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Everyday Science

The document contains a collection of 2000 questions and answers related to general and everyday science, focusing primarily on physics and chemistry concepts. Each question is followed by a concise two-line explanation of the scientific principle involved. Topics include gravity, light refraction, sound travel, and chemical reactions, providing a comprehensive overview of fundamental scientific ideas.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views31 pages

Everyday Science

The document contains a collection of 2000 questions and answers related to general and everyday science, focusing primarily on physics and chemistry concepts. Each question is followed by a concise two-line explanation of the scientific principle involved. Topics include gravity, light refraction, sound travel, and chemical reactions, providing a comprehensive overview of fundamental scientific ideas.

Uploaded by

tariq mehmood
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General and Everyday Science: 2000 Questions with Two-Line Conceptual Answers

Physics

1. Why do objects fall to the ground?


→ Earth's gravity pulls objects toward its center.

2. Why does a car stop when brakes are applied?


→ Friction between the brake pads and wheels converts kinetic energy into heat, slowing the car.

3. Why does ice float on water?


→ Ice is less dense than liquid water due to its crystalline molecular structure.

4. Why do we see a rainbow after rain?


→ Sunlight refracts, reflects, and disperses in raindrops, splitting into different colors.

5. Why does a black car heat up faster in sunlight?


→ Black absorbs more light and converts it into heat energy.

6. Why do airplanes fly?


→ Lift force, created by air pressure differences on wings, counteracts gravity.

7. Why do metal objects feel colder than wooden ones?


→ Metal conducts heat away from the skin faster than wood.

8. Why does sound travel faster in water than in air?


→ Water molecules are more tightly packed, transmitting sound waves more efficiently.

9. Why do objects appear smaller in the distance?


→ Perspective causes parallel lines to converge, making distant objects appear smaller.

10. Why do we see lightning before hearing thunder?


→ Light travels faster than sound, so we perceive the flash first.

11. Why do bullets travel in a curved path?


→ Gravity pulls them downward while air resistance affects their motion.

12. Why do mirrors reverse left and right but not up and down?
→ Mirrors reflect light rays symmetrically, flipping the image horizontally.

13. Why does friction generate heat?


→ The rubbing of surfaces converts kinetic energy into thermal energy.

14. Why do magnets attract certain metals?


→ Magnetic fields align the atoms in materials like iron, producing attraction.

15. Why do hot air balloons rise?


→ Heated air inside the balloon is less dense than the surrounding air, creating lift.

16. Why do raindrops fall in a spherical shape?


→ Surface tension pulls water molecules into the smallest possible area, forming a sphere.

17. Why do echoes occur?


→ Sound waves reflect off surfaces and return to the listener.

18. Why does a car move forward when the wheels push backward?
→ Newton’s Third Law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
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19. Why does hot air rise?


→ Heated air becomes less dense and moves upward.

20. Why does rubbing your hands together generate heat?


→ Friction between your hands converts mechanical energy into heat energy.

21. Why do we hear echoes in an empty hall but not in a furnished room?
→ Sound waves reflect off hard surfaces but get absorbed by furniture.

22. Why does a pencil appear bent in water?


→ Light refracts when it moves from water to air.

23. Why do black objects heat up faster in sunlight?


→ Black absorbs all wavelengths of light and converts them to heat.

24. Why do heavy and light objects fall at the same rate in a vacuum?
→ There is no air resistance, so gravity affects them equally.

25. Why do bicycles stay upright when moving but fall when stationary?
→ Gyroscopic effect and balance improve stability in motion.

26. Why do boomerangs return when thrown correctly?


→ Aerodynamic forces create curved flight paths.

27. Why does sound travel faster in water than in air?


→ Water molecules are more densely packed, transmitting vibrations faster.

28. Why do race cars have spoilers?


→ Spoilers reduce air resistance and increase downforce for stability.

29. Why do stars twinkle but planets do not?


→ Stars are point sources of light affected by atmospheric turbulence.

30. Why do microwaves heat food but not the dish?


→ Microwaves excite water molecules, which most dishes lack.

31. Why do planes fly at high altitudes?


→ Thinner air reduces drag and improves fuel efficiency.

32. Why do objects appear bent in water?


→ Light refraction changes the apparent position of objects.

33. Why do astronauts float in space?


→ They are in free fall around Earth, experiencing microgravity.

34. Why do black surfaces get hotter in the sun?


→ Black absorbs more light and converts it into heat.

35. Why do mirrors reverse images left to right?


→ Mirrors reflect light directly, but our brain interprets the reflection differently.

36. Why does sound travel faster in water than in air?


→ Water molecules are closer together, allowing sound waves to move faster.

37. Why do satellites not fall to Earth?


→ They travel fast enough that their forward motion balances Earth's gravity.
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38. Why do bullets travel faster than arrows?


→ Bullets experience less air resistance and are propelled by explosive force.

39. Why do we see a rainbow after rain?


→ Sunlight refracts, reflects, and disperses through water droplets, creating colors.

40. Why do bicycle tires have grooves?


→ Grooves provide better grip by channeling water away and increasing friction.

41. Why does a bouncing ball eventually stop?


→ Energy is lost as heat and sound due to friction and air resistance.

42. Why do metals expand when heated?


→ Increased temperature causes atoms to vibrate more, increasing the space between them.

43. Why does a rolling object slow down?


→ Friction between the object and the surface resists motion.

44. Why does lightning strike tall buildings first?


→ Electric charges take the shortest path to the ground.

45. Why do ice cubes stick together in a freezer?


→ Water molecules freeze and bond on their surfaces.

46. Why does a rolling ball stop after some time?


→ Friction and air resistance slow it down.

47. Why do bullets travel faster than arrows?


→ Bullets have higher initial velocity due to explosive force.

48. Why does a rainbow form after rain?


→ Sunlight refracts, reflects, and disperses through water droplets.

49. Why do clouds float in the sky?


→ They are made of tiny water droplets that are lighter than air.

50. Why does metal feel colder than wood at the same temperature?
→ Metal conducts heat away from your skin faster.

51. Why do glasses shatter when dropped?


→ Glass is brittle and cannot absorb impact energy well.

52. Why do helicopters hover while planes cannot?


→ Helicopters have rotating blades that generate lift directly.

53. Why does an egg break when dropped on a hard surface but not on a soft one?
→ A hard surface does not absorb impact energy, causing the shell to break.

54. Why do some materials glow in the dark?


→ They absorb light energy and release it slowly (phosphorescence).

55. Why does a satellite stay in orbit?


→ It moves fast enough that its fall matches Earth's curvature, keeping it in orbit.

56. Why does a spinning top remain upright?


→ Angular momentum keeps it balanced until friction slows it down.
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57. Why do heavier objects not fall faster than lighter ones?
→ In free fall, gravity accelerates all objects equally regardless of mass.

58. Why do bridges have expansion joints?


→ Metal expands in heat and contracts in cold; joints prevent cracking.

59. Why do race cars have streamlined shapes?


→ To reduce air resistance and increase speed efficiency.

60. Why does a pendulum eventually stop swinging?


→ Air resistance and friction at the pivot gradually remove its energy.

61. Why does heat travel faster through metal than wood?
→ Metals have free electrons that transfer heat efficiently.

62. Why does a compass needle always point north?


→ Earth's magnetic field interacts with the needle, aligning it with the poles.

63. Why do astronauts feel weightless in space?


→ They are in continuous free fall around Earth, experiencing microgravity.

64. Why do ice skaters spin faster when pulling in their arms?
→ Conserving angular momentum reduces rotational inertia, increasing spin speed.

65. Why do ice cubes stick together in a freezer?


→ Water molecules freeze and bond on their surfaces.

66. Why does a rolling ball stop after some time?


→ Friction and air resistance slow it down.

67. Why do bullets travel faster than arrows?


→ Bullets have higher initial velocity due to explosive force.

68. Why does a rainbow form after rain?


→ Sunlight refracts, reflects, and disperses through water droplets.

69. Why do clouds float in the sky?


→ They are made of tiny water droplets that are lighter than air.

70. Why does metal feel colder than wood at the same temperature?
→ Metal conducts heat away from your skin faster.

71. Why do glasses shatter when dropped?


→ Glass is brittle and cannot absorb impact energy well.

72. Why do helicopters hover while planes cannot?


→ Helicopters have rotating blades that generate lift directly.

73. Why does an egg break when dropped on a hard surface but not on a soft one?
→ A hard surface does not absorb impact energy, causing the shell to break.

74. Why do some materials glow in the dark?


→ They absorb light energy and release it slowly (phosphorescence).

