software.

E-commerce and electronic media

cette formation mêle apprentissage classiques en
présentiel et outils issus de la formation e-learning.
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external
Applications communication

Application domains of ICT

• ICT plays a major role in the competitiveness of businesses and in the efficiency
of administrations and public services (health, education, security).

• ICT has also become a crucial issue for the production and dissemination of
cultural goods.

• These technologies present themselves as a necessity in the context of a

society where rapid changes, increasing knowledge, and demands for
constantly updated high-level education are transforming into a permanent
requirement.
11 • This concerns almost all areas of our society, with the main application
domains being administration and governance; education; training; health;
commerce: Websites can be used for online shopping; geolocation;
transportation: Electronic ticketing and online reservations...
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external 12
Applications communication

ICT Communication tools

3. Social Networks
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external 13
Applications communication
Advantages of investing in ICT

It simplifies everyday life. Almost all popular

technologies, from phones to cars, have the
ultimate goal of reducing human effort.

Modern communication systems have

drastically reduced the communication time
between two individuals. Today,
communication between different countries
is almost instantaneous.. At the medical level,
progress allows for the
treatment of more
diseases and,
Technology has also increased consequently, the saving
the productivity of almost of many human lives.
every industry in the world.
The computer networks
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external 14
Applications communication

What is a computer network?

• The computer network refers to interconnected computing
devices that can exchange data and share resources among
themselves.

• Computer networks allow users to communicate with

each other and transfer information. Data transmissions
can involve exchanging messages between users, remote
access to databases, or sharing files.
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external 15
Applications communication

The types of computer network ?

There are several types of computer networks, each designed to meet specific needs. Here are
some of the main types of networks:
 ICT: Tools and Networks Web technology NTIC in external 16
Applications communication

A PAN consists of a wireless modem, one or two

computers, mobile phones, printers, tablets, etc. These
types of networks are usually managed from a single device PAN
by one person or organization.

It is a computer network on a relatively small

geographic scale, used to connect computers
within a specific area, such as a private residence, LAN
a business, a computer lab, or a building

It is a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), which

refers to a network composed of computers
typically used in campuses or cities.
MAN
is a network covering a large geographical area,
at the scale of a country, a continent, or even the
WAN entire planet. It facilitates the interconnection of
local and metropolitan networks to the global
internet
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Applications communication

Network Topology

A network topology in computer science is a

definition of the architecture of a network. It
provides a specific arrangement of different
computer stations within the network and a
hierarchy of these stations
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Applications communication

Network Topology – propagation modes

There are 2 propagation modes classifying the topologies of computer networks

Broadcast Point to point

The principle is that the In this mode, the physical

message is sent over the medium connects only a pair
network, allowing every of units. For two network units
network unit to see the to communicate, they must
message and analyze, based pass through an intermediary
on the recipient's address, (the node).
whether the message is
intended for it or not.
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Applications communication

Ring Topology

• A network has a ring topology when all its stations are connected in
a chain to one another through a point-to-point link.

• Each station acts as an intermediary. Each station that receives a

frame interprets it and retransmits it to the next station in the loop
if necessary.
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Applications communication

Ring Topology

• The failure of a node disrupts the ring structure if communication

is unidirectional.

• In the event of a collision between two messages, both

messages will be lost.
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Applications communication

Tree topology

• In a tree topology, computers and network devices are arranged

hierarchically, resembling an organizational tree with a root
node at the top and branches extending downward.

• Tree topology is commonly used in Wide Area Networks

(WANs) and can be implemented using various network devices
like switches and routers.
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Applications communication

Tree topology

• The central hub or main switch represents a single point of failure. If

the central hub fails, it can disrupt communication to the entire
network.

• Implementing and managing a tree topology can become complex

as the network grows.
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Applications communication

Bus topology

• Bus topology is a type of network topology in which all devices

share a common communication medium, which is
typically a single cable called the "bus." In a bus topology, each
device has a unique address to identify its location on the bus.

• All data transmitted by one device is accessible to all other

devices on the bus.
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Applications communication

Bus topology
Adding more devices can lead to
increased collisions and reduced
overall network efficiency
Bus topology is relatively easy
to install and requires less
cabling compared to other If the central bus cable fails, the
topologies like star or ring entire network may become
inoperative.

Collisions can occur when two

devices attempt to transmit data
simultaneously on the bus
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Applications communication

Star topology

• It's the most common topology

• It this type of topology all devices are connected to a

central hub or switch.
• Each device has a dedicated connection to the central
hub, and the hub acts as a repeater, amplifying and
sending the data to the appropriate device.

