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Section 6.1: Introduction to Factoring 295

Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

Section 6.1 Introduction to Factoring

1. factor
2. ab + ac = a (b + c ) ⇒ a is a common factor.

3. multiplying
4. prime; multiplication
5. greatest common factor (GCF)
6. grouping

7. Factors of 2 x 2 are 1, 2, x, 2 x, x 2 and 2 x 2 ; factors of 4 x are 1, 2, 4, x, 2 x and 4 x. Therefore,

common factors are 1, 2, x and 2 x.

8. Using common factors from #7 the GCF is 2 x.
9. 2 x = 2 ⋅ x and 4 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⇒ 2 ( x + 2 ). See Figure 9.

10. 6 = 3 ⋅ 2 and 3x = 3 ⋅ x ⇒ 3 ( 2 + x ) . See Figure 10.

Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11

11. z 2 = z ⋅ z and 4 z = 4 ⋅ z ⇒ z ( z + 4 ). See Figure 11.

12. a 2 = a ⋅ a and 5a = 5 ⋅ a ⇒ a ( a + 5 ). See Figure 12.

13. 3 y 2 = 3 y ⋅ y and 12y = 3 y ⋅ 4 ⇒ 3 y ( y + 4 ) . See Figure 13.

Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14

14. 2 z 2 = 2 z ⋅ z and 10 z = 2 z ⋅ 5 ⇒ 2 z ( z + 5 ). See Figure 14.

15. In the expression 3x 2 + 9 x, the terms 3x 2 and 9x both contain a common factor of 3x because

3x 2 = 3x ⋅ x and 9 x = 3 x ⋅ 3. Therefore 3x 2 + 9 x = 3x( x + 3).

16. In the expression 10 y 2 + 2 y, the terms 10 y 2 and 2y both contain a common factor of 2y because

10 y 2 = 2 y ⋅ 5 y and 2 y = 2 y ⋅ 1. Therefore 10 y 2 + 2 y = 2 y (5 y + 1).

17. In the expression 4 y 3 − 2 y 2 , the terms 4 y 3 and −2 y 2 both contain a common factor of 2 y 2

because 4 y 3 = 2 y 2 ⋅ 2 y and −2 y 2 = 2 y 2 (−1). Therefore 4 y 3 − 2 y 2 = 2 y 2 (2 y − 1).

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

296 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

18. In the expression 6 x 4 + 9 x 2 , the terms 6 x 4 and 9 x 2 both contain a common factor of 3x 2 because

6 x 4 = 3 x 2 ⋅ 2 x 2 and 9 x 2 = 3x 2 ⋅ 3. Therefore 6 x 4 + 9 x 2 = 3x 2 (2 x 2 + 3).

19. In the expression 2 z 3 + 8 z 2 − 4 z , the terms 2 z 3 , 8 z 2 , and −4z all contain a common factor of 2z

because 2 z 3 = 2 z ⋅ z 2 , 8 z 2 = 2 z ⋅ 4 z, and −4 z = 2 z (−2). Therefore 2 z 3 + 8 z 2 − 4 z = 2 z ( z 2 + 4 z − 2).

20. In the expression 5 x 4 − 15 x3 − 10 x 2 , the terms 5 x 4 , − 15 x3 , and −10x 2 all contain a common factor

of 5x 2 because 5 x 4 = 5 x 2 ⋅ x 2 , −15 x3 = 5 x 2 (−3x ), and −10 x 2 = 5 x 2 (−2). Therefore

5 x 4 − 15 x3 − 10 x 2 = 5 x 2 ( x 2 − 3x − 2).

21. In the expression 6 x 2 y − 3xy 2 , the terms 6x 2 y and −3xy 2 both contain a common factor of 3xy

because 6 x 2 y = 3 xy ⋅ 2 x and −3xy 2 = 3xy (− y ). Therefore 6 x 2 y − 3xy 2 = 3xy (2 x − y ).

22. In the expression 7 x3 y 3 + 14 x 2 y 2 , the terms 7x3 y 3 and 14x 2 y 2 both contain a common factor of

7x 2 y 2 because 7 x3 y 3 = 7 x 2 y 2 ⋅ xy and 14 x 2 y 2 = 7 x 2 y 2 ⋅ 2. Therefore

7 x3 y 3 + 14 x 2 y 2 = 7 x 2 y 2 ( xy + 2).

23. 6 x − 18 x 2 ; because 6 x = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x and 18 x 2 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x, common factors are 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⇒

GCF = 6 x and ⇒ 6 x (1 − 3 x ) .

24. 16 x 2 − 24 x3 ; because 16 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x and 24 x3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x, common factors are

2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⇒ GCF = 8 x 2 and ⇒ 8 x 2 ( 2 − 3 x ) .

25. 8 y 3 − 12 y 2 ; because 8 y 3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and 12 y 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ y ⋅ y, common factors are

2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⇒ GCF = 4 y 2 and ⇒ 4 y 2 ( 2 y − 3) .

26. 12 y 3 − 8 y 2 + 4 y; because 12 y 3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and 8 y 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ y ⋅ y and 4 y = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ y,

(
common factors are 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ y ⇒ GCF = 4 y and ⇒ 4 y 3 y 2 − 2 y + 1 . )
27. 6 z 3 + 3z 2 + 9 z; because 6 z 3 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ z ⋅ z ⋅ z and 3z 2 = 3 ⋅ z ⋅ z and 9 z = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ z, common factors are

(
3 ⋅ z ⇒ GCF = 3 z and ⇒ 3z 2 z 2 + z + 3 . )
28. 16 z 3 − 24 z 2 − 36 z; because 16 z 3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ z ⋅ z ⋅ z and 24 z 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ z ⋅ z and

(
36 z = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ z , common factors are 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ z ⇒ GCF = 4 z and ⇒ 4 z 4 z 2 − 6 z − 9 . )
29. x 4 − 5 x3 − 4 x 2 ; because x 4 = x ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x and 5 x3 = 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x and 4 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x, common factors

are x ⋅ x ⇒ GCF = x 2 and ⇒ x 2 x 2 − 5 x − 4 .( )

30. 2 x 4 + 8 x 2 ; because 2 x 4 = 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x and 8 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x, common factors are 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⇒

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 6.1: Introduction to Factoring 297

(
GCF = 2 x 2 and ⇒ 2 x 2 x 2 + 4 . )
31. 5 y 5 + 10 y 4 − 15 y 3 + 10 y 2 ; because 5 y 5 = 5 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and 10 y 4 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and

15 y 3 = 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and 10 y 2 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ y ⋅ y, common factors are 5 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⇒

(
GCF = 5 y 2 and ⇒ 5 y 2 y 3 + 2 y 2 − 3 y + 2 . )
32. 7 y 4 − 14 y 3 − 21y 2 + 7 y; because 7 y 4 = 7 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and 14 y 3 = 2 ⋅ 7 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and

21y 2 = 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ y ⋅ y and 7 y = 7 ⋅ y, common factors are 7 ⋅ y ⇒

(
GCF = 7 y and ⇒ 7 y y 3 − 2 y 2 − 3 y + 1 . )
33. xy + xz; because xy = x ⋅ y and xz = x ⋅ z , common factors are x ⇒ GCF = x and ⇒ x ( y + z ).

34. ab − bc; because ab = a ⋅ b and bc = b ⋅ c, common factors are b ⇒ GCF = b and ⇒ b ( a − c ) .

35. ab 2 − a 2 b; because ab 2 = a ⋅ b ⋅ b and a 2 b = a ⋅ a ⋅ b, common factors are a ⋅ b ⇒

GCF = ab and ⇒ ab (b − a ) .

36. 4 x 2 y + 6 xy 2 ; because 4 x 2 y = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ y and 6 xy 2 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ y, common factors are

2 ⋅ x ⋅ y ⇒ GCF = 2 xy and ⇒ 2 xy ( 2 x + 3 y ) .

37. 5 x 2 y 4 + 10 x3 y 3 ; because 5x 2 y 4 = 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and 10 x3 y 3 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y, common

factors are 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⇒ GCF = 5 x 2 y 3 and ⇒ 5 x 2 y 3 ( y + 2 x ) .

38. 3r 3t 3 − 6r 4 t 2 ; because 3r 3t 3 = 3 ⋅ r ⋅ r ⋅ r ⋅ t ⋅ t ⋅ t and 6r 4 t 2 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ r ⋅ r ⋅ r ⋅ r ⋅ t ⋅ t , common factors

are 3 ⋅ r ⋅ r ⋅ r ⋅ t ⋅ t ⇒ GCF = 3r 3t 2 and ⇒ 3r 3t 2 (t − 2r ).

39. a 2 b + ab 2 + ab; because a 2 b = a ⋅ a ⋅ b and ab 2 = a ⋅ b ⋅ b and ab = a ⋅ b, common factors = a ⋅ b ⇒

GCF = ab and ⇒ ab ( a + b + 1) .

40. 6ab 2 − 9ab + 12b 2 ; because 6ab 2 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ b and 9ab = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b and 12b 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ b ⋅ b,

common factors = 3 ⋅ b ⇒ GCF = 3b and ⇒ 3b ( 2ab − 3a + 4b ).

41. x ( x + 1) − 2 ( x + 1) has common binomial ( x + 1) ⇒ ( x − 2 )( x + 1)

42. 5 x (3x − 2 ) + 2 (3 x − 2 ) has common binomial (3x − 2 ) ⇒ (5 x + 2 )(3x − 2 )

43. ( z + 5) z + ( z + 5) 4 has common binomial ( z + 5 ) ⇒ ( z + 4 )( z + 5 )

( )
44. 3 y 2 ( y − 2 ) + 5 ( y − 2 ) has common binomial ( y − 2 ) ⇒ 3 y 2 + 5 ( y − 2 )

45. 4 x3 ( x − 5) − 2 x ( x − 5) has common binomial ( x − 5) ⇒ ( 4 x − 2 x ) ( x − 5) ⇒ 2 x ( 2 x

3 2
)
− 1 ( x − 5)

46. 8 x 2 ( x + 3) + ( x + 3) has common binomial ( x + 3) ⇒ (8 x + 1) ( x + 3)

2

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

298 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

( )
47. x3 + 2 x 2 + 3 x + 6 by associative property = x3 + 2 x 2 + (3x + 6 ) ⇒

common factors = x ( x + 2 ) + 3 ( x + 2 ) ⇒ ( x + 3) ( x + 2 )
2 2

48. x + 6 x + x + 6 by associative property = ( x + 6 x ) + ( x + 6 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = x ( x + 6 ) + ( x + 6 ) ⇒ ( x + 1) ( x + 6 )
2 2

49. 2 y + y + 2 y + 1 by associative property = ( 2 y + y ) + ( 2 y + 1) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = y ( 2 y + 1) + ( 2 y + 1) ⇒ ( y + 1) ( 2 y + 1)
2 2

50. 4 y + 10 y + 2 y + 5 by associative property = ( 4 y + 10 y ) + ( 2 y + 5) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 2 y ( 2 y + 5) + ( 2 y + 5) ⇒ ( 2 y + 1) ( 2 y + 5 )
2 2

51. 2 z − 6 z + 5 z − 15 by associative property = ( 2 z − 6 z ) + (5 z − 15) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 2 z ( z − 3) + 5 ( z − 3) ⇒ ( 2 z + 5 ) ( z − 3)
2 2

52. 15 z − 5 z + 6 z − 2 by associative property = (15 z − 5 z ) + ( 6 z − 2 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 5 z (3z − 1) + 2 (3z − 1) ⇒ (5 z + 2 ) (3z − 1)

2 2

53. 4t − 20t + 3t − 15 by associative property = ( 4t − 20t ) + (3t − 15 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 4t (t − 5) + 3 (t − 5 ) ⇒ ( 4t + 3) (t − 5)
2 2

54. 4t − 12t + 3t − 9 by associative property = ( 4t − 12t ) + (3t − 9 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 4t (t − 3) + 3 (t − 3) ⇒ ( 4t + 3) (t − 3)
2 2

55. 9r + 6r − 6r − 4 by associative property = (9r + 6r ) − ( 6r + 4 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 3r (3r + 2 ) − 2 (3r + 2 ) ⇒ (3r − 2 ) (3r + 2 )

2 2

56. 3r + 12r − 2r − 8 by associative property = (3r + 12r ) − ( 2r + 8 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 3r ( r + 4 ) − 2 ( r + 4 ) ⇒ (3r − 2 ) ( r + 4 )

2 2

57. 7 x + 21x − 2 x − 6 by associative property = ( 7 x + 21x ) − ( 2 x + 6 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 7 x ( x + 3) − 2 ( x + 3) ⇒ ( 7 x − 2 ) ( x + 3)
2 2

58. 6 x + 3 x − 10 x − 5 by associative property = ( 6 x + 3x ) − (10 x + 5 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 3x ( 2 x + 1) − 5 ( 2 x + 1) ⇒ (3x − 5 ) ( 2 x + 1)

2 2

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 6.1: Introduction to Factoring 299

( )
59. 2 y 3 − 7 y 2 − 4 y + 14 by associative property = 2 y 3 − 7 y 2 − ( 4 y − 14 ) ⇒

common factors = y ( 2 y − 7 ) − 2 ( 2 y − 7 ) ⇒ ( y − 2 ) ( 2 y − 7 )
2 2

60. y − 5 y − 3 y + 15 by associative property = ( y − 5 y ) − (3 y − 15 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = y ( y − 5 ) − 3 ( y − 5 ) ⇒ ( y − 3) ( y − 5)
2 2

