The Role of the Theonyms in the

Alphabets
Joannes Richter

Fig. 1: Djehuty, ḎḤWTY (or ṢḪUTY) – Theuth

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Transcription of the
Ugaritic alphabet ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l m ḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2

Hebrew alphabet ‫גב א‬ ‫מ ל כ י טח ז ו הד‬ ‫נ‬ ‫שרקצ פעס‬ ‫ת‬

Theuth / Thot-Hermes
(Djehuty, ṢḪWTY)
ʾa b g Ḥ d h Wz ḥ ṭ Yk š l m ḏ n (ẓ) s ʿ p Ṣ q r ṯ ġ T ʾi ʾu s2

Table 1 Theuth (Djehuty, ḎḤWTY , ṢḪWTY)) in the Ugaritic alphabet

Abstract
Most of alphabets should be interpreted as a neutral composition without any readable sub-string in
the alphabetical order. In contrast the 2-dimensional alphabetical table may display one or more 5-
letter theonyms, in which the reader might identify a divine name of a sky-god, respectively similar
theonyms.
The first theonym may be interpreted as the name of the inventor of the alphabet, who in Egyptian
language is named Djehuty, ḎḤWTY (or ṢḪUTY), respectively Theuth or Thot in Greek. The
introduction of the alphabet may have been dated by the reign of the pharaoh Thutmosis I, whose
name is interpreted as "Thoth is born". Thutmose I's reign is generally dated to 1506–1493 BC.
In the Greek alphabet the virtues “Wisdom” (METIS) and “Justice” (ΘEMIS) may be identified as
the consorts of the sky-god DjEUS in the 2-dimensional alphabet, in which the letter Digamma “Ϝ”
is skipped around 500 BCE1. The removal of the Digamma spelled the virtues “Wisdom” from
ϜETIS to METIS and “Justice” ΘEϜIS to ΘEMIS.
In the Futhark runes the similar virtues “Wisdom” and “Justice” are spelled “WIT(ES)”,
respectively “TIW(ES)”. The theonym of the (Gothic) sky-god is TIEWS. The theonym TIEWS
contains the same letters as “WITES” respectively “TIWES”. Obviously the Futhark runes had been
based on the Greek names DjEUS, METIS, ΘEMIS.

1 Das Digamma (griechisch δίγαμμα, Majuskel Ϝ/Ͷ, Minuskel ϝ/ͷ) war ursprünglich der sechste Buchstabe des
griechischen Alphabets, kam aber um etwa 500 v. Chr. außer Gebrauch. (source: Digamma)
A Pentagrammaton for the word Theuth
An analysis of the composition of the 5 different categories for the 5 letters in the name Theut may
be documented in this chapter.

Analysis of the hieroglyphic name Theuth or Thoth

In Greek language the name Theuth or Thoth is documented as the following Egyptian hieroglyph,
which in their origin is transliterated as ḎḤWTY (Djehuti):

Fig. 2: Djehuty, ḎḤWTY (or ṢḪUTY) – Theuth

The symbols of the pentagrammaton are defined (from the left to the right) as follows:

Hieroglyphic Letter Category Symbol Pronunciation2

symbol
Ugaritic Hebrew Latin
1 Snake dental Cobra J or Dj
Ṣ ‫ צ‬Dj
2 Knotted cord guttural Twisted flax wick Emphatic H
Ḫ --- eH
3 Chick labial Quail chick U or W
W or U ‫ו‬ U
4 Semicircle lingual Broad loaf T
T ‫ ת‬T
5 Parallele palatal Two strokes I or Y
Y or I ‫י‬ Y
6 Flag Ideogram Staff wrapped with Flag as a determination
“nṯr” “god” a strip of cloth for the names of gods

Table 2 Interpretation of the hieroglyph symbols in the word Djehuti (ḎḪWTJ) – Theuth
The analysis of the Egyptian word Djehuti (ḎḪWTJ) – Theuth suggests that the Ugaritic alphabet
may be derived from an Egyptian alphabet, in which the phonetic units already had been
categorized in 5 classes: dental, guttural, labial, lingual and palatal.
The words may be 5 symbols which represent these 5 categories, which may refer to the inventor
Theut, but may also may refer to the set of the points of articulations.
The Flag represents a determination for the names of gods and is not included in the
pentagrammaton.

