Lesson 01

LC1
Distinguish technical terms used in
research (A)

Learning Target:
I can distinguish technical terms used in
research.
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
➢ Research is performing a methodological study in
order to prove a hypothesis or answer specific
questions.
➢ Research follows a systematic process and follows
a series of steps in an organized and sequential
manner. It includes a review of related literature
of past research.
➢ The general purposes of research are to observe and
describe, to predict, to determine the causes, and
to explain.
 It summarizes all
sections and helps
1. readers decide
Abstract whether or not to read
the entire report.
 This research paper identifies the effect of stress on student’s academic
performance and the coping strategies of senior high school students at Saint
Francis Academy Balamban, Cebu. The main objective of this study is to determine
the different stressors and factors that cause academic stress to students. This
study aims to ascertain or identify the extent to which stress affects academic
success and general aspects of life as well as to determine different coping
strategies that help them ease the strain brought about by stress. A qualitative
method was used to obtain relevant data for this study. Interviews were conducted
with eight (8) participants all of whom are from senior high school. The results
obtained show the different factors and stressors that cause stress among
students. The most common stressors to be identified are the heavy school
demands, academic subjects, and responsibilities at school. While the factors
identified were relationship and financial factors, poor time management, and self-
imposed. Despite the overwhelming feeling, stress can be reduced through
unwinding and proper time management, see its positive role and not minding it at
all are proven to be effective as determined by the participants
It mentions the:
✓ Objective
✓ Methodology
✓ Findings
✓ Conclusions
✓ Recommendations
 It presents
background
information, scope,
2.
and focus of the
Introduction
research paper.
 It is a factual
information [as
measurements or
3. Data statistics] used as a
basis for reasoning,
discussion, or
calculation.
 It is a general explanation
of a specific behavior or
set of events that is based
on known principles and
4. Theory serves to organize related
events in a meaningful
way.
Examples:
Transactional theory is a leadership theory
that focuses on the role of supervision,
organization, and group performance. It
anchors on a system of rewards and
punishments in business. When employees
are successful, they are rewarded. When
they are at fault, they are reprimanded.
Examples:
Trait theory assumes that people inherit
certain qualities and traits that make them
better suited for leadership. However, one
argument against this theory is the fact that
there are people who possess leadership
qualities and traits but don’t seek leadership
positions or who do not also turn out to be
real, good leaders.
 It provides the
summary of
5. the research.
Conclusion
 It evaluates the
results of the
6. study or research.
Discussion
 It provides a review
of what others have
written or researched
7. Literature on concerning the
Review topic.
 It offers a logical structure
of connected concepts that
help provide a picture or
8. visual display of how ideas
in a study relate to one
Conceptual another within the
Framework theoretical framework
(Grant & Osanloo 2014).
 It is a systematic approach
to the conduct of an
operation or process. It
includes steps of procedure,
9. application of techniques,
systems of reasoning or
Methodology analysis, and the modes of
inquiry employed by a
discipline.
•Interviews (which can be
unstructured, semi-structured
or structured)
•Focus groups and group
interviews
•Surveys (online or physical
surveys)
•Observations
UNSTRUCTURED
SEMISTRUCTURED
STRUCTURED
It describes the sample size
whether the study used:
• Randomized
• Controlled
• Or stratified sampling
procedures
 It is the game plan or
method for finding out
what you want to know.
It is the process of
10. Research structuring techniques
Design and strategies that will
help solve problems or
answer inquiries.
 Qualitative Research Designs
1. Ethnography (Ethnographic
Studies)
2. Grounded Theory Studies
3. Case Study
4. Phenomenology
5. Historical Approach
1. Ethnography (Ethnographic
Studies)
In this approach, the researcher studies a
particular group or population in the natural
setting or in their habitat. The researcher uses
observational techniques to gather data from
the subjects as they naturally observed.
EXAMPLE:
Ethnographic Study Gance-Cleveland (2004) examined the features,
critical attributes, processes, and benefits of school-based support
groups for adolescents with an addicted parent. Ethnographic
methods were used to gather data. Participant observations were
conducted weekly at two high schools over one semester.
Interviews were conducted with program administrators, school
administrators, group co-facilitators, and participants. School-based
support group participation was found to enhance self-knowledge
and led to self-care and self-healing.
2. Grounded Theory Studies
This approach is commonly used to elicit
different opinions or beliefs from the
respondents. It seeks to find explanations for a
particular process, custom, belief, actions, and
interactions based on the opinions and
explanations of the respondents.
EXAMPLE:
The grounded theory qualitative method was used by Williams and
Irurita (2005) to study the personal control and emotional comfort
of hospitalized patients. Interviews were conducted with 40
patients, and 75 hours of field observations were conducted. The
basic psychological process identified by the researchers was
labeled “optimizing personal control to facilitate emotional
comfort.” Personal control referred to the ability of patients to
influence their environment; emotional comfort was defined as a
state of relaxation that affected the physical status of the patient.
Personal control was found to be a central feature of emotional
comfort.
3. Case Study