75. Why do metal objects feel colder than wooden ones at the same temperature?
→ Metals conduct heat away from the skin faster than wood, creating a colder sensation.
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76. Why do hot air balloons rise?


→ Heated air inside the balloon is less dense than the surrounding air, creating lift.
77. Why do we feel dizzy after spinning in circles?
→ The fluid in our inner ear continues moving even after we stop, confusing our balance system.
78. Why do stars twinkle at night?
→ Light from stars bends as it passes through different layers of Earth's atmosphere.
79. Why does rubbing your hands together make them warm?
→ Friction between your palms converts kinetic energy into heat.
80. Why does a glass bottle break when frozen water expands?
→ Water expands when it freezes, creating pressure that exceeds the bottle’s strength.
81. Why do our shadows change length throughout the day?
→ The Sun’s position changes, altering the angle at which light hits objects.
82. Why do planes fly at high altitudes?
→ Air resistance is lower at high altitudes, improving fuel efficiency and speed.
83. Why do batteries eventually stop working?
→ The chemical reactions inside deplete the available reactants needed to generate electricity.
84. Why do we hear echoes in empty rooms but not in furnished ones?
→ Hard surfaces reflect sound waves, while soft materials absorb them.
85. Why does metal expand when heated?
→ Heat increases the movement of atoms, causing them to take up more space.
86. Why do athletes warm up before exercising?
→ Warming up increases blood flow and muscle flexibility, reducing injury risk.
87. Why do glass windows sometimes crack in winter?
→ The glass contracts in cold temperatures, and uneven contraction creates stress.
88. Why does boiling water produce bubbles?
→ Heat turns water into steam, and the vapor forms bubbles that rise to the surface.
89. Why does sound not travel in space?
→ Space has no air or medium to carry sound waves.
90. Why do objects weigh less on the Moon than on Earth?
→ The Moon's gravity is weaker than Earth's, exerting less force on objects.
91. Why do raindrops form a spherical shape?
→ Surface tension minimizes the surface area, forming a sphere.
92. Why do mirrors reverse left and right but not up and down?
→ Mirrors reflect light straight back, and our brain interprets the reversal relative to our own perspective.
93. Why does a fan feel cool even though it doesn’t lower temperature?
→ Moving air increases evaporation from the skin, making us feel cooler.
94. Why does ice melt when salt is sprinkled on it?
→ Salt lowers the freezing point of water, causing ice to melt at a lower temperature.
95. Why does a metal spoon feel hotter than a wooden one in hot soup?
→ Metal is a better conductor of heat, transferring warmth to your hand faster.
96. Why does a compass needle point north?
→ It aligns with Earth's magnetic field, pointing toward the magnetic north pole.
97. Why do deep-sea fish not get crushed by high pressure?
→ Their bodies are adapted to withstand extreme pressures with flexible tissues and balanced internal
pressure.
98. Why does lightning occur before we hear thunder?
→ Light travels much faster than sound, reaching our eyes before the sound wave reaches our ears.
99. Why does boiling water cook food faster than simmering water?
→ Boiling water transfers heat more rapidly due to continuous convection currents.
100. Why do rubber bands snap when stretched too much?
→ Excessive stretching breaks the molecular bonds in the rubber.
101. Why do some materials glow in the dark?
→ They absorb light energy and slowly release it as visible light, a process called phosphorescence.
102. Why does oil float on water?
→ Oil is less dense than water and does not mix due to its hydrophobic properties.
103. Why do we see lightning before hearing thunder?
→ Light travels faster than sound, so we see the flash before hearing the sound wave.
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104. Why does metal become brittle in extreme cold?


→ Cold temperatures reduce atomic movement, making the metal less flexible and more prone to
breaking.
105. Why do astronauts wear special suits in space?
→ Space lacks air and has extreme temperatures, so suits provide oxygen, pressure, and insulation.
106. Why does a rolling wheel keep moving without external force?
→ Due to inertia, an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
107. Why do roads appear wet on a hot day?
→ Heat causes air to refract light, creating a mirage that looks like water.
108. Why does helium make your voice sound high-pitched?
→ Helium is lighter than air, causing sound waves to travel faster and altering vocal frequencies.
109. Why does the Moon have no atmosphere?
→ Its weak gravity cannot retain gases, allowing them to escape into space.
110. Why do we get static shocks in dry weather?
→ Dry air allows electric charges to build up more easily, leading to sudden discharge upon contact.
111. Why do submarines use sonar to navigate underwater?
→ Sound waves travel better than light in water, allowing sonar to detect objects through echoes.
112. Why do snowflakes have unique patterns?
→ Their crystal structure forms based on temperature and humidity during formation.
113. Why does a stretched rubber band release energy when snapped?
→ The potential energy stored in the stretched state is quickly converted into kinetic energy.
114. Why does a balloon pop when pricked with a needle?
→ The puncture breaks the balanced pressure inside, causing a sudden release of air.
115. Why does sugar dissolve faster in hot water?
→ Heat increases molecular movement, speeding up the dissolving process.
116. Why does sound travel slower in cold air?
→ Cold air molecules move slower, reducing the speed at which sound waves propagate.
117. Why does a spinning top eventually fall over?
→ Friction and air resistance gradually slow its rotation, reducing stability.
118. Why do astronauts see a black sky even in daylight?
→ Space lacks an atmosphere to scatter sunlight, so the sky remains black.
119. Why does a gyroscope maintain stability when spinning?
→ Conservation of angular momentum resists changes in orientation.
120. Why does a whistle sound different underwater?
→ Water is denser than air, altering the speed and frequency of sound waves.
121. Why do hot drinks cool faster in a metal cup than in a ceramic one?
→ Metal conducts heat away faster, leading to quicker cooling.
122. Why does a flame need oxygen to burn?
→ Oxygen supports combustion by reacting with fuel to release heat and light.
123. Why does frost form on cold surfaces in winter?
→ Water vapor in the air condenses and freezes upon contact with cold surfaces.
124. Why do airplanes have pointed noses?
→ A streamlined shape reduces air resistance, improving speed and fuel efficiency.
125. Why do your ears pop in an airplane?
→ Rapid altitude changes affect air pressure, and your ears adjust to equalize it.
126. Why does a glass of cold water develop droplets on the outside?
→ Moisture from warm air condenses when it contacts the cold surface.
127. Why do electric wires sag in summer?
→ Heat causes metal to expand, increasing the length of the wire.
128. Why does a black hole trap light?
→ Its gravitational pull is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.
129.

Chemistry

1. Why does salt dissolve in water but not in oil?


→ Water is polar and dissolves ionic compounds; oil is non-polar and does not interact with salt.
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2. Why does rust form on iron?


→ Iron reacts with oxygen and water, forming iron oxide (rust) over time.

3. Why does lemon taste sour?


→ It contains citric acid, which stimulates sour taste receptors on the tongue.

4. Why does soap remove grease?


→ Soap molecules have a hydrophobic end that binds to grease and a hydrophilic end that binds to
water.

5. Why does milk spoil if left outside?


→ Bacteria multiply and break down lactose, producing lactic acid and sour milk.

6. Why do carbonated drinks fizz?


→ Dissolved carbon dioxide escapes when pressure is released, forming bubbles.

7. Why do candles melt when heated?


→ Heat breaks molecular bonds, turning solid wax into liquid.

8. Why does cooking oil not mix with water?


→ Oil is non-polar, and water is polar; they do not form bonds.

9. Why does sugar dissolve faster in hot water?


→ Heat increases molecular motion, helping sugar disperse more quickly.

10. Why does vinegar clean stains?


→ Acetic acid in vinegar dissolves mineral deposits and grease.

11. Why do fireworks produce different colors?


→ Different metal salts emit different colors when heated.

12. Why does a matchstick ignite when struck?


→ Friction generates heat, igniting the phosphorus coating.

13. Why does metal corrode faster in saltwater?


→ Salt accelerates oxidation by increasing conductivity and chemical reactions.

14. Why does baking soda react with vinegar?


→ It releases carbon dioxide gas due to acid-base reaction.

15. Why does a sliced apple turn brown?


→ Oxygen reacts with enzymes in the fruit, causing oxidation.

16. Why does boiling water produce bubbles?


→ Water changes from liquid to gas, forming steam bubbles.

17. Why does glass shatter but metal bends?


→ Glass has a rigid structure; metals have flexible atomic bonds.

18. Why do some metals rust while others don’t?


→ Rust forms when iron reacts with oxygen and water; some metals resist oxidation.

19. Why do lemon and vinegar taste sour?


→ They contain acids that release hydrogen ions, which stimulate taste receptors.