2 Discovering Egyptian Hieroglyphs – A practical Guide; Karl-Theodor Zauzich, translated by Ann Macy Roth (1992)
The derivation of the 2-dimensional alphabet
The derivation of the 2-dimensional alphabet is based on the rules of Rabbi Saadia Gaon (892 –
942)
The “Saadia”-composition of Rabbi Saadia Gaon (892 – 942) strictly follows the standard Hebrew
alphabet. In the Sefer Yetzirah the “short”, “long” and “Gra” versions of the alphabetical order
deviate from the standard alphabetical order:
A1- B2- G3- D4- H5- V6- Z7- Ch8- T9- Y10- K11- L12- M13- N14- S15- O16- P17- Tz18- Q19- R20- Sh21- Th22
We may also compose a 2-dimensional array for this alphabetical order, which displays theonyms in
the 2nd row:
row lingual palatal labial guttural dental
5 Taw Th22 Shin Sh21 2
4 Nun N14 Qoph Q19 Pe P17 Ayin O16 Resh R20 5
3 Lamedh L12 Kaph K11 Mem M13 Heth Ch8 Tsade Tz18 5

2 Teth T9 Yodh Y10 Waw V6 He H5 Samekh S15 5

1 Dalet D4 Gimel G3 Bet B2 Aleph A1 Zayin Z7 5
sum 5 4 4 4 5 22

Table 3 The display of the theonyms Y10-V6-H5 and T9-Y10-V6-H5-S15 in the Hebrew alphabet

Example of the Rows and Furrows in the 2-dimensional Acre of Letters

Cadmus was credited by the Greek historian Herodotus with introducing the original Phoenician
alphabet to the Greeks, who adapted it to form their Greek alphabet.[10][11] Herodotus estimates
that Cadmus lived sixteen hundred years before his time, which would be around 2000 BC.[13]
According to the Bibliotheca, Athena gave Cadmus half of the dragon's teeth, advising
him to sow them. When he did, fierce armed men, known as Spartoi (Ancient Greek:
Σπαρτοί, literal translation: "sown [men]", from σπείρω, speírō, "to sow"), sprang up
from the furrows.

The rows and furrows represent the horizontal, respectively vertical coordinates for a 2-dimensional
acre. The rows and furrows may be sketched in the 2-dimensional acre of letters:
Furrow Furrow Furrow Furrow Furrow
Lingual Palatal Guttural Labial Dental
Row 5 Tau T22 Upsilon U/Y23 Sigma S21 3
Row 4 Nu N14 Qoppa K19 Omicron O16 Pi Π17 Rho P20 5
Row 3 Lambda Λ12 Kappa Ch11 Eta H8 Mu M13 San S18 5
Row 2 Theta Θ9 Iota I10 Epsilon Ε5 Digamma Ϝ/V6 Xi Ξ15 5
Row 1 Delta Δ4 Gamma Γ3 Alpha A1 Beta B2 Zeta Z7 5
sum 5 4 4 5 5 23

Table 4 Rows and Furrows in the 2-dimensional Acre of Letters

(An example with the letters of the ἀλφάβητον alphabet)
The derivatives of the Ugaritic alphabet

Djehuti (Thoth) as a master for various pentagrammatons

Most of the derived European alphabets (Greek, Latin, French, Germanic, etc....) adapted
their theonym (and their virtues) at the 2nd row of the 2-dimensional alphabet.
The names ZIEUS, Metis (METIS) and Themis (ΘEMIS) and the Germanic triads TEIWS,
WITÆS, WIT or WITES (for wisdom) and TIWÆS, TIW or TIWES (for justice) often share
the same letters for the points of articulation.
The theonym for the Ugaritic alphabet may be *ŠḪWTY (or: *ḎiḤaUTĪ).
The T may be replaced by a Theta Θ, which would allow to display the theonyms *ŠḪWΘY (or:
*ḎIḤAUΘĪ) on the second row.
Some letters such as the Θ were inherited to the Greek, but not to Latin and Provencal. For the
theonyms these words may still be valid for the composition of the theonyms.
The following mapping table symbolizes the transit of the letters G and Z from the Latin 1 → Latin
2 alphabets, which had been planned by freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga.
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Transcription
of the Ugaritic 30
ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l m ḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
alphabet
*ḎiḤaUTY W Y Š
*ŠjḪWTY Ḫ (Θ) T
U I Ḏ
Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Hebrew 22
‫גב א‬ ‫כ י ט ח ז ו הד‬ ‫מ ל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫שר ק צ פ ע ס‬ ‫ת‬
YHV ‫ו ה‬ ‫י‬
Alphabēton
ἀλφάβητον
23 A B Γ ΔΕ F Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π S K Ρ Σ Τ Y