61. z − 4 z − 7 z + 28 by associative property = ( z − 4 z ) − ( 7 z − 28 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = z ( z − 4 ) − 7 ( z − 4 ) ⇒ ( z − 7 ) ( z − 4 )
2 2

62. 12 z − 18 z − 10 z + 15 by associative property = (12 z − 18 z ) − (10 z − 15 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 6 z ( 2 z − 3) − 5 ( 2 z − 3) ⇒ ( 6 z − 5 ) ( 2 z − 3)
2 2

63. 2 x − 3x + 4 x − 6 by associative property = ( 2 x − 3 x ) + ( 4 x − 6 ) ⇒

4 3 4 3

common factors = x ( 2 x − 3) + 2 ( 2 x − 3) ⇒ ( x + 2 ) ( 2 x − 3)
3 3

64. x + x + 5 x + 5 by associative property = ( x + x ) + (5 x + 5 ) ⇒

4 3 4 3

common factors = x ( x + 1) + 5 ( x + 1) ⇒ ( x + 5 ) ( x + 1)
3 3

65. ax + bx + ay + by by associative property = ( ax + bx ) + ( ay + by ) ⇒

common factors = x ( a + b ) + y ( a + b ) ⇒ ( x + y )( a + b )

66. ax − bx + ay − by by associative property = ( ax − bx ) + ( ay − by ) ⇒

common factors = x ( a − b ) + y ( a − b ) ⇒ ( x + y )( a − b )

67. 3x3 + 6 x 2 + 3x + 6 has GCF 3 ⇒ 3( x3 + 2 x 2 + x + 2) ⇒ by associative

property = 3[( x3 + 2 x 2 ) + ( x + 2)] ⇒ common factors = 3[ x 2 ( x + 2) + 1( x + 2)] ⇒ 3( x 2 + 1)( x + 2)

68. 5 x3 − 5 x 2 + 5 x − 5 has GCF 5 ⇒ 5( x3 − x 2 + x − 1) ⇒ by associative

property = 5[( x3 − x 2 ) + ( x − 1)] ⇒ common factors = 5[ x 2 ( x − 1) + 1( x − 1)] ⇒ 5( x 2 + 1)( x − 1)

69. 6 y 4 − 24 y 3 − 2 y 2 + 8 y has GCF 2 y ⇒ 2 y (3 y 3 − 12 y 2 − y + 4) ⇒ by associative

property = 2 y[(3 y 3 − 12 y 2 ) − ( y − 4)] ⇒ common factors =

2 y[3 y 2 ( y − 4) − 1( y − 4)] ⇒ 2 y (3 y 2 − 1)( y − 4)

70. 6 x 4 − 12 x3 + 3 x 2 − 6 x has GCF 3x ⇒ 3x(2 x3 − 4 x 2 + x − 2) ⇒ by associative

property = 3x[(2 x3 − 4 x 2 ) + ( x − 2)] ⇒ common factors =

3x[2 x 2 ( x − 2) + 1( x − 2)] ⇒ 3x(2 x 2 + 1)( x − 2)

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

300 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

71. x5 + 2 x 4 − 3x3 − 6 x 2 has GCF x 2 ⇒ x 2 ( x3 + 2 x 2 − 3x − 6) ⇒ by associative

property = x 2 [( x3 + 2 x 2 ) − (3 x + 6)] ⇒ common factors =

x 2 [ x 2 ( x + 2) − 3( x + 2)] ⇒ x 2 ( x 2 − 3)( x + 2)

72. y 6 + 3 y 5 − 2 y 4 − 6 y 3 has GCF y 3 ⇒ y 3 ( y 3 + 3 y 2 − 2 y − 6) ⇒ by associative

property = y 3 [( y 3 + 3 y 2 ) − (2 y + 6)] ⇒ common factors =

y 3 [ y 2 ( y + 3) − 2( y + 3)] ⇒ y 3 ( y 2 − 2)( y + 3)

73. 4 x5 + 2 x 4 − 12 x3 − 6 x 2 has GCF 2 x 2 ⇒ 2 x 2 (2 x3 + x 2 − 6 x − 3) ⇒ by associative

property = 2 x 2 [(2 x3 + x 2 ) − (6 x + 3)] ⇒ common factors =

2 x 2 [ x 2 (2 x + 1) − 3(2 x + 1)] ⇒ 2 x 2 ( x 2 − 3)(2 x + 1)

74. 18 y 5 + 27 y 4 + 12 y 3 + 18 y 2 has GCF 3 y 2 ⇒ 3 y 2 (6 y 3 + 9 y 2 + 4 y + 6) ⇒ by associative

property = 3 y 2 [(6 y 3 + 9 y 2 ) + (4 y + 6)] ⇒ common factors =

3 y 2 [3 y 2 (2 y + 3) + 2(2 y + 3)] ⇒ 3 y 2 (3 y 2 + 2)(2 y + 3)

75. x3 y + x 2 y 2 − 2 x 2 y − 2 xy 2 has GCF xy ⇒ xy ( x 2 + xy − 2 x − 2 y ) ⇒ by associative

property = xy[( x 2 + xy ) − (2 x + 2 y )] ⇒ common factors = xy[ x( x + y ) − 2( x + y )] ⇒ xy ( x − 2)( x + y )

76. 6 x3 y − 3x 2 y 2 + 18 x 2 y − 9 xy 2 has GCF 3xy ⇒ 3xy (2 x 2 − xy + 6 x − 3 y ) ⇒ by associative

property = 3xy[(2 x 2 − xy ) + (6 x − 3 y )] ⇒ common factors =

3xy[ x (2 x − y ) + 3(2 x − y )] ⇒ 3xy ( x + 3)(2 x − y )

77. 2 x3 y 3 − 2 x 4 y 2 + 4 x 2 y 3 − 4 x3 y 2 has GCF 2 x 2 y 2 ⇒ 2 x 2 y 2 ( xy − x 2 + 2 y − 2 x) ⇒ by associative

property = 2 x 2 y 2 [( xy − x 2 ) + (2 y − 2 x)] ⇒ common factors =

2 x 2 y 2 [ x( y − x) + 2( y − x )] ⇒ 2 x 2 y 2 ( y − x)( x + 2)

78. 4 x 2 y 6 − 4 x 2 y 5 − 8 xy 7 + 8 xy 6 has GCF 4 xy 5 ⇒ 4 xy 5 ( xy − x − 2 y 2 + 2 y ) ⇒ by associative

property = 4 xy 5 [( xy − x) + (−2 y 2 + 2 y )] ⇒ common factors =

4 xy 5 [ x ( y − 1) − 2 y ( y − 1)] ⇒ 4 xy 5 ( y − 1)( x − 2 y )

⎛ b c⎞ b c
79. ax 2 + bx + c = a ⎜ x 2 + x + ⎟ because a ⋅ x 2 = ax 2 , a ⋅ x = bx, and a ⋅ = c.
⎝ a a⎠ a a

⎛a b ⎞ a b
80. ax 2 + bx + c = c ⎜ x 2 + x + 1⎟ because c ⋅ x 2 = ax 2 , c ⋅ x = bx, and c ⋅ 1 = c.
⎝c c ⎠ c c

81. (a) 80t = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ t and 16t 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t ⋅ t , common factors are

2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t ⇒ GCF = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t = 16t.

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 6.2: Factoring Trinomials I (x2+bx+c) 301

(b) 80t − 16t 2 = 16t (5 − t )

82. (a) 128t = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t and 16t 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t ⋅ t , common factors are

2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t ⇒ GCF = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t = 16t.

(b) 128t − 16t 2 = 16t (8 − t )

83. The area of the large rectangle is computed as 2 x ⋅ x = 2 x 2 and the area of the small rectangle is

computed as 4 ⋅ x = 4 x . The area of the shaded region will be represented as 2 x 2 − 4 x . The GCF of

the expression 2 x 2 − 4 x is 2 x and the resulting factored polynomial is 2 x ( x − 2) .

84. The area of the large rectangle is computed as 6 x 2 ⋅ 2 x = 12 x3 and the area of the small rectangles is

computed as 3 ⋅ x ⋅ x = 3x 2 . The area of the shaded region will be represented as 12 x3 − 3 x 2 . The

GCF of the expression 12 x3 − 3 x 2 is 3x 2 and the resulting factored polynomial is 3x 2 (4 x − 1) .

85. The area of the large rectangle is computed as 4 y ⋅ 2 y = 8 y 2 and the area of the small triangles is

1
computed as 2 ⋅ x ⋅ y = xy . The area of the shaded region will be represented as 8 y 2 − xy . The
2

GCF of the expression 8 y 2 − xy is y and the resulting factored polynomial is y (8 y − x) .

86. The area of the large rectangle is computed as 10 x 2 ⋅ 2 y = 20 x 2 y and the area of the small rectangles

is computed as 5 ⋅ x ⋅ y = 5 xy . The area of the shaded region will be represented as 20 x 2 y − 5 xy .

The GCF of the expression 20 x 2 y − 5 xy is 5xy and the resulting factored polynomial is 5 xy (4 x − 1) .

x = 3, 4 x3 − 60 x 2 + 200 x ⇒ 4 (3) − 60 (3) + 200 (3) = 108 − 540 + 600 = 168 ⇒ V = 168 in 3 .
3 2
87. (a)

(b) 4 x3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x and 60 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x and 200 x = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x, common factors

(
are 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⇒ GCF = 4 x ⇒ 4 x x 2 − 15 x + 50 . )
88. (a) Volume = ( 20 − 2 x )( 20 − 2 x )( x ) = 4 x3 − 80 x 2 + 400 x

x = 4, 4 ( 4 ) − 80 ( 4 ) + 400 ( 4 ) = 4 ( 64 ) − 80 (16 ) + 400 ( 4 ) = 256 − 1280 + 1600 = 576 in 3 .

3 2
(b)

(c) 4 x3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x and 80 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x and 400 x = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x, common

(
factors are 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⇒ GCF = 4 x ⇒ 4 x x 2 − 20 x + 100 . )

Section 6.2 Factoring Trinomials I (x2+bx+c)

1. 1

2. Product is x 2 + ( m + n ) x + mn, coefficient of x-term is m + n and the constant term is mn.

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302 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

3. x 2 + bx + c, so c is the third term ⇒ mn = c and b is the second term ⇒ m + n = b.

4. prime

5. Factors of 28 are 1, 28; 2, 14; 4, 7 and only 4 + 7 = 11 ⇒ 4, 7.

6. Factors of 35 are 1, 35; 5, 7 and only 5 + 7 = 12 ⇒ 5, 7.
7. Factors of −30 are −1, 30; − 2, 15; − 3, 10; − 5, 6; 1, −30; 2, −15; 3, −10; 5, −6 and only

3 + (−10) = −7 ⇒ 3, − 10.

8. Factors of −15 are − 1, 15; 1, − 15; − 3, 5; 3, − 5 and only 3 + ( −5 ) = −2 ⇒ 3, − 5.

9. Factors of −50 are − 1, 50; 1, − 50; − 2, 25; 2, − 25; − 5, 10; 5, − 10 and only
−5 + 10 = 5 ⇒ −5, 10.
10. Factors of −100 are −1, 100; − 2, 50; − 4, 25; − 5, 20; 1, −100; 2, −50; 4, −25; 5, −20 and only

−4 + 25 = 21 ⇒ −4, 25.
11. Factors of 28 are 1, 28; − 1, − 28; 2, 14; − 2, − 14; 4, 7; − 4, − 7 and only

( −4 ) + ( −7 ) = −11 ⇒ −4, − 7.

12. Factors of 80 are 1, 80; − 1, − 80; 2, 40; − 2, − 40; 4, 20; − 4, − 20;

5, 16; − 5, − 16; 8, 10; − 8, − 10 and only ( −2 ) + ( −40 ) = −42 ⇒ −2, − 40.

13. Factors of 2 with sum of 3 are 1 and 2 ⇒ x 2 + 3x + 2 = ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) .

14. Factors of 4 with sum of 5 are 1 and 4 ⇒ x 2 + 5 x + 4 = ( x + 1)( x + 4 ).

15. Factors of 4 with sum of 4 are 2 and 2 ⇒ y 2 + 4 y + 4 = ( y + 2 )( y + 2 ) .

16. Factors of 7 with sum of 8 are 1 and 7 ⇒ y 2 + 8 y + 7 = ( y + 1)( y + 7 ).

17. The only factors of 7 are 1 and 7, whose sum is 8, not 3. The polynomial z 2 + 3z + 7 is prime.

18. The only factors of 5 are 1 and 5, whose sum is 6, not 4. The polynomial z 2 + 4 z + 5 is prime.

19. Factors of 15 with sum of 8 are 3 and 5 ⇒ x 2 + 8 x + 15 = ( x + 3)( x + 5 ).

20. Factors of 14 with sum of 9 are 2 and 7 ⇒ x 2 + 9 x + 14 = ( x + 2 )( x + 7 ) .

21. Factors of 36 with sum of 13 are 4 and 9 ⇒ m 2 + 13m + 36 = ( m + 4 )( m + 9 ) .

22. Factors of 36 with sum of 15 are 3 and 12 ⇒ m 2 + 15m + 36 = ( m + 3)( m + 12 ) .

23. Factors of 100 with sum of 20 are 10 and 10 ⇒ n 2 + 20n + 100 = ( n + 10 )( n + 10 ) .

24. Factors of 100 with sum of 52 are 2 and 50 ⇒ n 2 + 52n + 100 = ( n + 2 )( n + 50 ) .

25. Factors of 5 with sum of −6 are − 1 and − 5 ⇒ x 2 − 6 x + 5 = ( x − 1)( x − 5 ).

26. Factors of 8 with sum of −6 are − 2 and − 4 ⇒ x 2 − 6 x + 8 = ( x − 2 )( x − 4 ).

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Section 6.2: Factoring Trinomials I (x2+bx+c) 303

27. Factors of 12 with sum of −7 are − 3 and − 4 ⇒ y 2 − 7 y + 12 = ( y − 3)( y − 4 ).

28. Factors of 27 with sum of −12 are − 3 and − 9 ⇒ y 2 − 12 y + 27 = ( y − 3 )( y − 9 ).

29. Factors of 40 with sum of −13 are − 5 and − 8 ⇒ z 2 − 13z + 40 = ( z − 5 )( z − 8 ) .

30. Factors of 54 with sum of −15 are − 6 and − 9 ⇒ z 2 − 15 z + 54 = ( z − 6 )( z − 9 ).

31. Factors of 63 with sum of −16 are − 7 and − 9 ⇒ a 2 − 16a + 63 = ( a − 7 )( a − 9 ).

32. Factors of 81 with sum of −82 are − 1 and − 81 ⇒ a 2 − 82a + 81 = ( a − 1)( a − 81) .

33. The factors of 10 are ±1, ± 10, ± 2, ± 5 , but none of these has a pair has sum −6. The polynomial

y 2 − 6 y + 10 is prime.