20. Why does sugar dissolve in water?


→ Water molecules break sugar’s bonds and surround individual molecules.
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21. Why does oil not mix with water?


→ Oil and water are non-polar; they repel each other.

22. Why do gases expand when heated?


→ Higher temperature increases molecular motion, causing expansion.

23. Why does rust weaken iron objects?


→ Rust (iron oxide) is brittle and flakes off, reducing strength.

24. Why do fireworks produce different colors?


→ Different metal salts burn at various wavelengths, emitting distinct colors.

25. Why does carbon dioxide extinguish the fire?


→ It displaces oxygen, which fire needs to burn.

26. Why does baking soda fizz in vinegar?


→ An acid-base reaction releases carbon dioxide gas.

27. Why do leaves change color in autumn?


→ Chlorophyll breaks down, revealing other pigments.

28. Why does boiling water bubble?


→ Heat turns water into vapor, forming bubbles that rise and escape.

29. Why do candles burn with a flame?


→ Wax vapor combusts, producing heat and light.

30. Why do some metals rust while others don’t?


→ Only metals like iron react with oxygen and moisture to form rust.

31. Why does hydrogen gas explode in the air?


→ It reacts rapidly with oxygen, releasing energy.

32. Why do perfumes smell stronger in warm weather?


→ Heat increases evaporation, releasing more fragrance molecules.

33. Why does salt dissolve in water?


→ Water molecules surround and separate salt ions.

34. Why do iron nails become rusty in water?


→ Iron reacts with oxygen and water to form iron oxide (rust).

35. Why does milk spoil quickly outside the fridge?


→ Bacteria grow faster in warm conditions, breaking down milk proteins.

36. Why does soap clean greasy hands?


→ Soap molecules have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts that break down grease.

37. Why do fizzy drinks lose their fizz over time?


→ Carbon dioxide gas escapes from the liquid.

38. Why does a banana turn brown after peeling?


→ Oxygen reacts with enzymes, causing oxidation.

39. Why do batteries stop working?


→ The chemical reaction inside the battery depletes reactants.
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40. Why does charcoal absorb odors?


→ Its porous structure traps odor-causing molecules.

41. Why does ice melt faster on metal than on plastic?


→ Metal is a better conductor of heat.

42. Why does wood burn but not glass?


→ Wood is organic and combusts, while glass is a stable inorganic solid.

43. Why does honey never spoil?


→ Its low water content and high acidity prevent bacterial growth.

44. Why does toothpaste foam?


→ Surfactants trap air bubbles, creating foam.

45. Why do apples turn brown after being cut?


→ Enzymes react with oxygen, causing oxidation.

46. Why does sugar dissolve faster in hot water?


→ Heat increases molecular movement, making dissolving faster.

47. Why do marshmallows expand in a microwave?


→ Heat causes air inside them to expand.

48. Why does soda explode when shaken?


→ Shaking releases trapped carbon dioxide suddenly.

49. Why does baking powder make cakes rise?


→ It releases carbon dioxide when heated, making the dough expand.

50. Why do perfumes contain alcohol?


→ Alcohol helps dissolve fragrance oils and evaporates quickly.

51. Why do plastic bottles shrink in hot water?


→ Heat softens plastic, allowing it to contract.

52. Why do onions make you cry?


→ They release sulfur compounds that irritate the eyes.

53. Why do iron nails rust in water but not in oil?


→ Rust forms due to oxygen and moisture, which oil prevents.

54. Why does soap remove grease but water alone does not?
→ Soap molecules break down grease into smaller particles.

55. Why does milk spoil faster at room temperature?


→ Bacteria multiply rapidly in warm conditions.

56. Why do lemon juice and vinegar taste sour?


→ They contain acids that activate taste receptors.

57. Why does salt melt ice on roads?


→ It lowers the freezing point of water.

58. Why do old books turn yellow?


→ Paper contains lignin, which oxidizes over time.
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59. Why do some metals spark when struck?


→ The impact creates high temperatures, igniting small metal particles.

60. Why does dry ice create fog in water?


→ It sublimates, forming dense carbon dioxide vapor.

61. Why do fireworks produce different colors?


→ Different metal salts emit distinct colors when burned.

62. Why do candles drip wax?


→ Heat melts the wax, which then solidifies when cooled.

Biology

1. Why do we sweat?
→ Sweat evaporates from the skin, releasing heat and cooling the body.

2. Why do we get goosebumps?


→ Tiny muscles contract to make hair stand up, helping retain heat or showing emotional response.

3. Why do leaves appear green?


→ Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light but reflects green light, making leaves appear green.

4. Why does blood appear red?


→ Hemoglobin in red blood cells contains iron, which binds to oxygen and reflects red light.

5. Why do we yawn?
→ Yawning helps increase oxygen intake and cool down the brain.

6. Why do birds migrate?


→ To find food, a better climate, and suitable breeding grounds.

7. Why do we blink?
→ To moisten and protect the eyes from dust and dryness.

8. Why does hair turn gray with age?


→ Reduced melanin production leads to loss of hair color.

9. Why do we feel sleepy after eating?


→ Increased blood flow to the digestive system reduces oxygen supply to the brain.

10. Why do some people have allergies?


→ The immune system overreacts to harmless substances, releasing histamines.

11. Why do chameleons change color?


→ Special skin cells adjust pigmentation based on mood, temperature, and light.

12. Why do muscles get sore after exercise?


→ Tiny muscle fiber tears cause inflammation, leading to soreness.

13. Why do humans have fingerprints?


→ They improve grip and sense of touch.

14. Why do fish have gills instead of lungs?


→ Gills extract oxygen from water, while lungs require air.
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15. Why does eating too much sugar cause tooth decay?
→ Bacteria break down sugar into acids that erode enamel.

16. Why do humans need sleep?


→ Sleep helps the brain process information and repair the body.

17. Why do our pupils get larger in the dark?


→ To let in more light and improve vision.

18. Why do camels store fat in their humps?


→ For energy storage during long periods without food.

19. Why do we sneeze?


→ To expel irritants from the nasal passages.

20. Why do chameleons change color?


→ To regulate temperature and communicate with others.

21. Why does hair turn gray with age?


→ Melanin production decreases, leading to loss of hair pigment.

22. Why do we get hiccups?


→ Involuntary contractions of the diaphragm cause rapid closure of the vocal cords.

23. Why do snakes flick their tongues?


→ To collect scent particles and analyze their environment.

24. Why do birds have hollow bones?


→ To reduce weight and make flying easier.

25. Why do bats navigate in the dark?


→ They use echolocation by emitting sound waves and detecting their reflections.

26. Why do humans sweat?


→ To cool the body by evaporating water from the skin.

27. Why do frogs lay so many eggs?


→ To ensure survival, as many eggs get eaten before hatching.

28. Why do giraffes have long necks?


→ To reach high tree leaves for feeding and to compete for mates.

29. Why do our eyes water when cutting onions?


→ Onions release a sulfur compound that irritates the eyes.

30. Why do some animals see better at night?


→ They have more rod cells in their eyes for better low-light vision.

31. Why do fish have gills instead of lungs?


→ Gills extract oxygen from water, unlike lungs that process air.

32. Why do humans blink?


→ To keep the eyes moist and remove debris.

33. Why do cacti have spines instead of leaves?


→ To reduce water loss and protect from herbivores.
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34. Why do birds migrate?


→ To find food and suitable climates for survival.

35. Why do antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses?


→ Antibiotics target bacterial structures, which viruses lack.

36. Why do we feel pain?


→ Nerve endings send signals to the brain when stimulated.

37. Why do leaves wilt without water?


→ Water maintains turgor pressure, keeping leaves firm.

38. Why do dogs pant?


→ To regulate body temperature by evaporating moisture from their tongue.

39. Why do humans have fingerprints?


→ For better grip and unique identification.

40. Why does spicy food make you sweat?


→ Capsaicin triggers nerve responses that increase body temperature.

41. Why do people get goosebumps?


→ Tiny muscles around hair follicles contract in response to cold or emotions.

42. Why do chameleons change color?


→ Special skin cells reflect light differently based on temperature and mood.

43. Why do camels store fat in their humps?


→ For energy storage and to help survive long periods without food.

44. Why do humans get wrinkles with age?


→ Collagen and elastin in the skin break down over time.

45. Why do birds have different beak shapes?


→ Adaptation to their feeding habits.

46. Why do humans have two lungs but one heart?


→ Two lungs maximize oxygen intake, while one heart pumps blood efficiently.

47. Why do some plants have thorns?


→ For protection against herbivores.