This approach is done when a researcher

would want to know deeper and detailed
intricacies of a certain situation, event,
activity, process, and even of a certain group
of individuals.
EXAMPLE:
A case study approach was used to study the roles of perioperative
nurses in Ireland (McGarvey,Chambers,& Boore, 2004). Data were
collected in three different hospitals during 358 hours of
observation and from 35 nurses during 34 hours of interviews.
Nurses used a range of coping mechanisms to manage the
dissonance they felt between what was considered to be ideal and
what could realistically be done in the operating department.
Nursing behavior was “administratively modeled by the nursing
hierarchy and negatively reinforced by the medical profession”
(McGarvey et al., 2004, p. 1119).
4. Phenomenology
This involves the collection of data
from human experiences to explain
certain phenomena that concern these
experiences.
EXAMPLE:
Phenomenological Study Daly (2005) studied the lived
experiences of mothers of suicidal adolescents. She
contended that, unfortunately, the mother’s experience is
often the hidden dimension of the family. Unstructured
interviews were conducted with 6 mothers living with
suicidal adolescents. Six themes were identified: failure as a
good mother, the ultimate rejection, feeling alone in the
struggle, helplessness, and powerlessness in the struggle,
cautious parenting, and keeping an emotional distance.
5. Historical Approach

This involves collection of facts regarding past

events that might have significant effect on
current issues and problems.
EXAMPLE:
Historical Study Oral histories were gathered from 8 nurses who were
employed between 1951 and 1965 in a Virginia state hospital
(Harmon,2005). These nurses were now retired and had between 12 and
46 years of psychiatric nursing experience. The researcher wanted to
describe the experiences of these nurses who practiced in a state mental
hospital before and during the introduction of antipsychotic medications.
They expressed resignation and frustration while trying to provide care
despite crowded wards and inadequate personnel and supplies. The
nurses indicated that they focused on the patient’s body instead of on
the patient’s mind. The camaraderie they experienced with other nurses
helped them continue in their positions, despite what they felt to be a
“thankless job.”
 In which approach to qualitative
research do the researchers intend
to generate a theory that is based
on data systematically gathered
and analyzed?
GROUNDED THEORY STUDIES
Researchers who study various
reactions to or perceptions of a
particular phenomenon take
which approach to qualitative
research?
PHENOMENOLOGY
Suppose that a researcher studies
one gifted student to better
understand how this student's
school day differs from that of
more typical students. What is
this type of research design?
CASE STUDY
 In which qualitative research
design would a researcher
immerse themselves in the culture
or context being studied?

ETHNOGRAPHY
 It is a systematic collection and
evaluation of information, which
may include documents, stories,
and artifacts to describe, explain,
and eventually understand events
and actions that happened in the
past.
HISTORICAL APPROACH
 It is the general term
that researchers use
for a measurement
11. device such as a
Instrument survey, test, or
questionnaire.
 ✓ Documentary
Analysis
✓ Interviews
Examples: ✓ Observations
✓ Questionnaire
 Plagiarism is the
appropriation of
another person’s ideas,
12. processes, results, or
words without giving
Plagiarism appropriate credit.
 It is a lists all
the sources used
13. in the research.
Reference
SEE YOU NEXT TIME