34. The factors of 3 are ±1, ± 3 , but neither pair has a sum of –2. The polynomial y 2 − 2 y + 3 is prime.

35. Factors of 125 with sum of −30 are − 5 and − 25 ⇒ b 2 − 30b + 125 = (b − 5 )(b − 25 ).

36. Factors of 90 with sum of −19 are − 9 and − 10 ⇒ b2 − 19b + 90 = (b − 9 )(b − 10 ) .

37. Factors of −90 with sum of 13 are − 5 and 18 ⇒ x 2 + 13 x − 90 = ( x − 5 )( x + 18 ) .

38. Factors of −100 with sum of 15 are − 5 and 20 ⇒ x 2 + 15 x − 100 = ( x − 5 )( x + 20 ).

39. Factors of −45 with sum of 4 are − 5 and 9 ⇒ m 2 + 4m − 45 = ( m − 5 )( m + 9 ) .

40. Factors of −60 with sum of 4 are − 6 and 10 ⇒ m 2 + 4m − 60 = ( m − 6 )( m + 10 ).

41. The factors of −63 are −1, 63; 1, −63; 3, −21; −3, 21; 7, −9; and −7, 9 but none of these pairs of

factors has sum 16. The polynomial a 2 + 16a − 63 is prime.

42. The factors of −42 are −1, 42; 1, −42; 2, −21; −2, 21; −3, 14; 3, −14; 6, −7; and −6, 7 but none of

these pairs of factors has sum 13. The polynomial a 2 + 13a − 42 is prime.

43. Factors of −200 with sum of 10 are − 10 and 20 ⇒ n 2 + 10n − 200 = ( n − 10 )( n + 20 ).

44. Factors of −120 with sum of 2 are − 10 and 12 ⇒ n 2 + 2n − 120 = ( n − 10 )( n + 12 ) .

45. Factors of −23 with sum of 22 are − 1 and 23 ⇒ x 2 + 22 x − 23 = ( x − 1)( x + 23) .

46. Factors of −19 with sum of 18 are − 1 and 19 ⇒ x 2 + 18 x − 19 = ( x − 1)( x + 19 ).

47. Factors of −32 with sum of 4 are − 4 and 8 ⇒ a 2 + 4a − 32 = ( a − 4 )( a + 8 ).

48. Factors of −36 with sum of 9 are − 3 and 12 ⇒ a 2 + 9a − 36 = ( a − 3)( a + 12 ).

49. Factors of −20 with sum of −1 are 4 and − 5 ⇒ b 2 − b − 20 ⇒ (b + 4 )(b − 5 ).

50. Factors of −12 with sum of −1 are 3 and − 4 ⇒ b 2 − b − 12 ⇒ (b + 3)(b − 4 ).

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304 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

51. The factors of −22 are 1, −22; −1, 22; −2, 11; and 2, −11 but none of these pairs of factors has sum

−14. The polynomial m 2 − 14m − 22 is prime.

52. The factors of −24 are 1, −24; −1, 24; 2, −12; −2, 12; 3, −8; −3, 8; 4, −6; and −4, 6 but none of these

pairs of factors has sum −11. The polynomial m 2 − 11m − 24 is prime.

53. Factors of −72 with sum of −1 are 8 and − 9 ⇒ x 2 − x − 72 ⇒ ( x + 8 )( x − 9 ) .

54. Factors of −80 with sum of −2 are 8 and − 10 ⇒ x 2 − 2 x − 80 ⇒ ( x + 8 )( x − 10 ).

55. Factors of −34 with sum of −15 are 2 and − 17 ⇒ y 2 − 15 y − 34 ⇒ ( y + 2 )( y − 17 ) .

56. Factors of −39 with sum of −10 are 3 and − 13 ⇒ y 2 − 10 y − 39 ⇒ ( y + 3)( y − 13) .

57. Factors of −66 with sum of −5 are 6 and − 11 ⇒ z 2 − 5 z − 66 ⇒ ( z + 6 )( z − 11) .

58. Factors of −55 with sum of −6 are 5 and − 11 ⇒ z 2 − 6 z − 55 ⇒ ( z + 5)( z − 11) .

59. The GCF of 5 x 2 − 10 x − 40 is 5 ⇒ 5( x 2 − 2 x − 8). Factors of −8 with sum of −2 are −4 and

2 ⇒ 5( x 2 − 2 x − 8) ⇒ 5( x − 4)( x + 2).

60. The GCF of 2 x 2 + 8 x − 10 is 2 ⇒ 2( x 2 + 4 x − 5). Factors of −5 with sum of 4 are 5 and

−1 ⇒ 2( x 2 + 4 x − 5) ⇒ 2( x + 5)( x − 1).

61. The GCF of −3m 2 − 9m + 12 is −3 ⇒ −3(m 2 + 3m − 4). Factors of −4 with sum of 3 are 4 and

−1 ⇒ −3(m 2 + 3m − 4) ⇒ −3(m + 4)(m − 1).

62. The GCF of −4n 2 + 20n − 24 is −4 ⇒ −4(n 2 − 5n + 6). Factors of 6 with sum of –5 are –3 and

−2 ⇒ −4(n 2 − 5n + 6) ⇒ −4(n − 2)(n − 3).

63. The GCF of y 3 − 7 y 2 + 10 y is y ⇒ y ( y 2 − 7 y + 10). Factors of 10 with sum of −7 are −5 and

−2 ⇒ y ( y 2 − 7 y + 10) ⇒ y ( y − 5)( y − 2).

64. The GCF of z 3 + 9 z 2 + 20 z is z ⇒ z ( z 2 + 9 z + 20). Factors of 20 with sum of 9 are 4 and

5 ⇒ z ( z 2 + 9 z + 20) ⇒ z ( z + 4)( z + 5).

65. The GCF of − x3 − 2 x 2 + 15 x is − x ⇒ − x( x 2 + 2 x − 15). Factors of −15 with sum of 2 are 5 and

−3 ⇒ − x( x 2 + 2 x − 15) ⇒ − x( x + 5)( x − 3).

66. The GCF of − y 3 + 9 y 2 − 14 y is − y ⇒ − y ( y 2 − 9 y + 14). Factors of 14 with sum of –9 are –7 and

−2 ⇒ − y ( y 2 − 9 y + 14) ⇒ − y ( y − 2)( y − 7).

67. The GCF of 3a3 + 21a 2 + 18a is 3a ⇒ 3a (a 2 + 7a + 6). Factors of 6 with sum of 7 are 6 and

1 ⇒ 3a(a 2 + 7 a + 6) ⇒ 3a (a + 6)(a + 1).

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Section 6.2: Factoring Trinomials I (x2+bx+c) 305

68. The GCF of 5b3 − 5b 2 − 60b is 5b ⇒ 5b(b 2 − b − 12). Factors of −12 with sum of −1 are −4 and

3 ⇒ 5b(b 2 − b − 12) ⇒ 5b(b − 4)(b + 3).

69. The GCF of −2 x3 + 6 x 2 − 8 x is −2 x ⇒ −2 x( x 2 − 3x + 4). Factors of 4 are ±1, ± 4, ± 2, but neither of

these pairs has sum −3. The polynomial x 2 − 3 x + 4 is prime, so factored form of the original

polynomial is −2 x( x 2 − 3x + 4).

70. The GCF of −4 y 3 + 20 y 2 − 32 y is −4 y ⇒ −4 y ( y 2 − 5 y + 8). Factors of 8 are ±1, ± 8, ± 2, ± 4 but

none of these pairs has sum −5. The polynomial y 2 − 5 y + 8 is prime, so factored form of the

original polynomial is −4 y ( y 2 − 5 y + 8).

71. The GCF of 2m 4 − 10m3 − 28m 2 is 2m 2 ⇒ 2m 2 (m 2 − 5m − 14). Factors of −14 with sum of −5 are −7

and 2 ⇒ 2m 2 (m 2 − 5m − 14) ⇒ 2m 2 (m − 7)(m + 2).

72. The GCF of 6n 4 − 18n3 + 12n 2 is 6n 2 ⇒ 6n 2 (n2 − 3n + 2). Factors of 2 with sum of −3 are −2 and

−1 ⇒ 6n 2 (n 2 − 3n + 2) ⇒ 6n 2 (n − 2)(n − 1).

73. The GCF of −3x 4 + 3x3 + 6 x 2 is −3x 2 ⇒ −3 x 2 ( x 2 − x − 2). Factors of –2 with sum of −1 are −2 and

1 ⇒ −3 x 2 ( x 2 − x − 2) ⇒ −3 x 2 ( x − 2)( x + 1).

74. The GCF of −5 y 4 + 25 y 3 − 30 y 2 is −5 y 2 ⇒ −5 y 2 ( y 2 − 5 y + 6). Factors of 6 with sum of −5 are −3

and −2 ⇒ −5 y 2 ( y 2 − 5 y + 6) ⇒ −5 y 2 ( y − 2)( y − 3).

75. 5 + 6 x + x 2 in standard form is x 2 + 6 x + 5 and factors of 5 with a sum of 6 ⇒ 1, 5 ⇒ ( x + 5 )( x + 1).

76. 8 + 6 x + x 2 in standard form is x 2 + 6 x + 8 and factors of 8 with a sum of 6 ⇒ 2, 4 ⇒

( x + 2 )( x + 4 ).
77. 3 − 4 x + x 2 in standard form is x 2 − 4 x + 3 and factors of 3 with a sum of − 4 ⇒ −1, − 3 ⇒

( x − 1)( x − 3).
78. 10 − 7 x + x 2 in standard form is x 2 − 7 x + 10 and factors of 10 with a sum of − 7 ⇒ −2, − 5 ⇒

( x − 2 )( x − 5 ).
79. Using the hint, the answer will be in the form ( m − x )( n + x ) . We need to find m and n. Factors of

12 with a difference of 4 are 6 and 2 ⇒ 12 + 4 x − x 2 = ( 6 − x )( 2 + x ) .

80. Factors of 28 with a difference of 3 are 7 and 4 ⇒ 28 + 3x − x 2 = ( 7 − x )( 4 + x ) .

81. Factors of 32 with a difference of −4 are 8 and 4 ⇒ 32 − 4 x − x 2 = (8 + x )( 4 − x ) .

82. Factors of 40 with a difference of −3 are 8 and 5 ⇒ 40 − 3x − x 2 = (8 + x )(5 − x ).

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306 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

83. Factors of k with a sum of k + 1 are k and 1 ⇒ x 2 + (k + 1) x + k ⇒ ( x + 1)( x + k ).

84. Factors of −2k with a sum of k − 2 are −2 and k ⇒ x 2 + (k − 2) x − 2k ⇒ ( x − 2)( x + k ).

85. x 2 + 2 x + 1 ⇒ ( x + 1)( x + 1) ⇒ L ⋅ W = x 2 + 2 x + 1 ⇒ L = x + 1. See Figure 85.

86. x 2 + 6 x + 9 ⇒ ( x + 3)( x + 3) ⇒ L ⋅ W = x 2 + 6 x + 9 ⇒ L = x + 3. See Figure 86.

Figure 85 Figure 86 Figure 87 Figure 88

87. x 2 + 3 x + 2 = ( x + 2 )( x + 1) = L ⋅ W ⇒ L = x + 2 or x + 1. See Figure 87.

88. x 2 + 9 x + 8 = ( x + 8 )( x + 1) = L ⋅ W ⇒ L = x + 8 or x + 1. See Figure 88.

89. 6 x 2 + 12 x + 6 divided by 6 ( for 6 surfaces ) = x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( x + 1)( x + 1) ⇒ each side is x + 1.

90. 6 x 2 + 36 x + 54 divided by 6 ( for 6 surfaces ) = x 2 + 6 x + 9 = ( x + 3)( x + 3 ) ⇒ each side is x + 3.