ΘIEUΞ E U Θ I Ξ
Old-Greek 21
A B Γ ΔΕ Υ Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν (s) Ο Π (s) q Ρ Σ Τ
Classic Greek 21
A B Γ ΔΕ Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν (s) Ο Π (s) Ρ Σ Τ Y X Ω

Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21-26

(c) Ϝ I V,U,W,
Latin 1 26 A BG DE Z H (Þ) K L M N (s) O P (s) Q R S T X,Y
V J
ÞIEUS E U (Þ) I S
Ϝ G I V,U,W,
Latin 2 26 A BC DE H (Þ) K L M N O P Q R S T X,Y, Z
V (Z) J
GUÞES E U G (Þ) S
V,U,W,
French 26 A BC DE F GH IJ K L M N O P Q R S T X,Y, Z
ÞIEU E U (Þ) I
Table 5 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(categorized according to the comments of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's commentary)
The derivation of theonyms from the alphabet
The modification of the alphabets may also modify the displays of the theonyms. Zeus' consorts
Metis (Wisdom) and Themis (Justice) are spelled with an “M” instead of the digamma “F”.
The 2-dimensional signaries of the runes seem to be composed by the Greek traders, who visited
and advised the Celtic leaders in their study of mythology and basics of scripture.
Obviously the contacts of Greek traders also influenced the introduction of the Lydian, Armenian
and Georgian languages, which is described in the following examples:

Notes to the Lydian Alphabet

The Lydian alphabet is closely related to the other alphabets of Asia Minor as well as to the Greek
alphabet. It contains letters for 26 sounds. In the Lydian alphabet the letter Θ is missing, which
resulted in a replacement of the “L” instead of the lingual letter “Θ”. Therefore LEWS or LEVS
was a Lydian equivalent of the Greek god Zeus (ΖΕΥΣ) & a Phrygian god TIWS.
A connection between the Lydian LEWS and the Greek ΖΕΥΣ is visible in how Greek mythology
linked the latter to Lydia, more specifically to the site of Mount Tmolus to the west of Sardis.
The Anatolian goddess Maλiš (MALIS) represents in Greek mythology the first consort METIS of
Zeus and later also Athena. 3

Notes to the Armenian Alphabet

The Armenian alphabet was developed around AD 405 by Mesrop Mashtots, an Armenian linguist
and ecclesiastical leader. The script originally had 36 letters4.
The word ԱՍՏՈՒԱԾ (Աստուած [ASTUAC], “God”) is abbreviated as Ած՟ 5. Only the first and
the last letters are written, under the Armenian abbreviation mark.
ASTUAC may be an Anatolian compound of the form *Aššu-TIWAZ (“good deity/lord,
good Sun-god, good dawn/day or the like”), for whose constituents see Hittite [script
needed] (aššu-), Luwian (wa-a-šu-uš /wāsus/, “good”) and Luwian (TIWAZ, “Sun-god”).
The compound is attested as Hittite [script needed] (aššu-ŠIWATT-, “good day”), which is
cognate with Sanskrit सद त (su-DYÚT, “having magnificent lustre”).[1][2][3]
Numerous other etymologies have been proposed6.

The pantheon of the ancient Armenians included Tir, who was the patron god of writing and
science. Tir (TIR, Armenian: Տիր) is the god of written language, schooling, rhetoric, wisdom, and
the arts in Armenian mythology.[1][2]
In the essay Notes to the Armenian and Georgian Alphabets the display of the Armenian theonym is
derived as follows: Թ-Ի-Ֆ-Ե-Ժ ( Θ9-I20-W-Ε5-Ž10).

3 Notes to the Lydian Alphabet

4 Eventually, two more were adopted in the 13th century. In reformed Armenian orthography (1920s), the ligature և
ev is also treated as a letter, bringing the total number of letters to 39.
5 The sign should be placed on top of a letter, but most current fonts show it following a letter, e.g. Ած՟ (Ac.).
6 Source: Աստուած (Astuac)
Notes to the Georgian Alphabet
The Old Georgian Alphabet (5th century AD) seems to be related to the Armenian alphabet (AD
405). Old Georgian (ႤႬႠჂ ႵႠႰႧႭჃႪႨ,[1] enay kartuli) is a literary language of the Georgian
monarchies attested from the 5th century. Old Georgian had 29 phonemic consonants and 5
phonemic vowels7. The Old Georgian theonym T9I10W6E5Zh18 seems to correspond with the
theonym Tʽ9I20W5aΕ5Ž10 in the Armenian alphabet.