48. Why do owls see well at night?


→ They have more rod cells in their eyes, enhancing low-light vision.

49. Why do we sneeze?


→ To expel irritants from the nose.

50. Why do cows chew cud?


→ They regurgitate food for better digestion.

51. Why do humans shed skin?


→ To remove dead skin cells and renew tissue.

52. Why do fireflies glow?


→ They produce bioluminescence through a chemical reaction.
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53. Why do people hiccup?


→ Spasms in the diaphragm cause sudden breath intake.

54. Why do fish have lateral lines?


→ To detect movement and vibrations in water.

55. Why do giraffes have long necks?


→ To reach leaves high in trees for feeding.

56. Why do our pupils shrink in bright light?


→ To reduce the amount of light entering the eye.

57. Why do camels store fat in their humps?


→ To use as energy and water reserves in deserts.

58. Why do bats hang upside down?


→ It allows easy takeoff since their wings are not strong enough for standing launch.

59. Why do we get goosebumps when cold?


→ Tiny muscles contract to trap heat by raising body hair.

60. Why do cats' eyes glow in the dark?


→ A layer behind their retina reflects light back.

61. Why do birds migrate in winter?


→ To find food and warmer climates for survival.

62. Why does cutting onions near water reduce tears?


→ Water absorbs the irritant chemicals before they reach the eyes.

63. Why do bees die after stinging?


→ Their stinger remains in the skin, causing fatal damage to their abdomen.

64. Why do frogs lay eggs in water?


→ To prevent their eggs from drying out.

65. Why do whales need to come up for air?


→ They are mammals and breathe oxygen through lungs.

Earth & Space Science

1. Why is the sky blue?


→ The atmosphere scatters shorter blue wavelengths of sunlight more than other colors.

2. Why does the Moon shine at night?


→ It reflects sunlight, as it does not produce its own light.

3. Why do tides occur?


→ The gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun causes periodic rises and falls in sea levels.

4. Why do earthquakes happen?


→ Movement of tectonic plates causes sudden shifts, releasing energy as seismic waves.

5. Why does the Sun appear red at sunrise and sunset?


→ Light travels through more atmosphere, scattering shorter wavelengths and allowing red to dominate.
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6. Why does it rain?


→ Water vapor condenses into droplets, forming clouds that release precipitation.

7. Why do we have different seasons?


→ Earth's tilted axis changes sunlight angles, creating seasonal variations.

8. Why do deserts have extreme temperatures?


→ Lack of water vapor leads to high heat absorption during the day and rapid cooling at night.

9. Why do stars twinkle?


→ Atmospheric turbulence refracts starlight, causing brightness fluctuations.

10. Why is Mars called the Red Planet?


→ Its surface contains iron oxide, giving it a reddish color.

11. Why do meteor showers happen?


→ Earth passes through debris from comets, creating visible streaks of light.

12. Why do volcanoes erupt?


→ Pressure from molten rock and gases forces magma to the surface.

13. Why do hurricanes spin?


→ Earth’s rotation causes the Coriolis effect, directing storm movement.

14. Why do planets orbit the Sun?


→ The Sun’s gravity pulls them while their motion keeps them in orbit.

15. Why do shooting stars burn up?


→ Friction with Earth's atmosphere heats and vaporizes them.

16. Why do black holes have strong gravity?


→ Their mass is concentrated in a small space, creating extreme gravitational pull.

17. Why do deserts experience extreme temperatures?


→ Lack of moisture leads to rapid heating and cooling.

18. Why do oceans appear blue?


→ Water absorbs red and green wavelengths but reflects blue light.

19. Why does the Moon have craters?


→ It lacks an atmosphere to burn up meteoroids before they impact its surface.

20. Why does the Sun appear yellow?


→ Earth’s atmosphere scatters shorter blue light wavelengths, making the Sun look yellow.

21. Why do seasons change?


→ Earth’s tilted axis causes different parts of the planet to receive varying amounts of sunlight.

22. Why do icebergs float?


→ Ice is less dense than liquid water, making it buoyant.

23. Why do volcanoes erupt?


→ Pressure from molten rock and gases forces magma to the surface.

24. Why do shooting stars glow?


→ Meteoroids burn due to friction when entering Earth’s atmosphere.
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25. Why does the sky appear red at sunrise and sunset?
→ Sunlight passes through more atmosphere, scattering shorter blue wavelengths.

26. Why do some stars twinkle?


→ Atmospheric turbulence bends starlight, making it appear to flicker.

27. Why does the Earth have a magnetic field?


→ Movement of molten iron in the outer core generates a magnetic field.

28. Why does the Moon control tides?


→ Its gravitational pull affects ocean water, creating high and low tides.

29. Why do glaciers move?


→ Gravity causes them to slowly slide downhill.

30. Why do the poles have six months of daylight and darkness?
→ Earth's tilt changes sunlight exposure over the year.

31. Why do meteor showers happen?


→ Earth passes through debris left by comets.

32. Why do hurricanes form over warm oceans?


→ Warm water evaporates, fueling strong storm systems.

33. Why do deserts have little rainfall?


→ Dry air and high-pressure systems prevent moisture formation.

34. Why do eclipses not happen every month?


→ The Moon’s orbit is tilted, so alignments are rare.

35. Why does Earth’s atmosphere keep us warm?


→ Greenhouse gases trap heat from the Sun.

36. Why does the ocean appear blue?


→ Water absorbs red light and reflects blue.

37. Why do earthquakes happen?


→ Movement of tectonic plates releases energy.

38. Why do tides occur twice a day?


→ The Moon’s gravity pulls on Earth's water as it orbits.

39. Why do planets orbit the Sun?


→ The Sun’s gravity pulls them while their inertia keeps them moving.

40. Why do mountains have snow at their peaks?


→ Higher altitudes have lower temperatures.

41. Why does Venus appear brighter than most planets?


→ Its thick clouds reflect sunlight efficiently.

42. Why do stars have different colors?


→ Their color depends on temperature; hotter stars appear blue, cooler ones red.

43. Why do volcanoes produce different types of lava?


→ Composition of magma determines viscosity and eruption style.
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44. Why does the Moon not have an atmosphere?


→ Its gravity is too weak to hold gases.

45. Why do space probes take years to reach distant planets?


→ Vast distances require long travel times despite high speeds.

46. Why do deserts get cold at night?


→ Sand loses heat quickly due to lack of moisture.

47. Why do glaciers appear blue?


→ Ice absorbs red light and reflects blue.

48. Why do meteorites burn upon entering Earth's atmosphere?


→ Friction with air generates intense heat.

49. Why does Mars appear red?


→ Its surface contains iron oxide (rust).

50. Why do hurricanes spin?


→ The Coriolis effect causes rotation due to Earth's spin.

51. Why do comets have tails?


→ The Sun's radiation pushes dust and gas away.

52. Why do astronauts wear space suits?


→ To protect against extreme temperatures and lack of oxygen.

53. Why do the Sun and Moon appear the same size from Earth?
→ The Sun is much larger but much farther away.

54. Why does Earth's core remain hot?


→ Radioactive decay and residual heat from formation.

55. Why do some stars explode as supernovae?


→ Massive stars collapse under gravity, releasing immense energy.

56. Why do volcanoes erupt?


→ Pressure from molten rock forces magma to the surface.

57. Why does the Moon have no atmosphere?


→ Its gravity is too weak to retain gases.

58. Why do tsunamis form after underwater earthquakes?


→ Seafloor shifts create massive waves.

59. Why do sunsets appear red?


→ Shorter blue wavelengths scatter, leaving red and orange.

60. Why do rivers curve over time?


→ Erosion wears away softer land, redirecting the water flow.

61. Why do sand dunes move?


→ Wind constantly shifts sand particles.

62. Why do stars change color as they age?


→ Their temperature and composition change over time.
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63. Why do meteors burn up before reaching Earth?


→ Friction with the atmosphere causes intense heat.

64. Why do ocean waves crash on the shore?


→ They slow down and rise due to shallower water.

65. Why does the Earth have a magnetic field?


→ Its molten iron core generates a magnetic effect.

Physics

Echo: Reflection of sound waves from a surface, creating a delayed repetition of the original sound.
Refraction: The bending of light when it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.
Absorption: The process by which a material takes in energy, such as heat or sound, rather than reflecting it.
Gravity: A natural force that pulls objects toward the center of the Earth or any other celestial body.
Gyroscopic Effect: The tendency of a rotating object to maintain its orientation due to angular momentum.
Aerodynamics: The study of how air interacts with moving objects, affecting motion and stability.
Sound Propagation: The transmission of sound waves through a medium such as air, water, or solids.
Turbulence: Irregular air motion that distorts light waves, causing stars to twinkle.
Microwave Radiation: A form of electromagnetic energy that heats food by exciting water molecules.

