University of Prince Mugrin

College of Engineering
Architectural Engineering Department

CHAPTER 2
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

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University of Prince Mugrin
College of Engineering
Architectural Engineering Department

Contents
2.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................3

2.2 Types of Slabs.....................................................................................................4

2.3 Types of Loads...................................................................................................4

2.4 Materials.............................................................................................................5

2.5 Punching Shear..................................................................................................5

2.6 Load Combinations............................................................................................5

2.7 Serviceability Criteria.......................................................................................6

2.8 Design Working Life of Structure....................................................................6

2.9 Damping Value for Structural System.............................................................6

2.10 Structural Design Methodology........................................................................6

2.11 Superstructure...................................................................................................6

2.12 Design Concept and Design Alternatives.........................................................6

2.13 Structural Design and Calculations.................................................................7

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University of Prince Mugrin
College of Engineering
Architectural Engineering Department

2.1 Introduction
(emphasizes the structural system's role in ensuring stability and safety by integrating
and analyzing elements to withstand external forces)

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2.2 Types of Slabs
Define the following types of slabs, including their characteristics and spans:

 Flat Slab

 Solid Slab

 Hollow Core Slab

For each slab type, include the following details:

 Type of material used (e.g., reinforced concrete, precast concrete)

 Span range (maximum distance the slab can cover)

 Key features and applications

2.3 Types of Loads

2.3.1 Dead load:

o Define the dead load

o Understand and calculate the dead loads for materials in a
construction project, as specified in SBC 301 Table 3-2.
o The dead loads for various materials are provided in SBC.

2.3.2 Live load:

o Define the live load

o Summarize the live load values specified in SBC for various types of
spaces.
o List examples of live loads for spaces such as offices, corridors, and assembly areas.

2.3.3 Wind load:

o Define the wind load

o Understand the wind load requirements for building structures as per
SBC and apply them to structural design. Special sections for
parapets, chimneys, domes, and open structures must also be
considered.

2.3.4 Seismic load:

o Define the seismic load

o The building structure will be designed to resist seismic loads based
on the parameters set by SBC 301.
o Seismic loads are dynamic forces resulting from earthquakes that can cause significant
stress on buildings.
o The design must ensure that the structure can safely withstand these forces without
compromising stability or safety.
2.4 Materials
2.4.1 Reinforced Concrete

2.4.2 Key Properties of Reinforced Concrete (According to SBC):

2.4.2.1 Concrete Strength

You will learn about the concrete mix design grades used in structural design, with an emphasis
on cylinder strengths (f'c)

2.4.2.2 Concrete covers

Understand the key durability and reinforcement requirements for concrete structures as
specified by SBC which can be found in chapter 20 SBC 304.

2.4.2.3 The strength reduction factor (φ )

The strength reduction factor in reinforced concrete (RC) design accounts for various
uncertainties and ensures the safety and reliability of structural members. Details are provided in
chapter 21 SBC 304.

2.4.2.4 Reinforcement

o Reinforcement Compliance with Standards

o Minimum Reinforcement Requirements
o Maximum Reinforcement Limits
o Reinforcement Detailing Standards

2.4.2.5 Fire Resistant Criteria

o Understand the requirements for sizing reinforced concrete elements and providing suitable
concrete cover for fire resistance.
o List the fire resistance times required for slabs, columns, shear walls, and beams.

2.4.2.6 Stiffness Modification Factors

2.5 Punching Shear

o Understand how to calculate seismic base shear (V) and the factors influencing it, based on
SBC.

2.6 Load Combinations

o Understand the various load combinations used in the structural design of reinforced concrete
buildings, including strength load combinations, seismic load effects, and allowable load
 combinations, based on SBC.

2.6.1 Strength Load Combinations

Strength load combinations combine different types of loads in a manner that ensures the structure can
safely support the worst-case scenarios. These are based on the SBC.
o Key Loads Involved:
o D = Dead load (self-weight of the structure).
o E = Earthquake load.
o F = Load due to weight and pressures of fluids (well-defined densities/pressures).
o H = Lateral earth pressure, groundwater pressure, or pressure of bulk materials.
o L = Live load (temporary loads from use and occupancy).
o Lr = Roof live load.
o R = Rain load.
o T = Self-straining force.
o W = Wind load.
2.6.2 Seismic Load Effects and Combinations
Seismic load effects include both vertical and horizontal effects of earthquake forces. These
effects are combined with other loads.

2.7 Serviceability Criteria

2.7.1 Deflections and Drifts
o Explain the importance of deflection limits in structural design and how long-term deflections
should be calculated.
o Describe the methods used to control deflections, including the use of cambering and the limits
set by ACI 318-14.
o Calculate seismic drift for a building, using the provided formulas, and explain the role of
importance factor (I_e) and deflection magnification factor (C_d) in seismic drift calculations.

2.8 Design Working Life of Structure

o Research how environmental factors and construction quality influence the design life of a
structure and justify a 50-year design life.

2.9 Damping Value for Structural System

2.10 Structural Design Methodology

o Study how ETABs is used in structural design, particularly how the input data and output results
contribute to the overall structural analysis.

2.11 Superstructure
 Understand the importance of preliminary models in validating member sizes and how load criteria
are applied to ensure accurate structural design.

2.12 Design Concept and Design Alternatives

2.12.1 Design Concept

(selecting the appropriate structural system is vital for a project's success, and it must meet four
key criteria: appropriateness (functional and aesthetic design), economy (cost-effectiveness),
structural adequacy (strength and stability), and maintainability (ease of upkeep)
 2.12.2 Alternative Design Solutions

2.12.2.1 Introduction

2.12.2.2 Attributes

2.13 Structural Design and Calculations

2.13.1 COLUMN DISTRIBUTION

(Analyze and design the column distribution for a building based on load distribution, column sizes, and
design conditions. You will also consider factors such as building height, spacing, and the prevention of
buckling in the columns)

2.13.2 FOUNDATION PLAN

2.13.3 SLAB STRESS

2.13.4 FLOOR PLANS

2.13.5 DETAILS OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

2.13.6 ETABS MODEL