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lecture 2_ch2

This lecture focuses on process flowsheet development in chemical engineering, detailing types of process flow diagrams (PFDs) such as block flow diagrams, full PFDs, and piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). It emphasizes the importance of essential information to include in flowsheets, such as process equipment, stream composition, flow rates, and operating conditions, while also noting optional data that can enhance the flowsheet's utility. Additionally, the lecture describes how to read and draw these diagrams, including the use of standardized symbols and methods for presenting stream flow rates.

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kararhaidarjarah
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1 views

lecture 2_ch2

This lecture focuses on process flowsheet development in chemical engineering, detailing types of process flow diagrams (PFDs) such as block flow diagrams, full PFDs, and piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). It emphasizes the importance of essential information to include in flowsheets, such as process equipment, stream composition, flow rates, and operating conditions, while also noting optional data that can enhance the flowsheet's utility. Additionally, the lecture describes how to read and draw these diagrams, including the use of standardized symbols and methods for presenting stream flow rates.

Uploaded by

kararhaidarjarah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN

3rd year Fall 2024


Process Flowsheet Development (Ch2-textbook)
Objectives(s): to learn different types of process flow diagram and how to read and
draw flowsheets.
Process flow diagram (PFD) shows the arrangement of the equipment selected to carry
out the process; the stream connections; stream flow rates and compositions; and the
operating conditions.
Types of process flow diagrams that are used by chemical engineers, depending on the
level of detail required
1. A simple block flow diagram can be used to give a rough idea of the overall
process flow structure, and may be useful when giving a presentation.
2. A full PFD should include all of the process vessels and equipment and show
all the process and utility flow lines.
3. A piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) is a more detailed version of the
PFD that also includes information on ancillary instruments and valves
sampling and drain lines, start-up and shutdown systems, and pipe sizes and
metallurgy.

FLOWSHEET PRESENTATION
This section describes how to read and draw process flow diagrams.
1. Block diagrams
It is the simplest form of flow diagram. Each block can represent a single piece of
equipment or a complete stage in the process. Figure 2.1 shows a block flow diagram
of a steam reforming process for making hydrogen from methane.
The methane feed enters on the left and is mixed with steam and preheated in the
convective section of a fired heater. The steam-methane mixture then passes through
the reactor tubes in the radiant section of the heater where the steam reforming reaction
takes place:
CH4+H2O↔CO+3H2
The products from the steam reformer are sent to a shift reactor. The shift reactor
increases the amount of hydrogen in the product by allowing the water-gas-shift
reaction to re-equilibrate at a lower temperature:
CO+H2O↔CO2+H2
Lecture 2 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN
3rd year Fall 2024
The shift reactor products are then further cooled and scrubbed in an absorber to
remove carbon dioxide, before being sent to a pressure-swing adsorption process that
separates hydrogen from carbon dioxide, unconverted methane, and water vapor.

PFD Symbols
On the detailed flowsheets used for design and operation, the equipment is
normally drawn in a stylized pictorial form. There are several international standards
for PFD symbols. ISO 10628 is the international standard for PFD drawing symbols.
The professional edition of Microsoft Visio™ contains a library of PFD icons that
includes the ISO 10628 symbols. Examples of standard symbols are given in Appendix
A.
Note: The symbols that are used for process instruments, valves, and controllers are
given in the section on P&ID diagram symbols in Chapter 5.

Presentation of Stream Flow Rates


The data on the flow rate of each individual component, on the total stream flow
rate, and the percentage composition, can be shown on the flowsheet in various ways.
The simplest method, suitable for simple processes with few pieces of equipment, is to
tabulate the data in blocks alongside the process stream lines, as shown in Figure 2.7.
A better method for the presentation of data on flowsheets is shown in Figures 2.8 and
2.9. In this method each stream line is numbered and the data are tabulated at the bottom
of the sheet. A typical commercial flowsheet is shown in Figure 2.10 (‫)لالطالع‬
Lecture 2 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN
3rd year Fall 2024
Lecture 2 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN
3rd year Fall 2024
Information to be Included
The list given below has therefore been divided into essential items and optional
items. The essential items must always be shown; the optional items add to the
usefulness of the flowsheet but are not always included.

Essential Information
• Always show all process equipment, including feed and product storage and
equipment used for
• transporting fluids and solids.
• Always indicate the location of process control valves.
• Stream composition, either
o tabulate the flow rate of each individual component, kg/h, which is
preferred, or
o give the stream composition as a weight fraction.
• Total stream flow rate, kg/h.
• Stream temperature, degrees Celsius preferred.
• Nominal operating pressure (the required operating pressure).
• Stream enthalpy, kJ/h.

Optional Information
• Molar percentage composition and/or molar flow rates.
• Physical property data, mean values for the stream, such as
o density, kg/m3,
o viscosity, mN s/m2.
• Stream name, a brief, one- or two-word description of the nature of the stream,
for example “ACETONE COLUMN BOTTOMS,”
Lecture 2 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN
3rd year Fall 2024

‫ للفهم واالطالع فقط وليس للحفظ‬2.7 ‫ الشكل‬:‫مالحظة‬


Lecture 2 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN
3rd year Fall 2024

‫ للفهم واالطالع فقط وليس للحفظ‬2.8 ‫ الشكل‬:‫مالحظة‬

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