91. Add the four regions: x 2 + 2 x + 6 x + 12 = x 2 + 8 x + 12 = ( x + 2 )( x + 6 ).

92. Add the four regions: x 2 + 4 x + 4 x + 16 = x 2 + 8 x + 16 = ( x + 4 )( x + 4 ) .

Checking Basic Concepts Sections 6.1 and 6.2

1. 8 x3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x and 12 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ x and 24 x = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⇒ GCF = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x = 4 x.

2. GCF of 12 z 3 and 18 z 2 is 6 z 2 ⇒ 6 z 2 ( 2 z − 3) .

3. (a) 6 y ( y − 2 ) + 5 ( y − 2 ) = ( 6 y + 5)( y − 2 )

(b) (2 x 3
) ( )
+ x 2 + (10 x + 5) = x 2 ( 2 x + 1) + 5 ( 2 x + 1) = x 2 + 5 ( 2 x + 1)

(c) GCF is 4 ⇒ 4 z 3 − 12 z 2 + 4 z − 12 ⇒ 4( z 3 − 3z 2 + z − 3) ⇒ 4[( z 3 − 3z 2 ) + ( z − 3)] ⇒

4[ z 2 ( z − 3) + 1( z − 3)] ⇒ 4( z 2 + 1)( z − 3)

4. (a) Factors of 8 with a sum of 6 are 2 and 4 ⇒ ( x + 2 )( x + 4 ).

(b) Factors of −42 with a sum of −1 are −7 and 6 ⇒ ( x − 7 )( x + 6 ).

(c) The factors of −5 are 1, −5 and −1, 5 but neither of these pairs has sum 3. The polynomial

a 2 + 3a − 5 is prime.

(d) The GCF of 4a 3 + 20a 2 + 24a is 4a ⇒ 4a(a 2 + 5a + 6) ⇒ 4a ( a + 2 )( a + 3)

5. x 2 + 5 x + 5 x + 25 ⇒ x 2 + 10 x + 25 ⇒ ( x + 5 )( x + 5 )

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Section 6.3: Factoring Trinomials II (ax2+bx+c) 307

Section 6.3 Factoring Trinomials II (ax2+bx+c)

1. ac; b

2. ax 2 ; c

3. By ax 2 + bx + c, if a > 0, b > 0 and c > 0 then: + ; +

4. By ax 2 + bx + c, if c < 0 then: + ; − or − ; + with + ; − working by FOIL.

5. By ax 2 + bx + c, if a > 0, b < 0 and c > 0 then: − ; −

6. By ax 2 + bx + c, if c < 0 then: + ; − or − ; + with − ; + working by FOIL.

7. If ( 4 x + a )(b + 2 ) = 4 x 2 + 11x + 6, then by FOIL: 4 x ⋅ b = 4 x 2 ⇒ b = x and a ⋅ 2 = 6 ⇒ a = 3.

8. If ( a − 2 )(b + 3) = 4 x 2 − 5 x − 6, then by FOIL: a ⋅ b = 4 x 2 and − 2b + 3a = −5 x. If a = x, then

b = 4 x and − 2 ⋅ 4 x + 3 x = −5 x .

9. If ( 2 x − a )( 2 x + b ) = 4 x 2 + 4 x − 3, then by FOIL: -a ⋅ b = −3 ⇒ ab = 3 and − 2ax + 2bx = 4 x.

If a = 1, then b = 3 and − 2 x + 6 x = 4 x .

10. If ( 2 x − a )(b − 3) = 4 x 2 − 8 x + 3, then by FOIL: 2 x ⋅ b = 4 x 2 ⇒ b = 2 x and − a ⋅ ( −3) = 3 ⇒ a = 1.

11. If ( a + 7 )( 2 x − b ) = 6 x 2 + 11x − 7, then by FOIL: 2 x ⋅ a = 6 x 2 ⇒ a = 3x and − b ⋅ ( 7 ) = −7 ⇒ b = 1.

12. If ( a − 7 )(b − 4) = 6 x 2 − 31x + 28, then by FOIL: a ⋅ b = 6 x 2 and − 4a − 7b = −31x . If a = 6 x then

b = x and we have −4(6 x) − 7( x) = −24 x − 7 x = −31x . Therefore, a = 6 x and b = x

13. If (3x − a )( 2 x + b ) = 6 x 2 − x − 15, then by FOIL: − a ⋅ b = −15 ⇒ a ⋅ b = 15 and − 2xa +3xb = − x

If a = 5 then b = 3 and we have −2x(5)+3x(3) = −10 x + 9 x = − x . Therefore, a = 5 and b = 3

14. If ( a − 5 )( x − b ) = 6 x 2 − 53 x + 40, then by FOIL: x ⋅ a = 6 x 2 ⇒ a = 6 x and 5 ⋅ (b ) = 40 ⇒ b = 8.

15. Using factoring by grouping: For 2 x 2 + 7 x + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 2 ⋅ 3 = 6 and m + n = b = 7 ⇒

m = 6, n = 1 ⇒ 2 x 2 + 6 x + x + 3 ⇒ 2 x ( x + 3) + ( x + 3) ⇒ ( 2 x + 1)( x + 3).

16. Using factoring by grouping: For 2 x 2 + 3 x + 1, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 2 ⋅ 1 = 2 and m + n = b = 3 ⇒

m = 2, n = 1 ⇒ 2 x 2 + 2 x + x + 1 ⇒ 2 x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) ⇒ ( 2 x + 1)( x + 1) .

17. To factor 3 y 2 + 2 y + 4, find numbers m and n such that mn = 3 ⋅ 4 = 12 and m + n = 2. Because no

such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.

18. To factor 2 y 2 + 5 y + 1, find numbers m and n such that mn = 2 ⋅ 1 = 2 and m + n = 5. Because no

such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.

19. Using factoring by grouping: For 3x 2 + 4 x + 1, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 3 ⋅ 1 = 3 and m + n = b = 4 ⇒

m = 3, n = 1 ⇒ 3x 2 + 3x + x + 1 ⇒ 3x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) ⇒ (3x + 1)( x + 1) .

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308 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

20. Using factoring by grouping: For 3x 2 + 10 x + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 3 ⋅ 3 = 9 and m + n = b = 10 ⇒

m = 9, n = 1 ⇒ 3 x 2 + 9 x + x + 3 ⇒ 3 x ( x + 3) + ( x + 3) ⇒ (3 x + 1)( x + 3) .

21. Using factoring by grouping: For 6 x 2 + 11x + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 6 ⋅ 3 = 18 and m + n = b = 11 ⇒

m = 9, n = 2 ⇒ 6 x 2 + 9 x + 2 x + 3 ⇒ 3x ( 2 x + 3) + ( 2 x + 3) ⇒ (3x + 1)( 2 x + 3).

22. Using factoring by grouping: For 6 x 2 + 17 x + 5, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 6 ⋅ 5 = 30 and m + n = b = 17 ⇒

m = 15, n = 2 ⇒ 6 x 2 + 15 x + 2 x + 5 ⇒ 3x ( 2 x + 5 ) + ( 2 x + 5 ) ⇒ (3x + 1)( 2 x + 5 ) .

23. Using factoring by grouping: For 5 x 2 − 11x + 2, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 5 ⋅ 2 = 10 and m + n = b = −11 ⇒

m = −10, n = −1 ⇒ 5 x 2 − 10 x − x + 2 ⇒ 5 x ( x − 2 ) − ( x − 2 ) ⇒ (5 x − 1)( x − 2 ).

24. Using factoring by grouping: For 7 x 2 − 8 x + 1, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 7 ⋅ 1 = 7 and m + n = b = −8 ⇒

m = −7, n = −1 ⇒ 7 x 2 − 7 x − x + 1 ⇒ 7 x ( x − 1) − ( x − 1) ⇒ ( 7 x − 1)( x − 1) .

25. Using factoring by grouping: For 2 y 2 − 7 y + 5, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 2 ⋅ 5 = 10 and m + n = b = −7 ⇒

m = −5, n = −2 ⇒ 2 y 2 − 5 y − 2 y + 5 ⇒ y ( 2 y − 5 ) − ( 2 y − 5 ) ⇒ ( y − 1)( 2 y − 5) .

26. Using factoring by grouping: For 2 y 2 − 11y + 12, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 2 ⋅ 12 = 24 and m + n = b = −11 ⇒

m = −8, n = −3 ⇒ 2 y 2 − 8 y − 3 y + 12 ⇒ 2 y ( y − 4 ) − 3 ( y − 4 ) ⇒ ( 2 y − 3)( y − 4 ).

27. To factor 3m 2 − 11m − 6, find numbers m and n such that mn = 3(−6) = −18 and m + n = −11.
Because no such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.

28. To factor 5m 2 − 7m − 2, find numbers m and n such that mn = 5(−2) = −10 and m + n = −7. Because
no such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.

29. Using factoring by grouping: For 7 z 2 − 37 z + 10, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 7 ⋅ 10 = 70 and m + n = b = −37 ⇒

m = −35, n = −2 ⇒ 7 z 2 − 35 z − 2 z + 10 ⇒ 7 z ( z − 5 ) − 2 ( z − 5) ⇒ ( 7 z − 2 )( z − 5 ) .

30. Using factoring by grouping: For 3z 2 − 11z + 6, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 3 ⋅ 6 = 18 and m + n = b = −11 ⇒

m = −9, n = −2 ⇒ 3z 2 − 9 z − 2 z + 6 ⇒ 3 z ( z − 3) − 2 ( z − 3) ⇒ (3z − 2 )( z − 3) .

31. Using factoring by grouping: For 3t 2 − 7t − 6, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 3 ⋅ ( −6 ) = −18 and m + n = b = −7 ⇒

m = −9, n = 2 ⇒ 3t 2 − 9t + 2t − 6 ⇒ 3t (t − 3) + 2 (t − 3) ⇒ (3t + 2 )(t − 3) .

32. Using factoring by grouping: For 8t 2 − 6t − 9, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 8 ⋅ (−9) = −72 and m + n = b = −6 ⇒

m = −12, n = 6 ⇒ 8t 2 − 12t + 6t − 9 ⇒ 4t (2t − 3) + 3(2t − 3) ⇒ (4t + 3)(2t − 3).

33. Using factoring by grouping: For 15r 2 + r − 6, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 15 ⋅ (−6) = −90 and m + n = b = 1 ⇒

m = 10, n = −9 ⇒ 15r 2 + 10r − 9r − 6 ⇒ 5r (3r + 2 ) − 3 (3r + 2 ) ⇒ (5r − 3)(3r + 2 ) .

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 6.3: Factoring Trinomials II (ax2+bx+c) 309

34. Using factoring by grouping: For 12r 2 + r − 6, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 12 ⋅ ( −6 ) = −72 and m + n = b = 1 ⇒

m = 9, n = −8 ⇒ 12r 2 + 9r − 8r − 6 ⇒ 3r ( 4r + 3) − 2 ( 4r + 3) ⇒ (3r − 2 )( 4r + 3).

35. Using factoring by grouping: For 24 m 2 − 23m − 12, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 24 ⋅ ( −12 ) = −288

and m + n = b = −23 ⇒ m = −32, n = 9 ⇒ 24 m 2 − 32m + 9m − 12 ⇒

8m (3m − 4 ) + 3 (3m − 4 ) ⇒ (8m + 3)(3m − 4 ).

36. Using factoring by grouping: For 24m 2 + 29m − 4, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 24 ⋅ ( −4 ) = −96

and m + n = b = 29 ⇒ m = 32, n = −3 ⇒ 24m 2 + 32m − 3m − 4 ⇒

8m (3m + 4 ) − 1(3m + 4 ) ⇒ (8m − 1)(3m + 4 ) .

37. Using factoring by grouping: For 25 x 2 + 5 x − 2, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 25 ⋅ ( −2 ) = −50 and m + n = b = 5 ⇒

m = 10, n = −5 ⇒ 25 x 2 + 10 x − 5 x − 2 ⇒ 5 x (5 x + 2 ) − (5 x + 2 ) ⇒ (5 x − 1)(5 x + 2 ) .

38. Using factoring by grouping: For 30 x 2 + 7 x − 2, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 30 ⋅ ( −2 ) = −60 and m + n = b = 7 ⇒

m = 12, n = −5 ⇒ 30 x 2 + 12 x − 5 x − 2 ⇒ 6 x (5 x + 2 ) − (5 x + 2 ) ⇒ ( 6 x − 1)(5 x + 2 ) .

39. Using factoring by grouping: For 6 x 2 + 11x − 2, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 6 ⋅ ( −2 ) = −12 and m + n = b = 11 ⇒

m = 12, n = −1 ⇒ 6 x 2 + 12 x − x − 2 ⇒ 6 x ( x + 2 ) − ( x + 2 ) ⇒ ( 6 x − 1)( x + 2 ) .

40. Using factoring by grouping: For 12 x 2 + 28 x − 5, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 12 ⋅ ( −5 ) = −60

and m + n = b = 28 ⇒ m = 30, n = −2 ⇒ 12 x 2 + 30 x − 2 x − 5 ⇒

6 x ( 2 x + 5 ) − ( 2 x + 5 ) ⇒ ( 6 x − 1)( 2 x + 5 ).

41. To factor 15 y 2 − 7 y + 2, find numbers m and n such that mn = 15 ⋅ 2 = 30 and m + n = −7. Because
no such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.

42. To factor 14 y 2 − 5 y + 1, find numbers m and n such that mn = 14 ⋅1 = 14 and m + n = −5. Because no
such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.