• The hub is a box containing several junctions to

which it is possible to connect network cables from
computers. Its role is to ensure communication
between the different junctions.
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Applications communication

Star topology

Star topology provides better The central hub is a critical

reliability and performance component in a star topology. If
compared to bus topology. it fails, the entire network may
be affected.
If one connection or device
fails, it doesn't affect the rest
of the network. it may require more cabling
than some other topologies,
is easy to install, and adding or removing which can affect installation
devices is straightforward. It is also easy to costs.
identify and troubleshoot network issues,
as they often involve individual
connections.
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Applications communication

A mesh topology

• is a type of computer network topology where each device

(node or point) is connected to every other device in the
network.

• The information can travel through the network

following various routes.

• Mesh networks are commonly used in various applications,

including wireless communication, home automation, and
industrial settings, where reliability and self-healing
capabilities are essential.
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Applications communication

Mesh topology

if one path or node fails, data The number of connections

can find an alternative route required becomes very high
when the number of terminals is
to reach its destination.
high
 Badji Mokhtar Annaba University
Faculty of Technology
Faculty of sciences

Information and
Communication
Technology (ICT)

Lecturer: Dr. CHEBLI Asma

Dr.Benmesbah Ouissem
2023-2024
The communication spaces
 What is a communication space?

A communication space refers to a virtual or physical environment where individuals or groups interact,
exchange information, and share ideas.

It can take various forms, such as online platforms, social media networks, meeting rooms, or even
informal gathering spots.

These spaces play a crucial role in facilitating communication, collaboration, and knowledge
sharing among people
In the world of communication, there are different kinds of networks that help people connect
and share information.
These are the internet, intranet, and extranet.
They each have their own special uses and user
Internet: "The internet is a global network of interconnected computers and servers, providing access to vast
amounts of information and services on a global scale."

Intranet: "In contrast, an intranet is a private network accessible only to members within a specific organization. It
serves as a secure platform for internal communication, document sharing, and collaboration among employees."

Extranet: "Finally, an extranet extends beyond the boundaries of an organization, allowing limited access to
authorized external parties such as clients, suppliers, or partners. It facilitates secure communication and
collaboration between different entities while maintaining controlled access to sensitive information."
Each of these three types of networks allows for a wide range of professional uses, but the type of
information shared on each network determines its security requirements.

This means that you should only share highly confidential information on your intranet, while
less sensitive data can be shared on an extranet.
 Internet:

Internet is a network that connects computers to each other. It is composed of international, national, regional, etc.,
networks.

How does the Internet work?

Similar to a telephone, each connected computer has an Internet number: the IP address, for example: 41.145.0.23.
Within the network, there are machines called "routers" that circulate information by directing it in the right direction based
on the requested number.
The network can circulate various types of information: sound, video, images, text, emails, etc.
 Intranet:

An internal computer network (within a company, organization, etc.) that uses Internet techniques.
An intranet is a network that operates like the Internet but has restricted access to a limited group of authorized
users (such as employees of a company).

An intranet platform is the internal version of a

company's internet.
It is software (or more precisely an online platform) .
It provides collaboration tools that promote internal
communications.
Simply put, an intranet is a digital space that brings
together all employees of a company and facilitates
the sharing of information.
Advantages of an intranet:

1. Allows employees to access all information remotely, ideal for telecommuting.

2. Facilitates social exchange of information.
3. Provides access to all company documents.
4. Maintains employee engagement and involvement.
5. Offers a pleasant, intuitive, and customizable user interface.
Extranet:

An extranet is the use of the internet network in which an organization structures this
network to connect with its business partners ;
In contrast, an intranet network is limited to the internal network of the organization,
without using third-party (public) infrastructure.
Extranet is a meansof sharing and collaborating with them. If you have a client who
regularly places orders with your company, you can create a secure extranet that allows
them to update their orders, process invoices, and send messages to your team.
 Intranets and extranets are typically implemented within the framework of LANs and WANs:

Intranet: An intranet is a private network that is accessible only to an organization's internal users,
typically implemented within the organization's LAN.

Extranet: An extranet is a private network that extends beyond an organization's internal network to
include external users, such as customers, suppliers, or partners. Extranets are often implemented using
WAN technologies to securely connect remote users to the organization's network.

So, while LAN, WAN, and MAN refer to the geographical scope of networks, internet, intranet, and
extranet refer more to their functional purpose and accessibility.
Databases
 While communication spaces focus on the interaction and exchange of
information, databases serve as the backend infrastructure that supports these
interactions by storing and managing the data involved
 1.What is a database?
General Description:
It is difficult to give an exact definition of the concept of a database.
A very general definition could be:

It is an organized set of information with a common objective. Regardless of the medium used
to gather and store the data (paper, files, etc.), as long as data is collected and stored in an
organized manner for a specific purpose, it is considered a database.

