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The document provides an overview of the Internet, explaining its structure, including protocols, IP addresses, and the role of ISPs. It details the process of accessing a website, the differences between TCP and UDP, and the concept of the World Wide Web (WWW). Key components such as DNS, URLs, and web browsers are also discussed, highlighting the distinction between the Internet and the WWW.

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Project report on e online

The document provides an overview of the Internet, explaining its structure, including protocols, IP addresses, and the role of ISPs. It details the process of accessing a website, the differences between TCP and UDP, and the concept of the World Wide Web (WWW). Key components such as DNS, URLs, and web browsers are also discussed, highlighting the distinction between the Internet and the WWW.

Uploaded by

hibamalik0988
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Explorin Academy

Master Dev
Day 1 Notes

Internet
The internet is a global network of linked computers, servers, phones, and smart appliances
that communicate with each other using the transmission control protocol (TCP) standard to
enable the fast exchange of information and files, along with other types of services.
●​ The Internet is made up of multiple interconnected networks (ISP networks, data
centers, servers, etc.).
●​ Data is transmitted in the form of packets across these networks.
●​ It relies on TCP/IP protocols for communication.

Basic Structure of an URL

Protocol: A set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received between devices over
a network, ensuring proper communication.

Domain Name: A human-readable web address that maps to an IP address, allowing users to
access websites easily.

What is an IP address ?
An IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a network that
uses the Internet Protocol (IP) for communication. It acts as an identifier for devices on the
internet or local networks.

Role of an IP Address
●​ Identifies a device on a network.
●​ Helps in routing data between sender and receiver.
●​ Works with DNS (Domain Name System) to map domain names to IP addresses.
●​ Example: When you visit www.google.com, your browser retrieves Google’s IP address
using DNS, then sends a request to that IP to load the webpage.

What is DNS?
DNS (Domain Name System) is a decentralized system that translates human-readable
domain names (e.g., www.google.com) into machine-readable IP addresses (e.g.,
142.250.183.206). It acts as the phonebook of the internet, allowing users to access websites
without remembering numerical IP addresses.

What is an ISP ?
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company or organization that provides individuals and
businesses with access to the Internet and related services. ISPs act as intermediaries between
users and the global internet infrastructure.
Functions of an ISP
●​ Provides Internet Access – Connects users to the internet via fiber, broadband, DSL,
satellite, or mobile networks.
●​ Assigns IP Addresses – Allocates public and private IP addresses to devices.
●​ Domain Name Resolution – Operates DNS servers to convert domain names into IP
addresses.
●​ Manages Network Traffic – Controls data flow, bandwidth allocation, and network
security.
●​ Offers Additional Services – Provides hosting, email, cloud storage, and cybersecurity
services..

What Happens When You Type www.google.com in Your Browser?


●​ DNS Resolution: The browser checks cache or queries a DNS server to get Google’s IP
address.
●​ TCP Handshake: The browser and server establish a secure a TCP/IP connection.
●​ Sending an HTTP Request: The browser sends a request to the received IP of the
Google’s webpage.
●​ Server Processing & Response: The server processes the request and sends back
HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and images.
●​ Graphical Presentation: The browser interprets the files and renders the page.
●​ User Interaction: JavaScript runs for interactivity (like search suggestions).

Difference between TCP & UDP .


TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
✔ Reliable, connection-oriented protocol that ensures data delivery using the 3-way handshake.
✔ Used for applications requiring accuracy, like web browsing, email, and file transfers (HTTP,
HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, etc.).
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
✔ Faster but unreliable, connectionless protocol that does not guarantee delivery or order of
packets.
✔ Used for real-time applications like video streaming, gaming, VoIP (DNS, DHCP, RTP, etc.).

What is 3-way handshake in TCP ?


The TCP 3-way handshake is a process used to establish a reliable connection between a client
and a server before data transfer. It involves three steps:
SYN (Synchronize) → The client sends a SYN request to the server to initiate a connection.
SYN-ACK (Synchronize-Acknowledge) → The server responds with a SYN-ACK,
acknowledging the request.
ACK (Acknowledge) → The client sends an ACK, confirming the connection is established.
This handshake ensures both parties are ready and synchronized before communication starts.

What is WWW ?
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of interlinked web pages and resources that are
accessed through the internet using web browsers. It was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.

Key Components of WWW:


●​ Web Pages – Documents written in HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
●​ URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) – Unique addresses to access web pages.
●​ Web Browsers – Software like Chrome, Firefox, or Edge to display web pages.
●​ HTTP/HTTPS – Protocols that allow data transfer between web servers and clients.

The WWW is different from the Internet - the Internet is the global network, while the WWW is a
service that runs on it.

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