The other derivatives of the Ugaritic alphabet8

Based on the Ugaritic alphabet a great number of alphabets (including the Elder Futhark and
Ogham signaries) may be reordered in 2-dimensional array patterns.

The following European alphabets seemed to be derived from the Ugaritic alphabet and revealed at
the 2nd, 3rd or 4th row the theonyms ΘIAVS, respectively in the Futhark TIÆWS (abbreviated to
TIW) and in the Ogham signary TIΕU, which all resembled to the name of the PIE-sky-god
“*DIAUS”.

Fundamental words such as divine names (such as DJOUS), basic persons (such as FAÐIR and
MÓÐIR) and virtues (such as METIS “wisdom” and ThEMIS “justice”) are composed as 5-letter
words, which contain all 5 categories.

7 Old Georgian
8 Fundamentals in the Name-Giving for the Days of the Week
The 2-dimensional pattern of the Younger ϝYÞAR-signary
The Younger ϝYÞAR(k) signary is an abbreviated version of the elder Futhark. In contrast to the
standard Futhark signaries the Younger ϝYÞAR(k) display the theonym (ϝYÞAR) at the first row of
the 2-dimensional table. This feature allows the alphabetical designers to modify the signary from
the 6th character. From the 6th letter all letters may be removed or replaced at lib. We may compare
the following 4 runic signaries:
1. Elder Futhark (24 Runes, 2e century AD)
2. Younger Futhark (16 Runes, 7e century AD)
3. Staveless Runes or Hälsinger Runes (15 Runes, 7e – 9e century AD)9
4. the dotted symbols in the nordic Runes.
5. The Anglo-Saxon runes (34 Runes, 5th through 11th centuries AD)
In the Staveless Runes (15 letters) we may identify the missing of the letter A, which disturbs the
theonym's pattern.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 Symbol ᚠᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ ᚷ ᚹ ᚺ ᚾ ᛁ ᛃ ᛈ ᛇ ᛉ ᛊ ᛏ ᛒ ᛖ ᛗ ᛚ ᛜ ᛞ ᛟ
2 Elder Futhark F U ÞARKGWH N I J P Ï Z S T B E M L Ŋ D O
3 Younger Futhark F U ÞARK H N I Æ S T B M L R
4 Staveless Runes F U Þ RK H N I A S T B M L R
5 Younger ϝYÞAR(k) F Y ÞARK H N I Æ S T B M L R
Table 6 The Futhark Signaries

Fig. 3 Overview of the theonyms in the display of the Latin, Futhark and Ogham signaries

Obviously these words are correlating10:

row language Sky-god Virtue “wisdom” Virtue “justice”
2 Early Greek 2 Θ9 Ι10 Ε5 Υ6 (s15) Μ13 Ε5 Θ9 Ι10 (s15) Θ9 Ε5 Μ13 Ι10 (s15)
3 Futhark 1 T Æ I W S W I T Æ S T I W Æ S
Table 7 The triads of theonyms (sky-god and 2 virtues)
for the languages Germanic (Futhark) and Early Greek

9 The Staveless runes were the climax of the simplification process in the evolution of runic alphabets that had started
when the Elder Futhark was superseded by the Younger Futhark.[1] (bron (Wikipedia): Hälsinge runes)
10 The 2-Dimensional Alphabets' Compendium and The Synchronization of the Germanic and Greek Pantheon
The Runa ABC (1611) of Johannes Bureus (1568–1652)
The Runa ABC (1611) of Johannes Bureus (1568–1652) was the first Swedish alphabet book and its
purpose was to teach the runic alphabet in 17th century Sweden.

