The addition rule

& Mutually exclusive events

Math 11
MATH 11

Warm - up(2m)
A gym runs two fitness classes, spinning and circuits.
On saturday 100 people visited the gym. 100
U

18 people attended the spinning class. S C

10 people attended both classes. 18

18-10
10 X

56 people did not attend either class.

X -
10
= S

56

A person who attended the gym is selected at random.

8 + 10 + x + 56 100
Find the probability that this person
=

X
=
26

(a) attended only circuits PConly circuits) =

(b) attended exactly one class

PLexactly one class) =
MATH 11

Curriculum Objectives

Previous Content Today’s Content Next Content

Definition of probability The addition rule Product rule
& & &
Venn diagram Mutually exclusive events Conditional probability
MATH 11

Drawing the given situation

using a Venn diagram
Represent the situation using a Venn diagram and figure out the difference between the two cases

Case 1 Case 2
In a student survey, there are a total of
At a local language school,
100 students.
40% of the students learn Spanish, 32 students play chess,
20% of the students learn German, and 38 students play archery.
8% students learn both Spanish and Chess and archery clubs are on the
same day at the same time so a student
German. cannot do both archery and chess.
 S A
6 C

0 40
.
0 .
08 0 . 20
32 38

0 48.
30

Additional rule Mutually exclusive events

P(A1B) = O

A B

Q
②
③ PLAvi) =
P(A) + P(B) -
PLA1B)

P(AUB) = (1 + 2) + (2 + 3) -

2
MATH 11

What’s the difference?

U=1 U = 100

Case 1 Case 2

Spanish German
Chess Archery

32 38
0.32 0.08 0.12

30
0.48
MATH 11

The addition rule

Here is the Venn diagram for the students who learn Spanish and German from Case 1.

U=1 The probability that a student learn Spanish and the probability that a student learn
Case 1 German each includes the probability that a student learn both German and
Spanish German Spanish. We only wish to include the probability that a student learn both Spanish
and German once so we subtract one of these probabilities.

0.32 0.08 0.12 P(Spanish U German) = P(Spanish) + P(German) - P(Spanish German)

= 0.32 + 0.08 - 0.12

0.48
MATH 11

Mutually exclusive events

Here is the Venn diagram for the students who play archery and Chess from Case 2.

The events A and C are called mutually exclusive events. These are events where
two outcomes cannot occur at the same time. Here we can see that the circles do
not overlap, so n(A C) = 0 and hence P(A C) = 0
Now, P(AUC) = P(A) + P(C) - P(A C) = P(A) + P(C) - 0
= P(A) + P(C)
Hence, we can adapt the addition rule in these cases P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B)
MATH 11

Example 1
If A and B are two events such that P(A) = and P(B) =
and P(A U B) = 2P(A B) , find
1

2) PCAUB) =
PCA) + PCBI-PCAnB)
P(A)
Note :
+ PLAY = 1
A

C) E
a) P(A B) 50 40 P(AB)
b
= +
2P(A (B)
-

W pCAUB)' 1- PCAUB)
Al

PLAB
p(AB)
=
=
p(t) -

p(AnB)
3
1 -
= -
=

b) P(A B)′ z
=

W : P(AUB) =
2(P1B) =
2(4)
t
=
=

c) P(A B′)
M
 MATH 11

Example 2
A box contains board-pens of various colors. A teacher picks out a
exclusive
Mutually
pen at random. The probability of drawing out a red pen is , and
the probability of drawing out a green pen is . What is the
probability of drawing neither a red nor a green pen?
U
PCRUG'
R 6
1 PCRUG)
>
=
-

=
1 -

[P(R) +
PCG)]
-1 -
(5 +
=]
l
=
-2
=
MATH 11

Let’s do exercise!
1. Solve 6 problems within 15 minutes.
2. Ask your friends or the teacher if you have any questions.
3. Once all team members have solved all the problems,
check the solutions with the teacher.
4. Choose 1 problem per group out of the 6 and explain them
to your classmates(first come, first served)
MATH 11

Exercise 1
A ten-sided dice, numbered 1 to 10, is rolled. Calculate the probability
that:
,3 3

7
2 . .

a. the number scored is a prime number, 0 : 5

b. the number scored is either a prime number or a multiple of 3, T =

c. the number scored is either a multiple of 4 or a multiple of 3.

483695 =
t
MATH 11

Exercise 2
In a group of 80 tourists 40 have cameras, 50 are female and 22 are
females with cameras. Find the probability that a tourist picked from
this group at random is either a camera owner or female.

P (A vB) = 40 + 50 -
22

= 68
MATH 11

Exercise 3
A letter is chosen at random from the 26-letter English alphabet.
Find the probability that it is

a. in the word MATHEMATICS =

b. in the word TRIGONOMETRY *
111l I)
c. in the word MATHEMATICS and in the world TRIGONOMETRY
11 Il Ed
d. in the word MATHEMATICS or in the word TRIGONOMETRY 6
MATH 11

Exercise 4
10
0 .

F N

0 40 . 20
0 30
.
0 .

A student goes to the library. The probability that she checks

out a work of fiction is 0.40, a work of non-fiction is 0.30, and
both fiction and non-fiction is 0.20.

a. What is the probability that the student checks out a work

of fiction, non-fiction, or both? PCF UN) = P(F) + PCN)

0 30
-
PCF MN)

0 20
0 40 + -
.

=
.
.

= 0 50
.

b. What is the probability that the student does not check out
a book? ↑ vB) (A
= 1 - PCA (B)

= 1 - 0 . 50

= 0.50
MATH 11

Exercise 5
Here are some events relating to throwing two dice :
A: both dice show a 4
B: the total is 7 or more
C: there is at lease one 6
D: the two dice show the same number
E : both dice are odd

Which of these pairs of events are mutually exclusive?

a. A and B b. A and C c. A and D d. A and E
e. B and E f. C and D g. B and C
No a) A and B Yes b) A and C Nod A and D Yes &) A and E

4
,
44
,
47837 4
,
4 6
,
4
, 4 show some number 4 4
,
oddd odd

No e) B und E f) No 5) No
27
MATH 11

Exercise 6
In an inter-school quiz, the probability of school A winning the
competition is , the probability of school B winning is and
the probability of school C winning is .
Find the probability that

a. A or B wins the competition, b. A, B or C wins,

c. none of these wins the competition. b) 5 + G + 5 =0
a) 5 +
y =
52

school the competition becaus is still less than 1

2) There more in
are
MATH 11

Exit Ticket!

Fine the answer and submit exit ticket

before the class ends.