43. Using factoring by grouping: For 21n2 + 4n − 1, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 21⋅ ( −1) = −21 and m + n = b = 4 ⇒

m = 7, n = −3 ⇒ 21n 2 + 7n − 3n − 1 ⇒ 7n (3n + 1) − (3n + 1) ⇒ ( 7n − 1)(3n + 1) .

44. Using factoring by grouping: For 21n2 + 10n + 1, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 21 ⋅1 = 21 and m + n = b = 10 ⇒

m = 7, n = 3 ⇒ 21n 2 + 7n + 3n + 1 ⇒ 7n (3n + 1) + (3n + 1) ⇒ ( 7n + 1)(3n + 1).

45. Using factoring by grouping: For 14 y 2 + 23 y + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 14 ⋅ 3 = 42 and m + n = b = 23 ⇒

m = 21, n = 2 ⇒ 14 y 2 + 21y + 2 y + 3 ⇒ 7 y ( 2 y + 3) + ( 2 y + 3) ⇒ ( 7 y + 1)( 2 y + 3) .

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310 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

46. Using factoring by grouping: For 28 y 2 + 25 y + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 28 ⋅ 3 = 84 and m + n = b = 25 ⇒

m = 21, n = 4 ⇒ 28 y 2 + 21 y + 4 y + 3 ⇒ 7 y ( 4 y + 3) + ( 4 y + 3) ⇒ ( 7 y + 1)( 4 y + 3) .

47. Using factoring by grouping: For 28 z 2 − 25 z + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 28 ⋅ 3 = 84 and m + n = b = −25 ⇒

m = −21, n = −4 ⇒ 28 z 2 − 21z − 4 z + 3 ⇒ 7 z ( 4 z − 3) − ( 4 z − 3) ⇒ ( 7 z − 1)( 4 z − 3) .

48. Using factoring by grouping: For 15 z 2 − 19 z + 6, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 15 ⋅ 6 = 90 and m + n = b = −19 ⇒

m = −10, n = −9 ⇒ 15 z 2 − 10 z − 9 z + 6 ⇒ 5 z (3z − 2 ) − 3 (3 z − 2 ) ⇒ (5 z − 3)(3z − 2 ).

49. Using factoring by grouping: For 30 x 2 − 29 x + 6, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 30 ⋅ 6 = 180 and m + n = b = −29 ⇒

m = −20, n = −9 ⇒ 30 x 2 − 20 x − 9 x + 6 ⇒ 10 x (3x − 2 ) − 3 (3x − 2 ) ⇒ (10 x − 3)(3x − 2 ) .

50. Using factoring by grouping: For 50 x 2 − 55 x + 12, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 50 ⋅12 = 600 and m + n = b = −55 ⇒

m = −40, n = −15 ⇒ 50 x 2 − 40 x − 15 x + 12 ⇒ 10 x (5 x − 4 ) − 3 (5 x − 4 ) ⇒ (10 x − 3)(5 x − 4 ).

51. To factor 20a 2 + 18a − 5, find numbers m and n such that mn = 20(−5) = −100 and m + n = 18.
Because no such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.

52. To factor 40a 2 + 21a − 2, find numbers m and n such that mn = 40(−2) = −80 and m + n = 21.
Because no such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.

53. Using factoring by grouping: For 18t 2 + 23t − 6, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 18 ⋅ ( −6 ) = −108 and m + n = b = 23 ⇒

m = 27, n = −4 ⇒ 18t 2 + 27t − 4t − 6 ⇒ 9t ( 2t + 3) − 2 ( 2t + 3) ⇒ (9t − 2 )( 2t + 3) .

54. Using factoring by grouping: For 33t 2 + 7t − 10, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 33 ⋅ ( −10 ) = −330 and m + n = b = 7 ⇒

m = 22, n = −15 ⇒ 33t 2 + 22t − 15t − 10 ⇒ 11t (3t + 2 ) − 5 (3t + 2 ) ⇒ (11t − 5 )(3t + 2 ).

55. The GCF of 12a 2 + 12a − 9 is 3 ⇒ 3(4a 2 + 4a − 3). Now use factoring by grouping: For

4a 2 + 4a − 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 4(−3) = −12 and m + n = b = 4 ⇒ m = 6, n = −2 ⇒ 3(4a 2 + 4a − 3)

⇒ 3[(4a 2 + 6a) + (−2a − 3)] ⇒ 3[2a(2a + 3) − 1(2a + 3)] ⇒ 3(2a − 1)(2a + 3).

56. The GCF of 21b 2 − 14b − 56 is 7 ⇒ 7(3b 2 − 2b − 8). Now use factoring by grouping: For

3b2 − 2b − 8, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 3(−8) = −24 and m + n = b = −2 ⇒ m = −6, n = 4 ⇒

7(3b 2 − 2b − 8) ⇒ 7[(3b 2 − 6b) + (4b − 8)] ⇒ 7 [3b(b − 2) + 4(b − 2)] ⇒ 7 (3b + 4)(b − 2).

57. The GCF of 12 y 3 − 11y 2 + 2 y is y ⇒ y (12 y 2 − 11 y + 2). Now use factoring by grouping: For

12 y 2 − 11y + 2, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 12 ⋅ 2 = 24 and m + n = b = −11 ⇒ m = −3, n = −8 ⇒

y (12 y 2 − 11y + 2) ⇒ y [(12 y 2 − 3 y ) + (−8 y + 2)] ⇒ y [3 y (4 y − 1) − 2(4 y − 1)] ⇒ y (3 y − 2)(4 y − 1).

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 6.3: Factoring Trinomials II (ax2+bx+c) 311

58. The GCF of 10 z 3 + 19 z 2 + 6 z is z ⇒ z (10 z 2 + 19 z + 6). Now use factoring by grouping: For

10 z 2 + 19 z + 6, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 10 ⋅ 6 = 60 and m + n = b = 19 ⇒ m = 4, n = 15 ⇒

z (10 z 2 + 19 z + 6) ⇒ z [(10 z 2 + 4 z ) + (15 z + 6)] ⇒ z [2 z (5 z + 2) + 3(5 z + 2)] ⇒ z (2 z + 3)(5 z + 2).

59. The GCF of 24 x3 − 30 x 2 + 9 x is 3x ⇒ 3x (8 x 2 − 10 x + 3). Now use factoring by grouping: For

8 x 2 − 10 x + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 8 ⋅ 3 = 24 and m + n = b = −10 ⇒ m = −6, n = −4 ⇒

3x (8 x 2 − 10 x + 3) ⇒ 3 x [(8 x 2 − 6 x) + (−4 x + 3)] ⇒ 3 x [2 x (4 x − 3) − 1(4 x − 3)] ⇒ 3 x (2 x − 1)(4 x − 3).

60. The GCF of 8 y 3 − 16 y 2 + 6 y is 2 y ⇒ 2 y (4 y 2 − 8 y + 3). Now use factoring by grouping: For

4 y 2 − 8 y + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 4 ⋅ 3 = 12 and m + n = b = −8 ⇒ m = −2, n = −6 ⇒

2 y (4 y 2 − 8 y + 3) ⇒ 2 y[(4 y 2 − 2 y ) + (−6 y + 3)] ⇒ 2 y[2 y (2 y − 1) − 3(2 y − 1)] ⇒ 2 y (2 y − 3)(2 y − 1).

61. The GCF of 8 x 4 − 6 x3 + 2 x 2 is 2 x 2 ⇒ 2 x 2 (4 x 2 − 3 x + 1). Now use factoring by grouping: For

4 x 2 − 3x + 1, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 4 ⋅1 = 4 and m + n = b = −3, but no such m and n exist. Thus 4 x 2 − 3x + 1

is prime, and the factored form of the original polynomial is 2 x 2 (4 x 2 − 3x + 1).

62. The GCF of 10 y 3 + 15 y 2 − 5 y is 5 y ⇒ 5 y (2 y 2 + 3 y − 1). Now use factoring by grouping: For

2 y 2 + 3 y − 1, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 2( −1) = −2 and m + n = b = 3, but no such m and n exist. Thus

2 y 2 + 3 y − 1 is prime and the factored form of the original polynomial is 5 y (2 y 2 + 3 y − 1).

63. The GCF of 28 x 4 + 56 x 3 + 21x 2 is 7 x 2 ⇒ 7 x 2 (4 x 2 + 8 x + 3). Now use factoring by grouping: For

4 x 2 + 8 x + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 4 ⋅ 3 = 12 and m + n = b = 8 ⇒ m = 2, n = 6 ⇒ 7 x 2 (4 x 2 + 8 x + 3) ⇒

7 x 2 [(4 x 2 + 2 x) + (6 x + 3)] ⇒ 7 x 2 [2 x(2 x + 1) + 3(2 x + 1)] ⇒ 7 x 2 (2 x + 3)(2 x + 1).

64. The GCF of 20 y 4 + 42 y 3 − 20 y 2 is 2 y 2 ⇒ 2 y 2 (10 y 2 + 21y − 10). Now use factoring by grouping:

For 10 y 2 + 21 y − 10, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 10(−10) = −100 and m + n = b = 21 ⇒ m = 25, n = −4

⇒ 2 y 2 (10 y 2 + 21 y − 10) ⇒ 2 y 2 [(10 y 2 + 25 y ) + (−4 y − 10)]

⇒ 2 y 2 [5 y (2 y + 5) − 2(2 y + 5)] ⇒ 2 y 2 (5 y − 2)(2 y + 5).

65. Find numbers m and n such that m ⋅ n = 3k and m + n = 3k + 1 ⇒ m = 3k , n = 1 ⇒ 3 x 2 + (3k + 1) x + k

⇒ (3x 2 + 3kx) + ( x + k ) ⇒ 3x( x + k ) + 1( x + k ) ⇒ (3x + 1)( x + k ).

66. Find numbers m and n such that m ⋅ n = 3 ( −2k ) = −6k and m + n = 3k − 2 ⇒ m = 3k , n = −2 ⇒

3x 2 + (3k − 2) x − 2k ⇒ (3x 2 + 3kx) + (−2 x − 2k ) ⇒ 3 x ( x + k ) − 2( x + k ) ⇒ (3 x − 2)( x + k ).

67. Put 2 + 15 x + 7 x 2 in standard form 7 x 2 + 15 x + 2, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 7 ⋅ 2 = 14 and m + n = b = 15 ⇒

m = 14, n = 1 ⇒ 7 x 2 + 14 x + x + 2 ⇒ 7 x ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 2 ) ⇒ ( 7 x + 1)( x + 2 ).

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312 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

68. Put 3 + 16 x + 5 x 2 in standard form 5 x 2 + 16 x + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 5 ⋅ 3 = 15 and m + n = b = 16 ⇒

m = 15, n = 1 ⇒ 5 x 2 + 15 x + x + 3 ⇒ 5 x( x + 3) + ( x + 3) ⇒ (5 x + 1)( x + 3).

69. Put 2 − 5 x + 2 x 2 in standard form 2 x 2 − 5 x + 2, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 2 ⋅ 2 = 4 and m + n = b = −5 ⇒

m = −4, n = −1 ⇒ 2 x 2 − 4 x − x + 2 ⇒ 2 x( x − 2) − ( x − 2) ⇒ (2 x − 1)( x − 2).

70. Put 5 − 6 x + x 2 in standard form x 2 − 6 x + 5, factors of 5 that add to equal − 6

are − 5, − 1 ⇒ (x − 5)( x − 1).

71. Put 3 − 2 x − 8 x 2 in standard form − 8 x 2 − 2 x + 3 = −(8 x 2 + 2 x − 3), m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 8 ⋅ (−3) = −24 and

m + n = b = 2 ⇒ m = 6, n = −4 ⇒ − (8 x 2 + 6 x − 4 x − 3) ⇒ −[2 x(4 x + 3) − (4 x + 3)] ⇒

− (2 x − 1)(4 x + 3)

72. Put 5 − 3x − 2 x 2 in standard form − 2 x 2 − 3x + 5 = −(2 x 2 + 3x − 5), m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 2 ⋅ (−5) = −10 and

m + n = b = 3 ⇒ m = 5, n = −2 ⇒ −(2 x 2 + 5 x − 2 x − 5) ⇒ −[ x (2 x + 5) − (2 x + 5)] ⇒ −( x − 1)(2 x + 5).

( )
73. −2 x 2 − 7 x + 15 = − 2 x 2 + 7 x − 15 , m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 2 ⋅ ( −15 ) = −30 and m + n = b = 7 ⇒

( )
m = 10, n = −3 ⇒ − 2 x 2 + 10 x − 3x − 15 ⇒ − ⎡⎣ 2 x ( x + 5 ) − 3 ( x + 5)⎤⎦ ⇒ − ( 2 x − 3)( x + 5 ) .

( )
74. −5 x 2 − 19 x + 4 = − 5 x 2 + 19 x − 4 , m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 5 ⋅ ( −4 ) = −20 and m + n = b = 19 ⇒

( )
m = 20, n = −1 ⇒ − 5 x 2 + 20 x − x − 4 ⇒ − ⎡⎣5 x ( x + 4 ) − ( x + 4 )⎤⎦ ⇒ − (5 x − 1)( x + 4 ) .

( )
75. −5 x 2 + 14 x + 3 = − 5 x 2 − 14 x − 3 , m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 5 ⋅ ( −3) = −15 and m + n = b = −14 ⇒

( )
m = −15, n = 1 ⇒ − 5 x 2 − 15 x + x − 3 ⇒ − ⎡⎣5 x ( x − 3) + ( x − 3)⎤⎦ ⇒ − (5 x + 1)( x − 3) .