Inertia: The resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion.


Velocity: The speed of an object in a given direction.
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity over time.
Momentum: The product of an object's mass and velocity, determining its motion persistence.
Force: A push or pull acting on an object, causing acceleration.
Work: The transfer of energy when a force moves an object over a distance.
Power: The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
Kinetic Energy: The energy an object possesses due to its motion.
Potential Energy: Stored energy due to an object's position or state.
Electromagnetic Waves: Waves that do not require a medium to propagate, such as light.

Newton’s First Law: An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Newton’s Second Law: The force acting on an object is equal to its mass times acceleration (F = ma).
Newton’s Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Gravitational Force: The force of attraction between two masses, responsible for keeping planets in orbit.
Buoyancy: The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged object.
Thermodynamics: The study of heat, energy, and their transformations.
Entropy: A measure of disorder in a system, increasing over time in a closed system.
Capillary Action: The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces against gravity.
Doppler Effect: The change in frequency of a wave due to the motion of its source.
Simple Machines: Basic mechanical devices like levers and pulleys that make work easier.

Pascal’s Law: A change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
Archimedes’ Principle: The upward buoyant force on an object submerged in a fluid is equal to the weight of the
displaced fluid.
Wave-Particle Duality: The concept that light and matter exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior.
Ohm’s Law: Voltage (V) equals current (I) multiplied by resistance (R): V = IR.
Superconductivity: A state in which certain materials exhibit zero electrical resistance at very low temperatures.
Refraction: The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.
Total Internal Reflection: The complete reflection of light within a medium when it hits a boundary at a certain
angle.
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Electromagnetic Induction: The process of generating an electric current by changing the magnetic field around
a conductor.
Escape Velocity: The minimum velocity an object must reach to break free from a planet's gravitational pull.
Projectile Motion: The curved path an object follows when thrown near the Earth’s surface under the influence
of gravity.

Centripetal Force: The force that keeps an object moving in a circular path, directed towards the center.
Thermal Expansion: The increase in an object’s volume due to the rise in temperature.
Resonance: The phenomenon where an object vibrates at maximum amplitude when exposed to its natural
frequency.
Inertia: The resistance of an object to change its state of motion.
Diffraction: The bending of light or sound waves around obstacles or through narrow openings.
Magnetic Flux: The measure of the total magnetic field passing through a given area.
Work-Energy Theorem: The work done on an object is equal to its change in kinetic energy.
Damping: The gradual loss of amplitude in an oscillating system due to external resistance.
Quantum Tunneling: A quantum phenomenon where particles pass through energy barriers they classically
shouldn’t.
Polarization: The alignment of waves in a particular direction, especially light waves.

Entropy: A measure of disorder in a system, indicating the tendency of energy to spread out.
Capacitance: The ability of a system to store an electric charge.
Newton’s Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Doppler Effect: The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the
source.
Absolute Zero: The lowest theoretical temperature where all molecular motion stops (-273.15°C or 0K).
Surface Tension: The cohesive force at a liquid’s surface that allows it to resist external force.
Escape Velocity: The minimum velocity required for an object to break free from a celestial body's gravitational
pull.
Power: The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, measured in watts.
Latent Heat: The heat required to change the phase of a substance without changing its temperature.
Friction: The force resisting the relative motion of surfaces in contact.

Chemistry

Rusting: A chemical reaction between iron, oxygen, and water that forms iron oxide.
Surfactant: A substance that reduces surface tension, allowing soap to break down grease.
Bacterial Growth: The rapid reproduction of bacteria under favorable conditions, leading to spoilage.
Acids: Substances with a pH lower than 7, often sour in taste and capable of donating protons.
Freezing Point Depression: The process by which adding a solute, like salt, lowers the freezing point of a liquid.
Oxidation: A chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons, often resulting in color changes.
Combustion: A high-temperature reaction between a fuel and oxygen, producing heat and light.
Sublimation: The direct transition of a solid into a gas without passing through the liquid phase.
Flame Test: A method used to identify metal ions based on the color emitted when burned.
Phase Transition: The change of a substance from one state (solid, liquid, gas) to another due to temperature
changes.

Catalyst: A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed.
Electrolysis: The process of using electricity to decompose a compound into its elements.
Polymerization: The chemical process of linking small molecules to form larger macromolecules.
Endothermic Reaction: A reaction that absorbs heat from its surroundings.
Exothermic Reaction: A reaction that releases heat energy into the surroundings.
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pH Scale: A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14.


Diffusion: The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
Osmosis: The movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute
concentration.
Chemical Bonding: The attraction between atoms forming molecules, including ionic, covalent, and metallic
bonds.
Alloys: Mixtures of two or more metals, or a metal with a non-metal, to improve properties.

Alloy: A mixture of two or more metals to enhance properties like strength and corrosion resistance.
pH Scale: A scale used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14.
Mole Concept: A quantity representing 6.022 × 10²³ particles of a substance.
Redox Reaction: A reaction involving both reduction (gain of electrons) and oxidation (loss of electrons).
Hydration: The process of adding water molecules to a compound.
Hard Water: Water containing high levels of calcium and magnesium ions, making it difficult to lather with soap.
Photolysis: The decomposition of a chemical compound by light.
Noble Gases: A group of non-reactive gases in Group 18 of the periodic table, including helium and neon.

Catalysis: The acceleration of a chemical reaction due to the presence of a catalyst.


Polymerization: The process of combining small molecules (monomers) to form a large chain-like molecule
(polymer).
Electrolysis: A process that uses electricity to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction.
Sublimation: The direct transition of a solid to gas without passing through the liquid phase.
Isomerism: The existence of compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements.
Free Radicals: Highly reactive atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons.
Emulsification: The process of breaking down large fat molecules into smaller droplets, aided by bile in
digestion.
Endothermic Reaction: A chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its surroundings.
Exothermic Reaction: A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat or light.
Chelation: The process by which a molecule binds to metal ions, forming a stable complex.

Colloid: A mixture where fine particles are dispersed within another substance without settling.
Zeolites: Microporous minerals used in water purification and catalysis.

Avogadro’s Law: Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain an equal number of
molecules.
Boyle’s Law: The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature.
Charles’s Law: The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant pressure.
Le Chatelier’s Principle: If a system in equilibrium is disturbed, it will adjust to counteract the disturbance.
Buffer Solution: A solution that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added.
Allotropes: Different structural forms of the same element, such as carbon in the form of graphite and diamond.
Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen, such as methane and ethane.
Electroplating: The process of coating a metal object with another metal using electrolysis.
Fermentation: The breakdown of organic substances by microorganisms to produce energy, alcohol, or organic
acids.
Nanotechnology: The study and application of extremely small materials at the molecular or atomic level.

Covalent Bond: A chemical bond where atoms share electron pairs.


Ionic Bond: A bond formed when one atom donates an electron to another, creating charged ions.
Metallic Bond: The bonding between metal atoms due to a sea of free-moving electrons.
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
Radioactivity: The emission of particles and energy from unstable atomic nuclei.
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Neutralization: A reaction between an acid and a base to form water and salt.
Solubility: The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.
Molarity: The concentration of a solution measured in moles per liter.
Saponification: The chemical process of making soap by reacting fat with an alkali.
Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond.

Biology

Pupil Reflex: The automatic adjustment of the pupil size to control the amount of light entering the eye.
Fat Storage: The accumulation of fat in an organism for energy and insulation.
Inverted Resting Posture: The natural position of bats, enabling them to take flight easily.
Thermoregulation: The process by which organisms maintain their internal body temperature.
Tapetum Lucidum: A reflective layer behind the retina in some animals that enhances night vision.
Migration: The seasonal movement of animals to find better living conditions, food, or breeding grounds.
Irritant Chemicals: Substances like sulfur compounds in onions that cause eye irritation.
Autotomy: The ability of certain animals to shed a body part, such as a bee losing its stinger.
Amphibian Reproduction: The process by which amphibians lay eggs in water to ensure proper development.
Mammalian Respiration: The breathing mechanism in mammals, requiring oxygen intake through lungs.

Homeostasis: The regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain stability.