## 1 2/2/2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Younger
Futhark ᚠ ᚡᚢᚤᚣ - ᚦ ᚧ ᚭ - - ᚱ - ᚴ - - ᚼ ᚾ ᛁ ᛂ ᛅ - ᛋ- ᛐ ᛏ - ᛒ ᚭ ᛚ ᚫ ᛘ
Final
symbol ᛦ ᚿ
Vowels U YÅ OÅĄ I E A
F V V Y Å Þ Ð ðð O Å Ą R R R C G Q H N N J E A S ss ſ T tt D B P L ll M
Trans-
literation Gh D P mm
Ch

Table 8 Table of Runes for the first runic signary

as published in "Runa ABC" by the essay of Johannes Bureus

The digital facsimile Runa ABC does not describe a 15-symbols alphabet, but lists a number of
variants for several runes. Especially the second rune “Ur” ᚢ, ᚤ, ᚣ represents a universal “joker”,
which represents 3 categories (U, Y, Å). In the British Futhorc the rune is named “Ȳr” (Y).
A second rune symbol “Ȳr” (Y) allows us to interpret the first 5 runes in the Futhorc signary as
ϝYᚦOR or ϝYᚦÅR (labial, palatal, lingual, guttural and dental).
In the younger or medieval Futhark a trailing rune (ᛦ, stupmadr, R) is added11.
Transformng the Runa ABC and the stupmadr ᛦ into the corresponding 2-dimensional table we may
identify:
• in the 1st row the word “father” (ϝYÞĄR) and
• in the 3rd row the word “Mother” (MITAR )
Labial Palatal Lingual Guttural Dental Runes Latinized Old Norse English
4 ᛚ (L) ᛚ
3 ᛘ (M) ᛁ (I) ᛐ (T) ᛅ (A) ᛦ (R) ᛘᛁᛐᛅᛦ MITAR móðir - MÓÐIR Mother
2 ᛒ (B) ᚴ (C) ᚾ (N) ᚼ (H) ᛋ (S) ᛒᚴᚾᚼᛋ BCNHS
1 ᚠ (ϝ) ᚤ (Y) ᚦ (Th) ᚭ (O) ᚱ (R) ᚠᚤᚦᚭᚱ ϝYÞĄR ᚠᛅᚦᛁᛦ (faþiʀ) FAþIR Father
Table 9 2-dimensional table for the “Runa ABC"
in the essay (1611) of Johannes Bureus

11 (PDF) The 2-Dimensional Younger ϝYÞARc | Joannes Richter

The Etymology of the theonym “God”
The introduction of the theonym “God” may have been based on the replacement of the letter “Z”
from the alphabetical 7th location (in the alphabet “Latin 1”) to the end of the alphabet “Latin 2”.
The letter “G” replaced the letter “Z” at the location 7.
The letter G was only added later (3rd century BC) to the Latin alphabet. The letter Z existed in
more archaic versions of Latin, but at c. 300 BC, Appius Claudius Caecus, the Roman censor,
removed the letter Z from the alphabet12.
This replacement may have modified ÞIΕUS → GUÞΕS.

The result of the transit of the Latin 1 → 2 -alphabets13

The result of the transits of the Latin 1 → 2 -alphabets may be listed in the following tables:

row palatal labial lingual guttural dental

5 Q17 U21, V22, W23 T20 Y25 7

4 K11 P16 N14 O15 Z 7->26 5

3 I9, J10 M13 L12 H8 X24 4
2 G3→ 7 U6, (F6) (Þ) Ε5 S19 4
1 C3 B2 D4 A1 R18 6
sum 7 7 4 5 3 26

Table 10 The display of the theonym G7-U6-(Þ)-Ε5-S19 in the Latin 2 ABCDR-alphabet

Indices ## 1 2 3 - 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 - - 15 16 - 17 18 19 20 21-26
(c) Ϝ I V,U,W,
ABGDZ-Latin 1 26 A B G D E Z H (Þ) K L M N O P (s) Q R S T
U J X,Y, Z

Ϝ G I V,U,W,
ABCDR-Latin 2 26 A B C D E H (Þ) K L M N O P QR S T
U (Z) J X,Y, Z
Table 11 The transit from ABGDZ- to the ABCDR-Alphabet
The theonym G7-U6-(Þ)-Ε5-S19 is defined as the God - “Invoked One” (Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰutós).
#
Pentagram P Information Definitions Language
1. G
*GUDAS P God - “Invoked One”, derived from ǵʰutós* God Proto-
*GUDAN - Germanic
2. G
*ǴHUTÓS P God - “Invoked One” God PI-European
(Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰutós)

Table 12 Reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰutós* (ǴHUTÓS)