( )
76. −6 x 2 + 17 x + 14 = − 6 x 2 − 17 x − 14 , m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 6 ⋅ ( −14 ) = −84 and m + n = b = −17 ⇒

( )
m = −21, n = 4 ⇒ − 6 x 2 − 21x + 4 x − 14 ⇒ − ⎡⎣3x ( 2 x − 7 ) + 2 ( 2 x − 7 )⎤⎦ ⇒ − (3x + 2 )( 2 x − 7 ) .

77. 6 x 2 + 7 x + 2, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 6 ⋅ 2 = 12 and m + n = b = 7 ⇒ m = 4, n = 3 ⇒

(6 x 2
)
+ 4 x + 3 x + 2 ⇒ 2 x (3 x + 2 ) + (3 x + 2 ) ⇒ ( 2 x + 1)(3x + 2 ). See Figure 77.

Figure 77 Figure 78

78. 2 x 2 + 5 x + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ b = 2 ⋅ 3 = 6 and m + n = b = 5 ⇒ m = 3, n = 2 ⇒

2 x 2 + 3 x + 2 x + 3 = x ( 2 x + 3) + ( 2 x + 3) ⇒ ( x + 1)( 2 x + 3). See Figure 78.

79. (2 x 2
)
+ 6 x + x + 3 ⇒ 2 x ( x + 3) + ( x + 3) ⇒ ( 2 x + 1)( x + 3) .

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Section 6.4: Special Types of Factoring 313

80. (3 x 2
)
+ 6 x + 2 x + 4 ⇒ 3x ( x + 2 ) + 2 ( x + 2 ) ⇒ (3x + 2 )( x + 2 ).

Group Activity Working With Real Data

(a) For 1993, x = 0 and N = −2(0) 2 + 76(0) + 430 = 430.

For 1997, x = 4 and N = −2(4)2 + 76(4) + 430 = 702.

For 2001, x = 8 and N = −2(8)2 + 76(8) + 430 = 910.

For 2005, x = 12 and N = −2(12) 2 + 76(12) + 430 = 1054.

For 2009, x = 16 and N = −2(16)2 + 76(16) + 430 = 1134.

(b) The values generated by the equation are reasonable but not exact.

(c) The GCF is −2 ⇒ −2( x 2 − 38 x − 215). Find m and n such that m ⋅ n = −215 and

m + n = −38 ⇒ m = 5, n = −43 ⇒ −2( x 2 − 38 x − 215) ⇒ −2[( x 2 + 5 x) + (−43x − 215)]

⇒ −2 ⎡⎣ x ( x + 5) − 43 ( x + 5)⎤⎦ ⇒ −2 ( x − 43)( x + 5 ) .

(d) For 1993, x = 0 and N = −2(0 − 43)(0 + 5) = −2(−43)(5) = 430.

For 1997, x = 4 and N = −2(4 − 43)(4 + 5) = −2(−39)(9) = 702.

For 2001, x = 8 and N = −2(8 − 43)(8 + 5) = −2(−35)(13) = 910.

For 2005, x = 12 and N = −2(12 − 43)(12 + 5) = −2(−31)(17) = 1054.

For 2009, x = 16 and N = −2(16 − 43)(16 + 5) = −2(−27)(21) = 1134. The answers agree.

Section 6.4 Special Types of Factoring

1. ( a − b )( a + b )
2. 36 x 2 − 49 y 2 = ( 6 x ) − ( 7 y ) ⇒ a = 6 x and b = 7 y.
2 2

3. False
4. False

5. a 2 + 2ab + b 2 = ( a + b )
2

6. a 2 − 2ab + b 2 = ( a − b )
2

7. ( x + 3)2 = x 2 + 6 x + 9 ⇒ 6x

8. a 2 − 2ab + b 2 = ( a − b ) ⇒ 4r 2 = ( 2r ) and 25t 2 = (5t ) and so 2ab = 2 ( 2r )(5t ) = 20rt.

2 2 2

(
9. a 3 + b3 = ( a + b ) a 2 − ab + b 2 )

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314 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

(
10. a 3 − b3 = ( a − b ) a 2 + ab + b2 )
11. 8 x3 + 27 y 3 = ( 2 x ) + (3 y ) ⇒ a = 2 x and b = 3 y.
3 3

12. x, 1

13. y 3 − 8 = ( y − 2 )( y + 2 y + 4 ) ⇒ −; +

14. 64 z 3 + 27 = ( 4 z ) + 33 so ( 4 z + 3) 16 z 2 − 12 z + 9 ⇒ +; −
3
( )
15. x 2 − 1 = ( x ) − (1) ⇒ ( x − 1)( x + 1)
2 2

16. x 2 − 16 = ( x ) − ( 4 ) ⇒ ( x − 4 )( x + 4 )
2 2

17. z 2 − 100 = ( z ) − (10 ) ⇒ ( z − 10 )( z + 10 )

2 2

18. z 2 − 81 = ( z ) − (9 ) ⇒ ( z − 9 )( z + 9 )
2 2

19. 4 y 2 − 1 = ( 2 y ) − (1) ⇒ ( 2 y − 1)( 2 y + 1)

2 2

20. 9 y 2 − 16 = (3 y ) − ( 4 ) ⇒ (3 y − 4 )(3 y + 4 )
2 2

21. 36 z 2 − 25 = ( 6 z ) − (5 ) ⇒ ( 6 z − 5 )( 6 z + 5 )
2 2

22. 49 z 2 − 64 = ( 7 z ) − (8 ) ⇒ ( 7 z − 8)( 7 z + 8)
2 2

23. 9 − x 2 = (3) − ( x ) ⇒ (3 − x )(3 + x )

2 2

24. 25 − x 2 = (5 ) − ( x ) ⇒ (5 − x )(5 + x )
2 2

25. 1 − 9 y 2 = (1) − (3 y ) ⇒ (1 − 3 y )(1 + 3 y )

2 2

26. 49 − 16 y 2 = ( 7 ) − ( 4 y ) ⇒ ( 7 − 4 y )( 7 + 4 y )
2 2

27. 4a 2 − 9b2 = ( 2a ) − (3b ) ⇒ ( 2a − 3b )( 2a + 3b )

2 2

28. 16a 2 − b 2 = ( 4a ) − (b ) ⇒ ( 4a − b )( 4a + b )
2 2

29. 36m 2 − 25n 2 = ( 6m ) − (5n ) ⇒ ( 6m − 5n )( 6m + 5n )

2 2

30. 49m 2 − 100n 2 = ( 7m ) − (10n ) ⇒ ( 7m − 10n )( 7m + 10n )

2 2

31. 81r 2 − 49t 2 = (9r ) − ( 7t ) ⇒ (9r − 7t )(9r + 7t )

2 2

32. 625r 2 − 121t 2 = ( 25r ) − (11t ) ⇒ ( 25r − 11t )( 25r + 11t )

2 2

33. x 2 + 8 x + 16 is a perfect square trinomial,

a 2 = x 2 so a = x, b 2 = 4 2 so b = 4, 2ab = 8 x, the middle term ⇒ ( a + b )2 ⇒ ( x + 4) .

2

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Section 6.4: Special Types of Factoring 315

34. x 2 + 4 x + 4 is a perfect square trinomial,

a 2 = x 2 so a = x, b 2 = 22 so b = 2, 2ab = 4 x, the middle term ⇒ ( a + b ) ⇒ ( x + 2 ) .

2 2

35. z 2 + 12 z + 25 is not a perfect square trinomial because

a 2 = z 2 so a = z , b 2 = 52 so b = 5, 2ab = 10 z ≠ 12 z , the middle term and also, FOIL does not work,
therefore: Not possible.

36. z 2 − 18 z + 36 is not a perfect square trinomial because a 2 = z 2 so a = z , b 2 = 62 so b = 6,

2ab = 12 z ≠ −18 z , the middle term and also, FOIL does not work, therefore: Not possible.

37. x 2 − 6 x + 9 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = x 2 so a = x, b 2 = ( ±3 ) so b = ±3, using b = −3,

2

2ab = −6 x, the middle term ⇒ ( a + b ) ⇒ ( x − 3) .

2 2

38. x 2 − 10 x + 25 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = x 2 so a = x, b 2 = ( ±5 ) so b = ±5, using b = −5,

2

2ab = −10 x, the middle term ⇒ ( a + b ) ⇒ ( x − 5 ) .

2 2

39. 9 y 2 + 6 y + 1 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = (3 y ) so a = 3 y, b2 = 12 so b = 1, 2ab = 6 y,

2

the middle term ⇒ ( a + b )2 ⇒ (3 y + 1) .

2

40. 16 y 2 + 8 y + 1 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = ( 4 y ) so a = 4 y, b 2 = 12 so b = 1, 2ab = 8 y,

2

the middle term ⇒ (a + b)2 ⇒ (4 y + 1)2 .

41. 4 z 2 − 4 z + 1 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = (2 z )2 so a = 2 z , b 2 = (±1) 2 so b = ±1,

using b = −1, 2ab = −4 z , the middle term ⇒ (a + b) 2 ⇒ (2 z − 1)2 .

42. 25 z 2 − 12 z + 1 is not a perfect square trinomial because a 2 = (5 z ) 2 so a = 5 z , b 2 = (±1)2

so b = ±1, 2ab = ±10 z ≠ −12 z , the middle term and also, FOIL does not work, therefore:
Not possible.

43. 9t 2 + 16t + 4 is not a perfect square trinomial because a 2 = (3t ) 2 so a = 3t , b 2 = (± 2) 2 so b = ±2.

2ab = ±12t ≠ 16t , the middle term and also, FOIL does not work, therefore: Not possible.

44. 4t 2 + 12t + 9 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = ( 2t ) so a = 2t , b2 = (3) so b = 3,

2 2

2ab = 12t , the middle term ⇒ ( a + b )2 ⇒ ( 2t + 3) .

2

45. 9 x 2 + 30 x + 25 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = (3x ) so a = 3x, b2 = (5) so b = 5,

2 2

2ab = 30 x, the middle term ⇒ ( a + b )2 ⇒ (3 x + 5 ) .

2

46. 25 x 2 + 60 x + 36 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = (5 x ) so a = 5 x, b 2 = ( 6 ) so b = 6,

2 2

2ab = 60 x, the middle term ⇒ ( a + b )2 ⇒ (5 x + 6 ) .

2

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316 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

47. 4a 2 − 36a + 81 is a perfect square trinomial,

a 2 = ( 2a ) so a = 2a, b2 = ( ±9 ) so b = ±9, using b = −9, 2ab = −36a, the middle term ⇒

2 2

( a + b )2 ⇒ ( 2a − 9 ) .
2

48. 9a 2 − 60a + 100 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = (3a ) so a = 3a, b 2 = ( ±10 ) so b = ±10,
2 2

using b = −10, 2ab = −60a, the middle term ⇒ ( a + b )2 ⇒ (3a − 10 ) .

2

49. x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = x 2 so a = x, b 2 = y 2 so b = y,

2ab = 2 xy, the middle term ⇒ ( a + b )2 ⇒ (x + y) .

2

50. x 2 − 6 xy + 9 y 2 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = x 2 so a = x, b 2 = 9 y 2 so b = ±3 y, using b = −3 y,

2ab = −6 xy, the middle term ⇒ ( a + b )2 ⇒ (x − 3y) .

2

51. r 2 − 10rt + 25t 2 is a perfect square trinomial,

a 2 = r 2 so a = r , b2 = ( ±5t ) so b = ±5t , using b = −5t , 2ab = −10rt , the middle term ⇒

2

( a + b )2 ⇒ ( r − 5t ) .
2

52. 15r 2 + 10rt + t 2 is not a perfect square trinomial, a ≠ a perfect square and it cannot be factored by
FOIL, therefore: not possible.

53. 4 y 2 − 10 yz + 9 z 2 is not a perfect square trinomial because

a 2 = ( 2 y ) so a = 2 y, b 2 = ( ±3 z ) so b = ±3z , 2ab = ±12 yz ≠ −10 yz , the middle term and also,

2 2

FOIL does not work, therefore: Not possible.

54. 25 y 2 − 20 yz + 4 z 2 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = (5 y ) so a = 5 y, b 2 = ( ±2 z ) so b = ±2 z ,

2 2

using b = −2 z , 2ab = −20 yz , the middle term ⇒ ( a + b )2 ⇒ (5 y − 2 z ) .

2

55. Using the sum of cubes for z 3 + 1, a3 = z 3 so a = z , b3 = 13 so b = 1 ⇒

( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( z + 1) ( z 2 − z + 1).
56. Using the sum of cubes for z 3 + 8, a 3 = z 3 so a = z , b3 = 23 so b = 2 ⇒

( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( z + 2 ) ( z 2 − 2 z + 4 ).
57. Using the sum of cubes for x3 + 64, a3 = x3 so a = x, b3 = 43 so b = 4 ⇒

( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( x + 4 ) ( x 2 − 4 x + 16 ).
58. Using the sum of cubes for x3 + 125, a3 = x3 so a = x, b3 = 53 so b = 5 ⇒

( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( x + 5 ) ( x 2 − 5 x + 25 ).

