Scribd
Upload
14 views

Paired Sample T-test.pptx

The Paired Sample t-Test is a statistical method for comparing the means of two related groups, commonly used in before-and-after studies. It requires paired observations, continuous data, normal distribution of differences, and proper sampling techniques. The test involves calculating a test statistic and comparing it to a critical value to determine if there is a significant difference between the paired means.

Uploaded by

Necro ManXer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views

Paired Sample T-test.pptx

The Paired Sample t-Test is a statistical method for comparing the means of two related groups, commonly used in before-and-after studies. It requires paired observations, continuous data, normal distribution of differences, and proper sampling techniques. The test involves calculating a test statistic and comparing it to a critical value to determine if there is a significant difference between the paired means.

Uploaded by

Necro ManXer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Here’s a comprehensive discussion on the Paired Sample t-Test:

Paired Sample t-Test: A Comprehensive


Discussion
Introduction
The Paired Sample t-Test, also known as the Dependent t-Test or Repeated Measures t-Test,
is a statistical method used to compare the means of two related groups. This test determines
whether there is a significant difference between the means of the two groups.

The paired t-test is widely used in scenarios where the same subjects are measured twice under
different conditions, such as before-and-after studies, matched-pair designs, or repeated-measure
experiments.

When to Use a Paired Sample t-Test


A paired t-test is appropriate when:

1. The data consists of paired observations – The same subjects are measured under two
different conditions.
2. The dependent variable is continuous – Data should be measured on an interval or ratio
scale.
3. The sample is normally distributed – The differences between paired observations
should follow a normal distribution.
4. The sample is randomly selected – The data should be collected using proper sampling
techniques.

Examples of Paired t-Test Usage

 Medical Studies: Measuring patients' blood pressure before and after taking a
medication.
 Educational Research: Comparing students’ test scores before and after a training
program.
 Manufacturing and Quality Control: Evaluating the weight of a product before and
after a modification in the production process.
Hypotheses in a Paired Sample t-Test
The test involves two hypotheses:

 Null Hypothesis (H0H_0): There is no significant difference between the paired means.
Mathematically, H0:μd=0H_0: \mu_d = 0 where μd\mu_d is the mean difference between
paired observations.
 Alternative Hypothesis (HAH_A): There is a significant difference between the paired
means. HA:μd≠0H_A: \mu_d \neq 0 (Two-tailed) or HA:μd>0H_A: \mu_d > 0 (One-
tailed for positive mean difference) or HA:μd<0H_A: \mu_d < 0 (One-tailed for negative
mean difference).

Formula for the Paired t-Test


The test statistic is calculated as:

t=dˉsd/nt = \frac{\bar{d}}{s_d / \sqrt{n}}

where:

 dˉ\bar{d} = mean of the differences between paired observations


 sds_d = standard deviation of the differences
 nn = number of paired observations

The computed tt-value is then compared with the critical tt-value from the t-distribution table at
a given significance level (α\alpha, usually 0.05).

Steps to Perform a Paired Sample t-Test


1. State the hypotheses: Define H0H_0 and HAH_A.
2. Calculate the differences (dd): Compute the difference between each pair of
observations.
3. Compute the mean (dˉ\bar{d}) and standard deviation (sds_d) of the differences.
4. Determine the test statistic tt using the formula.
5. Find the critical value from the t-distribution table based on degrees of freedom
(df=n−1df = n-1).
6. Compare the test statistic with the critical value or use the p-value approach.
7. Draw a conclusion: If the calculated tt-value is greater than the critical tt-value or if the
p-value is less than α\alpha, reject H0H_0; otherwise, fail to reject H0H_0.
Interpreting the Results
 If pp-value < 0.05: There is strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis, meaning there
is a significant difference between the two paired samples.
 If pp-value > 0.05: We fail to reject the null hypothesis, meaning there is no significant
difference between the two paired samples.

Assumptions of the Paired Sample t-Test


1. Data is Continuous – The test requires numerical data, not categorical data.
2. Paired Observations are Independent – The measurements should be taken from the
same subjects but independently under different conditions.
3. Differences are Normally Distributed – The distribution of differences should be
approximately normal, especially for small sample sizes (n < 30).
4. No Significant Outliers – Extreme values in the differences can affect the validity of the
test.

Advantages and Limitations


Advantages

 Reduces variability between subjects by using the same participants.


 Requires fewer participants compared to independent t-tests.
 Controls for individual differences.

Limitations

 Assumes normality of differences, which may not always be the case.


 Sensitive to outliers, which can distort results.
 Cannot be used when observations are independent (use an independent t-test instead).

Example Calculation
Scenario:

A researcher wants to determine whether a diet program significantly reduces weight. Ten
individuals are weighed before and after the program.

Participant Before (kg) After (kg) Difference (dd)


1 80 76 4
2 85 82 3
3 78 74 4
4 90 85 5
Participant Before (kg) After (kg) Difference (dd)
5 76 73 3
6 82 79 3
7 88 84 4
8 77 74 3
9 79 76 3
10 81 77 4

Calculations:

 Mean of differences: dˉ=3.6\bar{d} = 3.6


 Standard deviation: sd=0.966s_d = 0.966
 Sample size: n=10n = 10
 Degrees of freedom: df=10−1=9df = 10 - 1 = 9

Using the formula:

t=3.60.966/10=11.79t = \frac{3.6}{0.966 / \sqrt{10}} = 11.79

From the t-table, the critical t-value for df=9df = 9 at α=0.05\alpha = 0.05 (two-tailed) is 2.262.
Since 11.79>2.26211.79 > 2.262, we reject H0H_0, concluding that the diet program
significantly reduces weight.

Conclusion
The Paired Sample t-Test is a powerful statistical tool used to analyze the difference between
two related measurements. By controlling for individual variability, it improves the accuracy of
results in studies where the same subjects are measured under different conditions. However,
researchers must ensure that assumptions are met and interpret results carefully to avoid
misinterpretations.

Would you like a Python or Excel implementation to automate this test? 🚀

You might also like