Metabolism: The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
Cell Division: The process of a cell splitting into two new cells, including mitosis and meiosis.
Photosynthesis: The process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy.
Respiration: The process of breaking down glucose to release energy in living organisms.
Enzymes: Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells.
Genetics: The study of heredity and variation in living organisms.
Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that may affect traits or functions.
Antibodies: Proteins produced by the immune system to fight pathogens.
Adaptation: A trait or behavior that helps an organism survive in its environment.

Chromosomes: Structures in cells that contain genetic material.


DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): The molecule that carries genetic instructions in living organisms.
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): A molecule involved in protein synthesis.
Ecosystem: A biological community interacting with its environment.
Food Chain: A sequence showing how energy is transferred from one organism to another.
Biodiversity: The variety of life forms in an ecosystem.
Hormones: Chemical messengers in the body that regulate functions like growth and metabolism.
Pathogens: Microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses that cause disease.
Symbiosis: A close, long-term interaction between two different species.
Photosynthetic Pigments: Substances like chlorophyll that absorb light for photosynthesis.

Genetic Engineering: The direct manipulation of an organism’s genes to alter its characteristics.
Bioluminescence: The production of light by living organisms, such as fireflies and deep-sea creatures.
Embryology: The branch of biology concerned with the development of embryos from fertilization to birth.
Immunity: The ability of an organism to resist infections by producing antibodies or immune responses.
Endangered Species: Organisms at risk of extinction due to environmental changes or human activities.
Mutation: A sudden change in the genetic material of an organism, which can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.
Biotechnology: The use of biological processes and organisms for industrial and technological applications.
Photosystem: A protein-pigment complex in plants that captures light energy for photosynthesis.
Trophic Levels: The different feeding levels in an ecosystem, from producers to top predators.
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Gene Therapy: A medical technique that involves correcting genetic disorders by inserting functional genes into
cells.

Homeostasis: The maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism.


Osmoregulation: The control of water balance in an organism to maintain homeostasis.
Enzymes: Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
Autotrophs: Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Heterotrophs: Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
Endocytosis: The process by which cells engulf substances into vesicles for internal use.
Exocytosis: The process of expelling substances from a cell using vesicles.
Epigenetics: The study of changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations in DNA sequence.
Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that transmit signals across nerve synapses.
Adaptation: A trait that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.

Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for energy production through cellular respiration.
Hemoglobin: A protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body.
Symbiosis: A close and long-term interaction between two different biological species.
Mutation: A permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
Antibodies: Proteins produced by the immune system to neutralize harmful pathogens.
Genetic Drift: Random changes in gene frequencies in small populations over time.
Transpiration: The process by which water is absorbed by roots and released as vapor through stomata in leaves.
Biomagnification: The increase in concentration of toxic substances as they move up the food chain.
Fermentation: The process of breaking down sugar without oxygen, producing energy and byproducts like
alcohol.
Hormones: Chemical messengers that regulate various physiological functions in the body.

Earth & Space Science

Volcanism: The eruption of molten rock, ash, and gases from beneath the Earth's crust.
Atmospheric Retention: The ability of a celestial body to hold onto gases, dependent on gravity.
Seismic Activity: Earth movements caused by the release of energy along fault lines, sometimes triggering
tsunamis.
Rayleigh Scattering: The scattering of light by small particles, responsible for the color of the sky and sunsets.
Erosion: The gradual wearing away of land by wind, water, and other natural forces.
Aeolian Processes: The movement and reshaping of landscapes by wind action, such as in sand dunes.
Stellar Evolution: The life cycle of a star, from formation to its end state as a white dwarf, neutron star, or black
hole.
Meteor Ablation: The process by which meteors burn up due to friction with the Earth's atmosphere.
Wave Dynamics: The behavior of ocean waves as they interact with land, changing speed and height.
Geomagnetism: The Earth's magnetic field, generated by movements of molten iron in the core.

Tectonic Plates: Large sections of Earth's crust that move and cause geological activity.
Atmosphere: The layer of gases surrounding a planet, essential for climate and life.
Greenhouse Effect: The trapping of heat in Earth's atmosphere by greenhouse gases.
Climate Change: Long-term changes in global or regional climate patterns.
Lunar Phases: The changing appearances of the Moon due to its orbit around Earth.
Tides: The rise and fall of ocean levels caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun.
Black Holes: Extremely dense objects in space with gravity so strong that not even light can escape.
Asteroids: Small rocky bodies that orbit the Sun, mostly found in the asteroid belt.
Comets: Icy celestial bodies that release gas and dust as they approach the Sun.
Supernova: The explosive death of a massive star, releasing immense energy.
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Continental Drift: The slow movement of Earth’s continents over geological time.
Rock Cycle: The continuous transformation of rocks between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic forms.
Water Cycle: The movement of water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
Ozone Layer: A protective layer in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful UV radiation.
Auroras: Natural light displays caused by charged particles from the Sun interacting with Earth’s atmosphere.
Exoplanets: Planets that orbit stars outside our solar system.
Neutron Star: The collapsed core of a massive star, extremely dense and composed mainly of neutrons.
Tsunami: A large ocean wave caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
Glaciers: Massive slow-moving bodies of ice formed by accumulated snowfall.
Magnetosphere: The region around Earth dominated by its magnetic field, protecting it from solar winds.

Cryosphere: The frozen water part of the Earth system, including glaciers, ice caps, and permafrost.
El Niño: A climate pattern causing unusual warming of ocean waters in the central and eastern Pacific.
Landslide: The sudden downward movement of rock and soil due to gravity and unstable slopes.
Seismograph: An instrument used to detect and record earthquakes.
Permafrost: Permanently frozen soil found in polar and subpolar regions.
Meteor Shower: A celestial event where multiple meteors are visible as they burn up in Earth’s atmosphere.
Astrobiology: The study of life in the universe, including conditions on other planets.
Pulsars: Rapidly rotating neutron stars that emit beams of electromagnetic radiation.
Kuiper Belt: A region beyond Neptune containing icy bodies and dwarf planets, including Pluto.
Cosmic Microwave Background: The residual radiation from the Big Bang, provides evidence for the universe's
origin.

Greenhouse Effect: The trapping of heat in Earth’s atmosphere due to greenhouse gases like CO₂ and methane.
Tides: The periodic rise and fall of ocean levels due to the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun.
Sedimentary Rocks: Rocks formed by the deposition and compression of mineral and organic particles.
Igneous Rocks: Rocks formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
Metamorphic Rocks: Rocks altered by heat, pressure, or chemical processes over time.
Supernova: The explosive death of a massive star, resulting in a burst of energy and matter.
Black Hole: A region in space with an extremely strong gravitational pull where not even light can escape.
Solar Wind: A stream of charged particles released from the Sun’s upper atmosphere.
Plate Tectonics: The theory explaining the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates over the mantle.
Erosion: The process by which natural forces like wind, water, and ice wear away rocks and soil.

Aurora Borealis: The Northern Lights, caused by charged particles from the Sun interacting with Earth's magnetic
field.
Permafrost: Soil that remains frozen for two or more consecutive years.
Coriolis Effect: The deflection of moving objects due to Earth’s rotation, affecting wind and ocean currents.
Meteorite: A fragment of a meteor that survives passage through Earth's atmosphere and lands on the surface.
Ocean Currents: Large-scale movements of seawater driven by wind, salinity, and temperature differences.
Hurricanes: Intense tropical storms with strong winds and heavy rain, known as typhoons or cyclones in different
regions.
Astrobiology: The study of life beyond Earth, exploring the potential for extraterrestrial organisms.
Seafloor Spreading: The process of new oceanic crust formation at mid-ocean ridges.
Ozone Layer: A protective layer in Earth’s stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet
radiation.
El Niño: A climate phenomenon causing warm ocean temperatures in the Pacific, affecting global weather
patterns.
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Definitions related to everyday science:

Evaporation – The process where the liquid turns into gas at the surface, often due to heat.

Condensation – The conversion of gas into liquid when cooled.

Osmosis – The movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a low to a high solute
concentration.

Diffusion – The natural spreading of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

Inertia – The tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an external force.

Buoyancy – The upward force exerted by a fluid that allows objects to float.

Refraction – The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

Reflection – The bouncing back of light when it hits a surface.

Photosynthesis – The process by which plants convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into food and oxygen.

Respiration – The process of breaking down food to release energy in living organisms.

Newton’s First Law – An object remains in its state of motion or rest unless acted upon by an external force.

Newton’s Second Law – Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).

Newton’s Third Law – For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Surface Tension – The cohesive force at the surface of a liquid that makes it behave like a stretched elastic sheet.

Latent Heat – The heat absorbed or released during a phase change without changing temperature.

Capillary Action – The ability of a liquid to flow against gravity in narrow spaces due to cohesion and adhesion.