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Section 6.4: Special Types of Factoring 317

59. Using the difference of cubes for y 3 − 8, a3 = y 3 so a = y, b3 = 23 so b = 2 ⇒

( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( y − 2 ) ( y 2 + 2 y + 4 ).
60. Using the difference of cubes for y 3 − 27, a3 = y 3 so a = y, b3 = 33 so b = 3 ⇒

( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( y − 3) ( y 2 + 3 y + 9 ).
61. Using the difference of cubes for n3 − 1, a3 = n3 so a = n, b3 = 13 so b = 1 ⇒

( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( n − 1) ( n2 + n + 1).
62. Using the difference of cubes for n3 − 64, a 3 = n3 so a = n, b3 = 43 so b = 4 ⇒

( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( n − 4 ) ( n 2 + 4n + 16 ).
63. Using the sum of cubes for 8 x3 + 1, a 3 = ( 2 x ) so a = 2 x, b3 = 13 so b = 1 ⇒
3

( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b2 ) ⇒ ( 2 x + 1) ( 4 x 2 − 2 x + 1).
64. Using the difference of cubes for 27 x3 − 1, a3 = (3x ) so a = 3x, b3 = 13 so b = 1 ⇒
3

( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ⇒ (3x − 1) (9 x 2 + 3x + 1).
65. Using the difference of cubes for m3 − 64n3 , a 3 = m3 so a = m, b3 = ( 4n ) so b = 4n ⇒
3

( a − b ) ( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( m − 4n ) ( m2 + 4mn + 16n 2 ).
66. Using the sum of cubes for m3 + 8n3 , a 3 = m3 so a = m, b3 = ( 2n ) so b = 2n ⇒
3

( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( m + 2n ) ( m2 − 2mn + 4n2 ).
67. Using the sum of cubes for 8 x3 + 125 y 3 , a 3 = ( 2 x ) so a = 2 x, b3 = (5 y ) so b = 5 y ⇒
3 3

( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( 2 x + 5 y ) ( 4 x 2 − 10 xy + 25 y 2 ).
68. Using the sum of cubes for 27 x3 + 64 y 3 , a3 = (3x ) so a = 3x, b3 = ( 4 y ) so b = 4 y ⇒
3 3

( a + b ) ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ⇒ (3x + 4 y ) (9 x2 − 12 xy + 16 y 2 ).
69. 4 x 2 − 16 = 4( x 2 − 4) = 4(( x)2 − (2) 2 ) ⇒ 4( x − 2)( x + 2)

70. 12 x 2 − 60 x + 75 = 3(4 x 2 − 20 x + 25); 4 x 2 − 20 x + 25 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = 4 x 2 so

a = 2 x, b 2 = 25 so b = ±5, using b = −5, 2ab = −20 x, the middle term ⇒ (a + b) 2 ⇒ (2 x − 5) 2 .

Therefore 3(4 x 2 − 20 x + 25) = 3(2 x − 5) 2 .

71. 2 y 2 − 28 y + 98 = 2( y 2 − 14 y + 49); y 2 − 14 y + 49 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = y 2 so

a = y, b 2 = 49 so b = ±7, using b = −7, 2ab = −14 y, the middle term ⇒ (a + b) 2 ⇒ ( y − 7)2 .

Therefore 2( y 2 − 14 y + 49) = 2( y − 7) 2 .

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318 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

72. y 3 − 9 y = y ( y 2 − 9) = y (( y )2 − (3)2 ) = y ( y − 3)( y + 3)

73. 5 z 3 + 40 = 5 ( z 3 + 8); z 3 + 8 is a sum of cubes with a = z and

b = 2 ⇒ (a + b)(a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ⇒ ( z + 2)( z 2 − 2 z + 4). Therefore 5 z 3 + 40 = 5 ( z + 2)( z 2 − 2 z + 4).

74. 4 z 3 + 36 z 2 + 100 z = 4 z ( z 2 + 9 z + 25); z 2 + 9 z + 25 is not a perfect square trinomial because a 2 = z 2

so a = z , b 2 = 25 so b = ±5, 2ab = ±10 z ≠ 9 z , the middle term, and FOIL does not work, therefore

4 z 3 + 36 z 2 + 100 z = 4 z ( z 2 + 9 z + 25).

75. x3 y − xy 3 = xy ( x 2 − y 2 ) = xy ( x − y )( x + y )

76. 8m3 − 8 = 8(m3 − 1); m3 − 1 is the difference of cubes, a 3 = m3 so a = m, b3 = 1 so

b = 1 ⇒ (a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ⇒ (m − 1)(m 2 + m + 1). Therefore 8m3 − 8 = 8(m − 1)(m 2 + m + 1).

77. 2m3 − 10m 2 + 18m = 2m(m 2 − 5m + 9); m 2 − 5m + 9 is not a perfect square trinomial because

a 2 = m 2 so a = m, b 2 = 9 so b = ±3, 2ab = ±6m ≠ −5m, the middle term, and FOIL does not work,

therefore 2m3 − 10m 2 + 18m = 2m (m 2 − 5m + 9).

78. 2a 3b − 18ab3 = 2ab (a 2 − 9b 2 ) = 2ab((a )2 − (3b) 2 ) = 2ab (a − 3b)(a + 3b)

79. 700 x 4 − 63x 2 y 2 = 7 x 2 (100 x 2 − 9 y 2 ) = 7 x 2 ((10 x)2 − (3 y )2 ) = 7 x 2 (10 x − 3 y )(10 x + 3 y )

80. 135r 3 − 5t 3 = 5(27r 3 − t 3 ); 27 r 3 − t 3 is the difference of cubes, a 3 = 27r 3 so a = 3r , b3 = t 3 so

b = t ⇒ (a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) = (3r − t )(9r 2 + 3rt + t 2 ). Therefore

135r 3 − 5t 3 = 5(3r − t )(9r 2 + 3rt + t 2 ).

81. Using the sum of cubes for 16a3 + 2b3 = 2 (8a3 + b3 ), a 3 = (2a )3 so a = 2a, b3 = b3 so

b = b ⇒ (a + b)(a 2 − ab + b2 ) ⇒ 2 (2a + b)(4a 2 − 2ab + b 2 ).

82. 192 x 2 y 2 − 3 y 4 = 3 y 2 (64 x 2 − y 2 ) = 3 y 2 ((8 x) 2 − ( y ) 2 ) = 3 y 2 (8 x − y )(8 x + y )

83. 4b 4 + 24b3 + 36b 2 = 4b 2 (b 2 + 6b + 9); b 2 + 6b + 9 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = b 2 so

a = b, b 2 = 9 so b = 3, 2ab = 6b, the middle term ⇒ (a + b) 2 ⇒ (b + 3)2 . Therefore

4b 4 + 24b3 + 36b2 = 4b 2 (b + 3) 2 .

84. 2 y 4 + 24 y 3 + 72 y 2 = 2 y 2 ( y 2 + 12 y + 36); y 2 + 12 y + 36 is a perfect square trinomial, a 2 = y 2 so

a = y, b 2 = 36 so b = 6, 2ab = 12 y, the middle term ⇒ (a + b) 2 ⇒ ( y + 6)2 . Therefore

2 y 4 + 24 y 3 + 72 y 2 = 2 y 2 ( y + 6) 2 .

85. Using the difference of cubes for 500r 3 − 32t 3 = 4(125r 3 − 8t 3 ), a 3 = (5r )3 so a = 5r , b3 = (2t )3 so

b = 2t ⇒ (a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ⇒ 4(5r − 2t )(25r 2 + 10rt + 4t 2 )

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Section 6.4: Special Types of Factoring 319

86. Using the difference of cubes for 8r 3 − 64t 3 = 8(r 3 − 8t 3 ), a 3 = r 3 so a = r , b3 = (2t )3 so

b = 2t ⇒ (a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ⇒ 8(r − 2t )(r 2 + 2rt + 4t 2 ).

87. Sides must be the same ⇒ perfect square trinomial,

4 x 2 + 12 x + 9, a 2 = ( 2 x ) so a = 2 x, b 2 = 32 so b = 3,
2

2ab = 12 x the middle term ⇒ ( 2 x + 3) . See Figure 87. Length = 2x + 3.

2

Figure 87 Figure 88
88. Sides must be the same ⇒ perfect square trinomial,

9 x 2 + 30 x + 25, a 2 = (3x ) so a = 3x, b 2 = ( ±5 ) so b = ±5,

2 2

using b = 5, 2ab = 30 x the middle term ⇒ (3x + 5) . See Figure 88. Length = 3x + 5.
2

Checking Basic Concepts Sections 6.3 and 6.4

1. (a) 2 x 2 − 5 x − 12 ( factor by grouping ) , m ⋅ n = −24, m + n = −5 ⇒ m = −8, n = 3 ⇒

2 x 2 − 8 x + 3x − 12 ⇒ 2 x ( x − 4 ) + 3 ( x − 4 ) ⇒ ( 2 x + 3)( x − 4 ).

(b) 6 x 2 + 17 x − 14 ( factor by grouping ) , m ⋅ n = −84, m + n = 17 ⇒ m = 21, n = −4 ⇒

6 x 2 + 21x − 4 x − 14 ⇒ 3x ( 2 x + 7 ) − 2 ( 2 x + 7 ) ⇒ (3x − 2 )( 2 x + 7 ) .

2. (a) To factor 3 y 2 + 4 y − 2, find numbers m and n such that mn = 3(−2) = −6 and m + n = 4.

Because no such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.
(b) 6 y 3 − 10 y 2 − 4 y = 2 y (3 y 2 − 5 y − 2); m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 3(−2) = −6 and

m + n = b = −5 ⇒ m = −6, n = 1 ⇒ 2 y (3 y 2 − 5 y − 2) ⇒ 2 y [(3 y 2 − 6 y ) + ( y − 2)]

⇒ 2 y [3 y ( y − 2) + 1( y − 2)] ⇒ 2 y (3 y + 1)( y − 2)

3. 3x 2 + 2 x + 9 x + 6 ⇒ x(3x + 2) + 3(3x + 2) ⇒ ( x + 3)(3x + 2)

4. (a) z 2 − 64 (difference of squares), a 2 = z 2 so a = z , b 2 = 82 so b = 8 ⇒ ( z − 8)( z + 8).

(b) 9r 2 − 4t 2 (difference of squares), a 2 = (3r )2 so a = 3r , b 2 = (2t )2 so

b = 2t ⇒ (3r + 2t )(3r − 2t ).

5. (a) x 2 + 12 x + 36 (FOIL in reverse) ⇒ ( x + 6)( x + 6) ⇒ ( x + 6)2 .

(b) 9a 2 − 12ab + 4b 2 (perfect square trinomial), a 2 = (3a) 2 so a = 3a, b 2 = (±2b)2 so b = ±2b,

using b = −2b, 2ab = −12ab the second term ⇒ (3a − 2b)2 .

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320 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

6. (a) m3 − 27 (difference of cubes), a 3 = m3 so a = m, b3 = 33 so b = 3 ⇒ (m − 3)( m 2 + 3m + 9).

125n3 + 27 (sum of cubes ) , a3 = (5n ) so a = 5n, b3 = 33 so

3
(b)

(
b = 3 ⇒ (5n + 3) 25n 2 − 15n + 9 . )
7. (a) 16 x 2 − 4 = 4(4 x 2 − 1) = 4 ((2 x)2 − (1)2 ) = 4(2 x − 1)(2 x + 1)

(b) 3 y 4 + 24 y = 3 y ( y 3 + 8) (sum of cubes), a 3 = y 3 so a = y, b3 = 23 so

b = 2 ⇒ 3 y ( y + 2)( y 2 − 2 y + 4).

Section 6.5 Summary of Factoring

1. greatest common factor
2. GCF
3. grouping
4. squares, cubes, cubes
5. No; a sum of squares cannot be factored.
6. Yes; a sum of cubes can be factored.
7. square, grouping, FOIL
8. completely
9. 4 x − 2 = 2(2 x − 1)

10. x 2 + 3 x = x ( x + 3)

11. 2 y 2 − 4 y + 4 = 2( y 2 − 2 y + 2)

12. 5 y 2 − 25 y + 10 = 5 ( y 2 − 5 y + 2)

13. z 2 − 4 = ( z − 2)( z + 2)

14. 9 z 2 − 25 = (3z − 5)(3 z + 5)

15. a 3 + 8 = (a + 2)(a 2 − 2a + 4)

16. 8a3 − 1 = (2a − 1)(4a 2 + 2a + 1)

17. 4b 2 − 12b + 9 = (2b − 3)2

18. b 2 + 4b + 4 = (b + 2) 2

19. m 2 + 9 is a sum of squares and cannot be factored.

20. 4m 2 + 49 is a sum of squares and cannot be factored.