More specifically, a database is a structured and organized set allowing the storage of large
amounts of information to facilitate its exploitation (adding, updating, searching for data).

In this course, we are interested in computerized databases.

 Computerized Database:

A computerized database is a structured collection of data stored on computer-accessible media, representing

real-world information that can be queried and updated by a community of users.
 2.How a Database Works:

- A database is stored as a file or set of files on a storage medium.

- The information in these files can be divided into records.
- A record usually contains multiple pieces of information (entries) related to the same object.
- For example, a record in a file containing a description of a company's clients will contain several
pieces of information (fields) about a client: their client number, name, postal address, phone
number, etc.

In a customer database, each record represents a customer and contains various details like their ID number, name,
address, and phone number. These records are organized into tables, with columns representing different
information fields. Using search and sorting commands, users can quickly find specific customer data or create
reports based on different criteria.
 3.Types of databases
Databases are structured collections of data that allow for efficient storage, retrieval, and
management of information. There are various types of databases, each designed to cater to
specific needs and use cases. Here's a brief overview of some common types:

Relational Databases:

Description: Relational databases organize data into tables with rows and columns, and they use
structured query language (SQL) for data manipulation.

Example: MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server.

Use Cases:
1. E-commerce: Storing product catalogs, customer information, and order details.
2. Banking: Managing account balances, transaction histories, and customer profiles.
 NoSQL Databases:

Description: NoSQL databases are non-relational and provide a flexible schema design, scalability, and
high performance for handling large volumes data.

Example: MongoDB

Use Cases:
1. Social media: Storing user profiles, posts, comments, and social connections.
2. Big data analytics: Processing and analyzing large datasets from various sources in real-time.
 Object-Oriented Databases:

Description: store data in the form of objects, like in object-oriented programming. Each object has data
(attributes) and actions it can perform (methods). They're great for complex data structures, but not as
common as relational databases.

Example: db4o, ObjectDB

Library management system
In an object-oriented database:

Book Object: Each book is represented as an object. It has attributes like title, author, and
publication date. Methods could include borrowing the book, returning it, or updating its
information.
User Object: Users who borrow books are also represented as objects. These objects might have
attributes such as name, address, and membership status. Methods could include borrowing history
or updating contact information.
Transaction Object: When a user borrows a book, a transaction object is created to record the
details, such as the book borrowed, the user who borrowed it, and the date of borrowing.
Each type of database has its strengths and weaknesses, and the choice depends
on factors such as the nature of the data, scalability requirements, and
performance considerations.
Understanding the differences between these types is essential for designing
effective data storage solutions.
 Why are databases essential in Information and Communication Technology (ICT)?

Databases in ICT store and manage information crucial for applications like social media
(e.g., Facebook), search engines (e.g., Google), and e-commerce (e.g., Amazon). They enable
efficient information retrieval, support communication systems (e.g., email), and aid decision-
making by analyzing data patterns and user behavior.
Multimedia in ICT
 Multimedia in Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Multimedia refers to the integration of various forms of media such as text, audio, images, video, and
animation.
In ICT, multimedia plays a crucial role in enhancing communication and information exchange.
 1. Audioconferencing

Definition: Audioconferencing enables real-time communication between multiple participants through

audio channels over the internet or telecommunication networks.

Features:Allows remote collaboration and meetings without physical presence.

Supports voice-only communication, facilitating discussions, presentations, and decision-making.

Example: Use of audioconferencing tools like Zoom, Skype, or Microsoft Teams for virtual meetings,
training sessions, and client consultations.
 2.Videoconferencing
Definition: Videoconferencing enables real-time communication between participants using audio and
video streams over the internet or telecommunication networks.

Features:
Combines audio and visual elements, providing a richer communication experience.
Supports face-to-face interactions, body language, and visual aids, enhancing engagement and
understanding.

Example: Use of videoconferencing platforms like Zoom, Google Meet, or WebEx for virtual meetings,
webinars, interviews, and online classes.
 Importance of Multimedia in ICT

Enables Remote Collaboration: Audioconferencing and videoconferencing enable remote collaboration

and teamwork, overcoming geographical barriers and increasing productivity.

Supports Rich Content Delivery: Multimedia enables the creation and delivery of engaging content,
such as interactive presentations, training videos, and multimedia tutorials, enhancing user
engagement and retention.

Multimedia technologies like audioconferencing and videoconferencing are integral components of ICT,
empowering individuals and organizations to communicate, collaborate, and share information effectively
in today's digital world.