Kinetic Energy – The energy an object possesses due to motion.

Potential Energy – Stored energy based on an object’s position or condition.

Conduction – The transfer of heat through direct contact between objects.

Convection – The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).

Radiation – The transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves without needing a medium.

Echo – The reflection of sound waves off a surface back to the listener.

Electromagnetic Waves – Waves that can travel through a vacuum, such as light, radio waves, and X-rays.

Static Electricity – The accumulation of electric charge on a surface due to friction.

Magnetism – The force exerted by magnets that attracts or repels certain metals.

Acid – A substance with a pH below 7 that donates protons (H⁺) in a reaction.

Base – A substance with a pH above 7 that accepts protons (H⁺) or releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻).

Catalyst – A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.

Combustion – The process of burning a substance in the presence of oxygen to release heat and light.

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Here are more definitions related to general science:

Abiotic Factors – Non-living components of an ecosystem, such as temperature, water, and soil.

Absorption – The process by which substances take in energy, light, or liquids.

Acclimatization – The gradual adaptation of an organism to a new environment or climate.

Aerobic Respiration – The process in which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food.

Antioxidants – Substances that prevent or slow down oxidation, protecting cells from damage.

Aquifer – An underground layer of water-bearing rock that supplies wells and springs.

Arteries – Blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body.

Ascorbic Acid – Another name for Vitamin C, essential for immune function and skin health.

Astrobiology – The study of life in the universe, including conditions on other planets.

Atmospheric Pressure – The force exerted by the weight of the atmosphere on Earth's surface.

Autotrophs – Organisms, such as plants, that produce their food through photosynthesis.

Bacteria – Single-celled microorganisms, some of which cause diseases, while others aid digestion.

Biodegradable – Substances that can be broken down naturally by microorganisms.

Biodiversity – The variety of life forms in an ecosystem, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.

Biofuel – Renewable energy sources are made from biological materials like plants and algae.

Boiling Point – The temperature at which a liquid turns into vapor.

Calorie – A unit of energy used to measure the energy content of food.

Carbon Footprint – The total amount of greenhouse gases produced by human activities.

Chlorophyll – The green pigment in plants responsible for capturing sunlight for photosynthesis.

Climate Change – Long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns due to natural and human causes.

Compost – Organic matter that decomposes and enriches soil, used in farming and gardening.

Conservation – The practice of protecting and managing natural resources responsibly.

Cytoplasm – The jelly-like substance inside cells where cellular activities take place.

Decomposition – The breakdown of organic matter by bacteria and fungi into simpler substances.

Detergent – A cleaning agent that removes dirt and grease, often made from surfactants.

Diabetes – A metabolic disorder in which the body has difficulty regulating blood sugar levels.

Diffusion – The movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) – The genetic material in cells that carries instructions for growth and
reproduction.

Ecosystem – A community of living organisms interacting with their environment.

Endangered Species – Species at risk of extinction due to habitat loss, hunting, or climate change.
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Endocrine System – The system of glands that produce hormones to regulate body functions.

Erosion – The gradual wearing away of soil, rock, or land due to wind, water, or ice.

Excretion – The process of removing waste products from the body.

Fermentation – The process in which microorganisms break down sugar to produce alcohol or lactic acid.

Genetics – The study of heredity and variation in living organisms.

Greenhouse Effect – The trapping of heat in Earth’s atmosphere by gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.

Hemoglobin – The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.

Herbivore – An animal that eats only plants.

Hormones – Chemical messengers produced by glands to regulate bodily functions.

Immune System – The body's defense system against infections and diseases.

Insulin – A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, produced by the pancreas.

Ionization – The process of gaining or losing electrons to form charged particles (ions).

Lactose Intolerance – The inability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk.

Magma – Molten rock beneath the Earth's surface that forms lava when it erupts.

Microorganism – A tiny living organism, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

Natural Selection – The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce.

Nutrients – Essential substances in food that provide energy and support body functions.

Organic Farming – A farming method that avoids synthetic pesticides and fertilizers.

Oxygenation – The process of adding oxygen to a substance, such as blood in the lungs.

Pathogen – A microorganism that causes disease, such as bacteria or viruses.

Pollination – The transfer of pollen from one flower to another, enabling plant reproduction.

Renewable Energy – Energy sources that replenish naturally, such as solar, wind, and hydropower.

Sedimentary Rock – Rock formed by the accumulation of mineral and organic particles over time.

Symbiosis – A relationship between two different organisms that benefits at least one of them.

Tsunami – A large ocean wave caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.

Ultrasound – High-frequency sound waves used in medical imaging.

Virus – A microscopic infectious agent that replicates inside living cells.

Here are more completely different definitions related to general science:

Acid Rain – Rainwater is mixed with pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, making it acidic and
harmful to the environment.

Adrenaline – A hormone released in response to stress or danger, increasing heart rate and energy.

Agar – A jelly-like substance derived from seaweed, used in laboratories to grow bacteria.
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Air Resistance – The force that opposes the motion of objects moving through air, slowing them down.

Albedo – The measure of how much sunlight is reflected by a surface, with ice having a high albedo and forests a
low one.

Amphibians – Cold-blooded vertebrates that live both in water and on land, like frogs and salamanders.

Anemia – A condition where the body lacks enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen efficiently.

Antibiotic Resistance – When bacteria evolve to survive antibiotic treatments, making infections harder to cure.

Arthropods – A group of invertebrates with exoskeletons, segmented bodies, and jointed limbs, including insects
and crabs.

Astigmatism – A vision defect caused by an irregularly shaped cornea, leading to blurred vision.

Aurora Borealis – Also known as the Northern Lights, colorful lights in the sky are caused by charged particles
from the sun interacting with Earth’s atmosphere.

Autoclave – A device that uses steam and high pressure to sterilize medical and laboratory equipment.

Bacteriophage – A virus that infects and destroys bacteria, often used in medical research.

Barometer – An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure, helping predict weather changes.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) – The amount of energy the body uses at rest to maintain basic functions like
breathing.

Biodiesel – A renewable fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats, used as an alternative to diesel fuel.

Bioluminescence – The production of light by living organisms, such as fireflies and deep-sea fish.

Blood Plasma – The liquid part of blood that carries cells, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

Cataract – A condition where the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, leading to vision impairment.

Centrifuge – A machine that spins samples at high speeds to separate substances based on density.

Cholesterol – A fatty substance in blood that is essential for cell membranes but harmful in excess.

Convection – The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids, such as warm air rising and cool air sinking.

Cryogenics – The study of extremely low temperatures and their effects on materials and organisms.

Defibrillator – A medical device that delivers an electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm during cardiac
arrest.

Dermis – The inner layer of skin that contains nerves, blood vessels, and hair follicles.

Diode – An electronic component that allows current to flow in one direction only.

Echolocation – A method used by bats and dolphins to locate objects by producing sound waves and detecting
their echoes.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) – A medical test that records the electrical activity of the heart.

Emulsion – A mixture of two liquids that do not normally mix, such as oil and water.

Eutrophication – The excessive growth of algae in water bodies due to high nutrient levels, leading to oxygen
depletion.
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Forensic Science – The use of scientific techniques in criminal investigations, such as DNA analysis and
fingerprinting.

Fulcrum – The fixed point on which a lever pivots to lift or move objects.

Galvanization – The process of applying a protective zinc coating to metal to prevent rusting.

Germination – The process by which a seed sprouts and begins to grow into a plant.

Glycogen – A stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles, used for energy.

Graphene – A single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal pattern, known for its strength and
conductivity.

Gyroscope – A spinning device used for navigation and stabilization in vehicles and spacecraft.

Halogens – A group of reactive non-metal elements including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.

Hibernation – A state of deep sleep and reduced metabolism in animals to survive cold temperatures.

Hydraulic System – A system that uses fluid pressure to perform work, such as in car brakes and heavy
machinery.

Hypothermia – A dangerous condition where body temperature drops too low due to prolonged exposure to cold.

Infrared Radiation – A type of electromagnetic radiation felt as heat, used in night vision and remote controls.

Insulation – A material that reduces heat transfer, keeping buildings warm in winter and cool in summer.

Interferon – A protein produced by the body to fight viral infections.

Isomer – Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements and properties.

Kinetic Energy – The energy of motion, possessed by moving objects.

Laser – A device that emits highly focused, intense light used in surgery, communication, and cutting materials.

Lichens – A symbiotic combination of algae and fungi that grow on rocks and trees.

Lipids – A group of biological molecules that include fats, oils, and waxes, important for energy storage.

