Q.1 (a) What are the basic circuit components?

Describe the Electromotive force, Active Power and

Apparent Power.

(b) Explain the maximum power transfer theorem and also drive the condition for maximum power
transfer to the load side.

Ans. Q.1 (a) Basic Circuit Components

The basic circuit components are:

1. Resistors: Restrict current flow and dissipate energy as heat.

2. Capacitors: Store energy in an electric field and oppose changes in voltage.

3. Inductors: Store energy in a magnetic field and oppose changes in current.

4. Diodes: Allow current flow in one direction only.

5. Transistors: Act as switches or amplifiers in circuits.

Electromotive Force (EMF): EMF is the energy supplied by a source to move electric charges through
a circuit, measured in volts. It represents the source's capability to provide electrical energy.

Active Power (P): This is the real power consumed in a circuit to perform useful work, given by
P=VIcos⁡ϕP = VI\cos\phiP=VIcosϕ, where ϕ\phiϕ is the phase angle. It is measured in watts (W).

Apparent Power (S): It is the total power in an AC circuit, combining active and reactive power. It is
given by S=VIS = VIS=VI and measured in volt-amperes (VA).

Q.1 (b) Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that maximum power is delivered to a load when the
load resistance (RLR_LRL) equals the internal resistance (RSR_SRS) of the source.

Derivation: The power delivered to the load is:

P=V2RL(RS+RL)2.P = \frac{V^2 R_L}{(R_S + R_L)^2}.P=(RS+RL)2V2RL.
Differentiating PPP with respect to RLR_LRL and setting dPdRL=0\frac{dP}{dR_L} = 0dRLdP=0, we find
RL=RSR_L = R_SRL=RS.

Under this condition, maximum power is transferred, though efficiency is only 50%. This theorem is
vital in designing electrical and communication systems to ensure optimal energy transfer.

Q.2 (a) Describe the statement of Superposition theorem and Thevenin’s theorem with example

Ans. Superposition Theorem: This theorem states that in a linear circuit with multiple independent
sources, the total response (voltage or current) at any point is the algebraic sum of the responses
due to each source acting alone, with all other sources replaced by their internal impedance (voltage
sources shorted, current sources open).
Example: For a circuit with two voltage sources, calculate the current contribution from each source
independently, then add them.

Thevenin’s Theorem: Any linear circuit can be simplified to an equivalent circuit with a single voltage
source (VthV_{th}Vth) in series with a resistance (RthR_{th}Rth) across the load.
Example: Find VthV_{th}Vth (open-circuit voltage) and RthR_{th}Rth (resistance seen from terminals)
to simplify circuit analysis.

Q.3 (a) A sinusoidal wave equation for voltage is 100 Sin (50 * t) Calculate (i) Average Value (ii) RMS
Value (iii) form factor (iv) frequency

Ans. Given sinusoidal wave: V(t)=100sin⁡(50t)V(t) = 100 \sin(50t)V(t)=100sin(50t)

(i) Average Value: For a full cycle, the average value of a sinusoidal wave is zero. For half a cycle, it is
2Aπ=2×100π=63.66 V\frac{2A}{\pi} = \frac{2 \times 100}{\pi} = 63.66\ \text{V}π2A=π2×100=63.66 V.

(ii) RMS Value: The RMS value is A2=1002=70.71 V \frac{A}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{100}{\sqrt{2}} = 70.71\ \
text{V}2A=2100=70.71 V.

(iii) Form Factor: Form Factor=RMS ValueAverage Value=70.7163.66=1.11\text{Form Factor} = \frac{\

text{RMS Value}}{\text{Average Value}} = \frac{70.71}{63.66} =
1.11Form Factor=Average ValueRMS Value=63.6670.71=1.11.

(iv) Frequency: From the equation, angular frequency ω=50 rad/s \omega = 50\
\text{rad/s}ω=50 rad/s. Frequency f=ω2π=502π=7.96 Hz f = \frac{\omega}{2\pi} = \frac{50}{2\pi} =
7.96\ \text{Hz}f=2πω=2π50=7.96 Hz.

(b) Write short notes on: (i) SFU (ii) MCB (iii) ELCB (iv) MCCB

Ans. (i) SFU (Switch Fuse Unit): A protective device used to isolate and protect electrical circuits. It
combines a switch and fuse to disconnect during faults.

(ii) MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker): Protects circuits from overcurrent and short circuits. It
automatically trips when the current exceeds a preset limit.

(iii) ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker): Detects earth faults or leakage currents and disconnects
power to prevent electric shocks.

(iv) MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker): Used for higher current ratings than MCBs. It protects
against overload, short circuits, and faults in industrial systems.

Q.4 (a) Explain the following terms for sinusoidal wave equation: (i) Average value, (ii) RMS value (iii)
Form factor.

Ans. (i) Average Value: The average value of a sinusoidal wave over a full cycle is zero. For half a
cycle, it is calculated as 2Aπ\frac{2A}{\pi}π2A, where AAA is the amplitude.

(ii) RMS Value (Root Mean Square): The RMS value is the effective value of a sinusoidal wave,
calculated as A2\frac{A}{\sqrt{2}}2A, where AAA is the peak amplitude. It represents the value of DC
that would deliver the same power.

(iii) Form Factor: The form factor is the ratio of RMS value to the average value, given by IrmsIavg\
frac{I_{\text{rms}}}{I_{\text{avg}}}IavgIrms, which for a sinusoidal wave is approximately 1.11. It
indicates the waveform's "shape" or deviation from a pure sine wave.

(b) Explain the types of batteries with their applications.

Ans. There are several types of batteries, each with specific applications:

1. Lead-Acid Batteries: Commonly used in automotive and backup power systems due to their
high discharge capacity and low cost.
 2. Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Batteries: Used in portable electronics, power tools, and emergency
lighting due to their durability and ability to perform well in low temperatures.

3. Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) Batteries: Found in hybrid vehicles and consumer electronics,
offering higher capacity than NiCd with fewer environmental concerns.

4. Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries: Widely used in smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles,
offering high energy density and long lifespan.

5. Alkaline Batteries: Common in household devices like remote controls, clocks, and toys due
to affordability and reliability.

Q.5 (a) Discuss the working principle and types of 3-Phase Induction motor with suitable diagram.

Ans. Working Principle of 3-Phase Induction Motor:

A 3-phase induction motor operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When a 3-phase
supply is applied to the stator, it creates a rotating magnetic field. This field induces a current in the
rotor, which generates its own magnetic field. The interaction between the stator’s magnetic field
and the rotor’s field produces a torque, causing the rotor to rotate. The rotor always lags behind the
rotating magnetic field, creating "slip."

Types:

1. Squirrel Cage Rotor: Simple, robust, and most commonly used.

2. Wound Rotor: Has windings on the rotor, used for high power applications requiring external
resistance control.

(b) Why Synchronous motor is not self-starting? Discuss the different methods of starting.

Ans. A synchronous motor is not self-starting because its rotor needs to synchronize with the
rotating magnetic field produced by the stator, but at start-up, the rotor is stationary and cannot
initially match the field speed. Without initial synchronization, no torque is generated to start the
motor.

Methods of Starting:

1. Using an Auxiliary Motor: An external motor is used to bring the synchronous motor up to
near synchronous speed, after which the motor is switched to synchronous operation.

2. Damper Windings: Wound on the rotor, these create a starting torque by acting like an
induction motor until the motor reaches synchronous speed.

3. Auto-Synchronous Starting: The motor is started as an induction motor and, once reaching
synchronous speed, synchronizes itself.