21. x3 − x 2 + 5 x − 5 = x 2 ( x − 1) + 5( x − 1) = ( x 2 + 5)( x − 1)

22. 3x3 + 6 x 2 + x + 2 = 3x 2 ( x + 2) + 1( x + 2) = (3x 2 + 1)( x + 2)

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Section 6.5: Summary of Factoring 321

23. y 2 − 5 y + 4 = ( y − 4)( y − 1)

24. y 2 − 3 y − 10 = ( y − 5)( y + 2)

25. x3 + 4 x 2 − 9 x − 36 = x 2 ( x + 4) − 9( x + 4) = ( x 2 − 9)( x + 4) = ( x − 3)( x + 3)( x + 4)

26. 6 x 2 − 19 x + 15 = 6 x 2 − 10 x − 9 x + 15 = 2 x(3 x − 5) − 3(3x − 5) = (2 x − 3)(3x − 5)

27. 8a3 − 64 = 8(a3 − 8) = 8(a − 2)(a 2 + 2a + 4)

28. ab 2 − 4a = a(b2 − 4) = a (b − 2)(b + 2)

29. 12 x 4 − 18 x3 + 4 x 2 − 6 x = 2 x(6 x3 − 9 x 2 + 2 x − 3) = 2 x [3x 2 (2 x − 3) + 1(2 x − 3)] = 2 x (3x 2 + 1)(2 x − 3)

30. 3x 2 y + 24 xy + 48 y = 3 y ( x 2 + 8 x + 16) = 3 y ( x + 4) 2

31. 54t 4 + 16t = 2t (27t 3 + 8) = 2t (3t + 2)(9t 2 − 6t + 4)

32. 3t 3 + 18t 2 − 48t = 3t (t 2 + 6t − 16) = 3t (t − 2)(t + 8)

33. 2r 3 + 6r 2 − 2r − 6 = 2r 2 (r + 3) − 2(r + 3) = (2r 2 − 2)(r + 3) = 2(r 2 − 1)(r + 3) = 2(r − 1)(r + 1)(r + 3)

34. 3r 4 + 3r 3 − 24r − 24 = 3(r 4 + r 3 − 8r − 8) = 3 [r 3 (r + 1) − 8(r + 1)] = 3(r 3 − 8)(r + 1)

= 3 (r − 2)(r 2 + 2r + 4)(r + 1)

35. 6 z 4 − 21z 3 − 45 z 2 = 3z 2 (2 z 2 − 7 z − 15) = 3z 2 (2 z + 3)( z − 5)

36. 3x 4 y + 24 xy 4 = 3 xy ( x3 + 8 y 3 ) = 3 xy ( x + 2 y )( x 2 − 2 xy + 4 y 2 )

37. 12b 4 − 10b3 + 2b 2 = 2b 2 (6b2 − 5b + 1) = 2b 2 (3b − 1)(2b − 1)

38. 6a 4 b + 4a3b + 18a 2b + 12ab = 2ab (3a3 + 2a 2 + 9a + 6) = 2ab [a 2 (3a + 2) + 3(3a + 2)]

= 2ab (a 2 + 3)(3a + 2)

39. 6 y 2 z − 24 z 3 = 6 z ( y 2 − 4 z 2 ) = 6 z ( y − 2 z )( y + 2 z )

40. 6 y 3 z − 48 z 4 = 6 z ( y 3 − 8 z 3 ) = 6 z ( y − 2 z )( y 2 + 2 yz + 4 z 2 )

41. 3x 2 y − 30 xy + 75 y = 3 y ( x 2 − 10 x + 25) = 3 y ( x − 5) 2

(
42. 8 x3 + y 3 = ( 2 x + y ) 4 x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 )
43. 27m3 − 8n3 = (3m − 2n)(9m 2 + 6mn + 4n2 )

44. 45m3 − 69m 2 + 12m = 3m(15m 2 − 23m + 4) = 3m (3m − 4)(5m − 1)

45. 3x5 − 12 x3 − 3 x 2 + 12 = 3( x5 − 4 x3 − x 2 + 4) = 3[ x3 ( x 2 − 4) − 1( x 2 − 4)] = 3( x3 − 1)( x 2 − 4)

= 3( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1)( x − 2)( x + 2)

46. 8 x3 − 8 = 8( x3 − 1) = 8( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1)

47. 5a 2 − 27a − 18 = 5a 2 − 30a + 3a − 18 = 5a(a − 6) + 3(a − 6) = (5a + 3)(a − 6)

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322 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

48. 2a 2 − 6ab + 3a − 9b = 2a (a − 3b) + 3(a − 3b) = (2a + 3)(a − 3b)

49. 3rt 2 + 33rt + 90r = 3r (t 2 + 11t + 30) = 3r (t + 5)(t + 6)

50. 9t 2 + 24t + 16 = (3t + 4) 2

51. 9b3 + 6b 2 + 12b + 8 = 3b 2 (3b + 2) + 4(3b + 2) = (3b 2 + 4)(3b + 2)

52. 5b3 − 55b 2 − 60b = 5b (b2 − 11b − 12) = 5b (b − 12)(b + 1)

53. 6n3 + 2n 2 − 10n = 2n (3n 2 + n − 5)

54. 7n 4 + 28n3 − 63n2 = 7 n 2 (n 2 + 4n − 9)

55. 4 x 2 − 36 y 2 = 4( x 2 − 9 y 2 ) = 4( x − 3 y )( x + 3 y )

56. 64 x 2 − 25 y 2 = (8 x − 5 y )(8 x + 5 y )

57. 2a 3 − 16a 2 + 32a = 2a (a 2 − 8a + 16) = 2a (a − 4) 2

58. 24a3 + 72a 2 + 54a = 6a (4a 2 + 12a + 9) = 6a(2a + 3) 2

59. 32 xy 3 + 4 x = 4 x (8 y 3 + 1) = 4 x (2 y + 1)(4 y 2 − 2 y + 1)

60. 24 x3 − 4 x 2 − 160 x = 4 x (6 x 2 − x − 40) = 4 x (2 x + 5)(3x − 8)

61. 8b4 + 24b3 − 2b 2 − 6b = 2b (4b3 + 12b 2 − b − 3)

= 2b [4b 2 (b + 3) − 1(b + 3)] = 2b (4b 2 − 1)(b + 3) = 2b ( 2b − 1)( 2b + 1)(b + 3)

62. 3z 3 − 6 z 2 − 27 z + 54 = 3( z 3 − 2 z 2 − 9 z + 18) = 3 [ z 2 ( z − 2) − 9( z − 2)] = 3 ( z 2 − 9)( z − 2)

= 3( z − 3)( z + 3)( z − 2)

1
63. Area of one square = (27 x 2 + 18 x + 3) = 9 x 2 + 6 x + 1; sides must be the same ⇒ perfect square
3

trinomial, 9 x 2 + 6 x + 1 = (3x + 1)2 ⇒ one side length is 3 x + 1.

1
64. Volume of one cube = (3 x3 + 18 x 2 + 36 x + 24) = x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8. The side length must be of the
3

form ax + b, and (ax + b)3 = x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8 ⇒ (ax + b)(ax + b) 2 = (ax + b)((ax) 2 + 2abx + (b) 2 )

= (ax)3 + (ax )2 b + 2abx (ax) + 2abx (b) + ax (b)2 + (b)3 . The only x3 − term is (ax)3 , and so

(ax)3 = x3 ⇒ a = 1. The only constant term is b3 , and so b3 = 8 ⇒ b = 2.

The length of a side is x + 2.

Section 6.6 Solving Equations by Factoring I (Quadratics)

1. 0, 0
2. No. In order to apply the zero-product property, one side of the equation must be zero.

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Section 6.6: Solving Equations by Factoring I (Quadratics) 323

3. 2 x = 0, x + 6 = 0
4. Set the problem equal to zero by subtracting 4x from both sides.
5. Apply the zero-product property by setting x + 5 = 0 and x − 4 = 0.
6. solving
7. zero
8. 2

9. ax 2 + bx + c = 0 with a ≠ 0.

10. Subtract 6x from both sides to get x 2 − 6 x + 1 = 0.

11. descending
12. 0
13. x = 0

5m 2 0
14. 5m 2 = 0 ⇒ = ⇒ m2 = 0 ⇒ m = 0
5 5
15. 2 x = 0 or x + 8 = 0, so x = −8, 0.
16. x = 0 or x + 10 = 0, so x = −10, 0.

17. y − 1 = 0 or y − 2 = 0, so y = 1, 2.

18. y + 4 = 0 or y − 3 = 0, so y = −4, 3.

1
19. 2 z − 1 = 0 or 4 z − 3 = 0, then 2 z − 1 = 0 ⇒ 2 z = 1 ⇒ z = or 4 z − 3 = 0 ⇒ 4 z = 3 ⇒
2
3 1 3
z= , so z = , .
4 2 4
−5 −5
20. 6 z + 5 = 0 or z − 7 = 0, then 6 z + 5 = 0 ⇒ 6 z = −5 ⇒ z = or z − 7 = 0 ⇒ z = 7, so z = , 7.
6 6
−1 1
21. 1 − 3n = 0 or 3 − 7n = 0, then 1 − 3n = 0 ⇒ − 3n = −1 ⇒ n = = or 3 − 7n = 0 ⇒
−3 3
−3 3 1 3
−7n = −3 ⇒ n = = , so n = , .
−7 7 3 7
22. 5 − n = 0 or 5 + n = 0, then 5 − n = 0 ⇒ − n = −5 ⇒ n = 5 or 5 + n = 0 ⇒ n = −5, so n = −5, 5.

23. x = 0 or x − 5 = 0 or x − 8 = 0, then x − 5 = 0 ⇒ x = 5 or x − 8 = 0 ⇒ x = 8, so x = 0, 5, 8.

24. x = 0 or x + 1 = 0 or x − 6 = 0, then x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1 or x − 6 = 0 ⇒ x = 6, so x = −1, 0, 6.

25. x 2 − x = 0 ⇒ x ( x − 1) = 0, then x = 0 or x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1, so x = 0, 1.

26. 2 x 2 + 4 x = 0 ⇒ 2 x ( x + 2 ) = 0, then 2 x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2, so x = −2, 0.

27. z 2 − 5 z = 0 ⇒ z ( z − 5 ) = 0, then z = 0 or z − 5 = 0 ⇒ z = 5, so z = 0, 5.

1 1
28. 6 z 2 − 3z = 0 ⇒ 3z ( 2 z − 1) = 0, then 3z = 0 ⇒ z = 0 or 2 z − 1 = 0 ⇒ 2 z = 1 ⇒ z = , so z = 0, .
2 2

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324 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

29. 10 y 2 + 15 y = 0 ⇒ 5 y ( 2 y + 3) = 0, then 5 y = 0 ⇒ y = 0 or 2 y + 3 = 0 ⇒ 2 y = −3 ⇒

−3 −3
y= , so y = 0, .
2 2
−3 −3
30. 2 y 2 + 3 y = 0 ⇒ y (2 y + 3) = 0, then y = 0 or 2 y + 3 = 0 ⇒ 2 y = −3 ⇒ y = , so y = 0,
2 2
31. x 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 1)( x − 1) then x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1 or x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 so x = −1, 1.

32. x 2 − 9 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 3)( x − 3) then x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = −3 or x − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3 so x = −3, 3.

−1
33. 4n 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ ( 2n + 1)( 2n − 1) = 0, then 2n + 1 = 0 ⇒ 2n = −1 ⇒ n = or 2n − 1 = 0 ⇒
2
1 1 1
2n = 1 ⇒ n = , so n = − , .
2 2 2
−2
34. 9n 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ (3n + 2 )(3n − 2 ) = 0, then 3n + 2 = 0 ⇒ 3n = −2 ⇒ n = or 3n − 2 = 0 ⇒
3
2 2 2
3n = 2 ⇒ n = , so n = − , .
3 3 3

35. z 2 + 3z + 2 = 0 ⇒ ( z + 2 )( z + 1) = 0, then z + 2 = 0 ⇒ z = −2 or z + 1 = 0 ⇒ z = −1, so z = −2, − 1.

36. z 2 − 2 z − 3 = 0 ⇒ ( z − 3)( z + 1) = 0, then z − 3 = 0 ⇒ z = 3 or z + 1 = 0 ⇒ z = −1, so z = −1, 3.

37. x 2 − 12 x + 35 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 7 )( x − 5 ) = 0, then x − 7 = 0 ⇒ x = 7 or x − 5 = 0 ⇒ x = 5, so x = 5, 7.

38. x 2 − x − 20 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 5 )( x + 4 ) = 0, then x − 5 = 0 ⇒ x = 5 or x + 4 = 0 ⇒ x = −4, so x = −4, 5.

39. 2b 2 + 3b − 2 = 0 ⇒ ( 2b − 1)(b + 2 ) = 0, then 2b − 1 = 0 ⇒ 2b = 1 ⇒

1 1
b= or b + 2 = 0 ⇒ b = −2, so b = −2, .
2 2
40. 3b2 + b − 2 = 0 ⇒ (3b − 2 )(b + 1) = 0, then 3b − 2 = 0 ⇒ 3b = 2 ⇒

2 2
b= or b + 1 = 0 ⇒ b = −1, so b = −1, .
3 3

41. 6 y 2 + 19 y + 10 = 0, ( factor by grouping ) , m ⋅ n = 60, m + n = 19 ⇒ m = 15, n = 4 ⇒

6 y 2 + 15 y + 4 y + 10 = 0 ⇒ 3 y ( 2 y + 5 ) + 2 ( 2 y + 5 ) = 0 ⇒ (3 y + 2 )( 2 y + 5 ) = 0, then 3 y + 2 = 0 ⇒

−2 −5 5 2
3 y = −2 ⇒ y = or 2 y + 5 = 0 ⇒ 2 y = −5 ⇒ y = , so y = − , − .
3 2 2 3

42. 4 y 2 − 25 y − 21 = 0, ( factor by grouping ) , m ⋅ n = −84, m + n = −25 ⇒ m = −28, n = 3 ⇒

4 y 2 − 28 y + 3 y − 21 = 0 ⇒ 4 y ( y − 7 ) + 3 ( y − 7 ) = 0 ⇒ ( 4 y + 3)( y − 7 ) = 0, then 4 y + 3 = 0 ⇒

−3 3
4 y = −3 ⇒ y = or y − 7 = 0 ⇒ y = 7, so y = − , 7.
4 4

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