Lithosphere – The rigid outer layer of Earth, including the crust and upper mantle.

Meningitis – An infection that causes inflammation of the protective membranes around the brain and spinal
cord.

Meteorite – A space rock that survives its passage through Earth’s atmosphere and lands on the surface.

Microgravity – A condition in which objects appear to be weightless, as experienced in space.

Nanotechnology – The study and manipulation of materials at an atomic or molecular scale.

Neurotransmitter – A chemical that transmits signals between nerve cells in the brain and body.

Osmosis – The movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a lower to a higher
concentration of solutes.

Pacemaker – A small medical device implanted in the chest to regulate heartbeat.

Photosynthesis – The process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into energy.
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Quarantine – The isolation of individuals to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

Radiation Therapy – The use of high-energy radiation to treat cancer by targeting abnormal cells.

Silicon – A widely used semiconductor material in electronics and solar panels.

Sonogram – An image produced by ultrasound waves, often used in medical imaging.

Stalactite – A mineral deposit hanging from the ceiling of a cave, formed by dripping water.

Terraforming – The hypothetical process of modifying a planet’s environment to make it habitable for humans.

Toxicology – The study of poisonous substances and their effects on living organisms.

Turbine – A device that converts fluid movement into mechanical energy, used in wind and hydroelectric power.

Vaccination – The process of introducing a weakened or inactive pathogen to stimulate immunity against
diseases.

Van Allen Belt – A zone of charged particles trapped by Earth's magnetic field, protecting the planet from solar
radiation.

Vernal Equinox – The time of year when day and night are equal, marking the beginning of spring.

Wind Chill – The cooling effect of wind on human skin, makes the temperature feel colder than it is.

Here are even more completely different general science definitions:

Aerosol – Tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air, such as dust, smoke, or mist.

Alkaline Battery – A type of battery that uses an alkaline electrolyte for longer-lasting power.

Amniotic Fluid – The protective liquid surrounding a developing fetus in the womb.

Anemometer – An instrument used to measure wind speed and direction.

Antigen – A substance that triggers an immune response, often found in bacteria and viruses.

Apoptosis – The programmed cell death process that removes damaged or unnecessary cells from the body.

Archimedes’ Principle – A law stating that an object submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force
equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.

Artificial Selection – The human practice of breeding animals or plants for specific traits.

Aurora Australis – The Southern Hemisphere counterpart of the Northern Lights, caused by charged particles in
the atmosphere.

Ballast – Heavy material placed in a ship or balloon to provide stability.

Barycenter – The center of mass around which two celestial bodies orbit each other.

Biosphere – The regions of Earth where life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

Catalyst – A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

Cellulose – A complex carbohydrate that forms the structural component of plant cell walls.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – Chemical compounds once widely used in refrigeration and aerosols, are now
banned due to their role in ozone depletion.
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Circadian Rhythm – The body's natural 24-hour biological cycle regulating sleep and other functions.

Cochlea – A spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear that converts sound waves into nerve impulses.

Compost – Organic matter decomposed by microorganisms, used as a natural fertilizer.

Cryosphere – The frozen parts of Earth’s surface, including glaciers, sea ice, and permafrost.

Dark Matter – A mysterious, invisible substance that makes up most of the universe’s mass.

Decibel (dB) – A unit of measurement for sound intensity.

Diffusion – The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Electromagnet – A magnet created by an electric current flowing through a coil of wire.

Erosion – The gradual wearing away of Earth's surface by wind, water, or ice.

Evapotranspiration – The combined process of water evaporation from soil and transpiration from plants.

Fahrenheit Scale – A temperature scale where water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F.

Fermentation – The process by which microorganisms break down sugars to produce energy, often used in
making bread and alcohol.

Fluorescence – The emission of light by a substance that absorbs energy, commonly used in highlighter pens and
LED lights.

Geothermal Energy – Heat energy derived from the Earth's interior, used for electricity and heating.

Glucose – A simple sugar that serves as a primary energy source for living organisms.

Horizon – The apparent line where the Earth's surface and the sky meet.

Humidity – The amount of water vapor present in the air.

Hydrolysis – A chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a compound.

Hypoxia – A condition in which body tissues are deprived of adequate oxygen supply.

Igneous Rock – Rock formed by the cooling and solidification of molten lava or magma.

Incubation Period – The time between exposure to a pathogen and the onset of symptoms.

Inertia – The tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion.

Isotope – Variants of an element with different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.

Kinetic Theory – The idea that all matter is made up of particles in constant motion.

Lava – Molten rock that erupts from a volcano and solidifies on the Earth's surface.

Leyden Jar – An early electrical capacitor used to store static electricity.

Luminous Flux – The measure of the perceived power of light emitted by a source.

Magma – Molten rock beneath the Earth's surface.

Magnetosphere – The region around a planet dominated by its magnetic field, protecting it from solar wind.

Metamorphic Rock – Rock that has been changed by heat, pressure, or chemical processes.
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Microbes – Microscopic organisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Mineralization – The process by which organic matter is converted into minerals.

Monsoon – A seasonal wind system that brings heavy rains to tropical regions.

Neutron Star – A dense celestial body formed from the collapsed core of a massive star.

Nucleic Acids – DNA and RNA, which carry genetic information in cells.

Olfaction – The sense of smell.

Optical Fiber – A thin strand of glass or plastic that transmits light signals for communication.

Ozone Layer – A protective layer of ozone gas in the atmosphere that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from
the Sun.

Parallax – The apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different angles, used in astronomy to
measure distances.

Pesticide – A chemical used to kill pests that damage crops or spread diseases.

Photon – A particle of light with no mass but carrying energy.

Pneumonia – A lung infection that causes inflammation and fluid buildup in the air sacs.

Polymers – Large molecules made up of repeating units, found in plastics, rubber, and proteins.

Quasar – A distant celestial object emitting massive amounts of energy, believed to be powered by a
supermassive black hole.

Radiocarbon Dating – A technique used to determine the age of ancient organic materials by measuring carbon-
14 levels.

Refrigerant – A substance used in air conditioning and refrigeration to absorb and release heat.

Refraction – The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, such as from air to water.

Rheostat – A device used to control electrical resistance and adjust current flow.

Silica – A mineral found in sand, quartz, and glass.

Solar Flares – Sudden eruptions of energy on the Sun’s surface, capable of affecting satellite communications.

Static Electricity – The buildup of electric charge on a surface due to friction.

Sublimation – The process where a solid changes directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase, as
seen with dry ice.

Supersonic Speed – A speed faster than the speed of sound (1,235 km/h or 767 mph).

Thermal Expansion – The increase in size of a material when heated.

Tornado – A violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground.

Transistor – A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals.

Tsunami – A large sea wave caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption.

Uranium Enrichment – The process of increasing the concentration of uranium-235 for use in nuclear reactors
and weapons.
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Valency – The measure of an atom’s ability to bond with other atoms.

Viscosity – A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow, with honey being more viscous than water.

Volatile Substance – A substance that easily evaporates at normal temperatures, such as alcohol or gasoline.

Wavelength – The distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave.

Zygote – A fertilized egg cell that forms when a sperm and egg combine, marking the beginning of development.

Stratosphere – The atmospheric layer above the troposphere, containing the ozone layer.
Igneous Rock – Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
Seismic Waves – Vibrations that travel through Earth, caused by earthquakes.
Permafrost – Soil that remains frozen year-round in polar regions.
Fossilization – The process of preserving remains or traces of ancient organisms in rock.
Erosion – The process of wearing away rocks and soil by wind, water, or ice.
Drought – A prolonged period of low rainfall causing water shortages.
Geyser – A hot spring that periodically erupts with steam and water.
Watershed – An area of land where all water drains into a common water body.
Bioluminescence – The production of light by living organisms like fireflies and deep-sea creatures.

Exoplanet – A planet that orbits a star outside our solar system.


Nebula – A cloud of gas and dust in space where stars are born.
Lunar Eclipse – When Earth’s shadow blocks sunlight from reaching the Moon.
Solar Wind – A stream of charged particles released by the Sun.
Oort Cloud – A distant region of icy bodies surrounding the solar system.
Asteroid Belt – A region of space between Mars and Jupiter filled with rocky debris.
Tidal Locking – When an object’s rotation matches its orbit, causing one side to always face another object.
Kuiper Belt – A region beyond Neptune containing many icy objects and dwarf planets.
Dark Matter – An invisible form of matter that does not emit light but influences gravity.
Supermassive Black Hole – An enormous black hole found at the center of galaxies.

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