12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z#Latin
13 The 2-Dimensional Alphabets' Compendium
The ego-pronouns as cores in the theonyms14
In a number of European alphabets the ego-pronouns IEU, JOU, JAU, etc. represent the core of
displayed theonyms DIEU(S), DIOUS, DJAUS.
The original theonyms of the Latin alphabet remained intact: I10-Ε5-V6 (and in a still symbolically
intact pattern Þ9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15), because the lost letters were deleted, but their shadow position
could not really be removed.
The theonym I10-Ε5-V6 nay be interpreted as a core for DIEU (Þ9-I10-Ε5-V6.), or DIEU(S)in the
Latin alphabet.
row lingual palatal guttural labial dental
5 T20 X24 Y25 U21, V22, W23 S19 7
4 N14 Q17 O15 P16 R18 5
3 L12 K11 H8 M13 (Ts) 4

2 (Þ) I9, J10 Ε5 F6, (V6→ 21) (S) 4

1 D4 C3, G3→ 7 A1 B2 (Z7→ 26) 6
sum 4 7 5 7 3 26
Table 13 The display of the theonyms I10-Ε5-V6 and Þ9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15 in the Latin alphabet

14 Source: (PDF) The Sacred Vowels in Pronouns - Academia.edu

Three vowel Pronouns
Three-vowel pronouns have been found in remote, alpine areas, in which conservative structures
managed to resist abbreviations and other deterioration of the pronouns. Some of the abbreviations
from three vowels (ieu, jou) to two vowels (jo) will be illustrated in this list:
Language Ego-pronoun Tu-pronoun We-pronoun God
IEU-/IAU-/IOU-based
Latin / Greek Ejo (Ego) (DIEUS Dieus ?)
Sursilvaans JEU DIEU
Sutsilvaans JOU DIEU
(DIÒU-piter)
Aromanian15 IOU , IO
Villar-St-Pancrace16 IÒU më DIÒU
m’ IÒU
Lengadocian IEU, IO Tu DIEU
Provencal-Occitan IÉU Tu DIÉU
Romansch JAU, eau Ti DIEU
The Jauer17 Dialect
Walloon , Belgium DJI; mi 18 vos Diu (DIU )
Hittite *(H1)ÚǴ. 19
TIWAZ, ŠIWAT
Sardu Logudorese20 deo tue ( familiar) Deus (?), Zessu21
Sardu Campidanese DÈU tui ( familiar) DEU
Table 14: Three vowel Pronouns
Most of these three-vowel pronouns have been designed to match a core in the corresponding divine
name, e.g. the Provencal Ego-pronoun IÉU has been included in the divine name DIÉU22.
Corresponding cores will be highlighted in colors.
The Hittite name Tiwaz of the sky-god may be a pentagram (TIWAZ), which is an equivalent of the
Germanic sky-god Tivar respectively Tiw (TIWAZ).
The Hittite cognate deity Šiwat (ŠIWAT) also may be interpreted as a pentagram. An included ego-
pronoun *(H1)ÚǴ may have been reversed inside the mirrored Šiwat (ŠIWAT) ↔ Tiwaz (TIWAZ).

15 See for details T-V-Distinction in the PIE-Concept

16 Details: The Hieroglyphs in the Ego-Pronoun
17 Source: Das Jauer
18 For pronouns, the first one given is for the one doing the action (eg: dji magne = I eat), the second, for the one target
of the action (eg: avou mi = with me).
19 The nominative of the ancient Anatolian personal pronoun of the 1st person is (in Singular, Nominative): *(h1)úǵ.
This Hittite ego-pronoun may be interpreted as: *(H1)ÚǴ. - Die Etymologie des Personalpronomens 'Ic(h)'
20 Details: The Hieroglyphs in the Ego-Pronoun
21 Translated as “My God”
22 See for details and specification of the Swadesh-lists: Hieroglyphs in Indo-European Languages
The inhabitants of the small village Villar-St-Pancrace in the West Alpes between Grenoble and
Torino near Briançon are using a strange Ego-pronoun IÒU më m’ IÒU, respectively m’ IÒU 23.
Simultaneously they are using a Creator God's name DIÒU24.
Of course më from Villar-St-Pancrace as well as mi in Walloon (Belgium) dialect may refer to the
predecessor pronouns, which have been preserved in remote and/or inaccessible alpine regions.
Comparing the Lengadocian Ego-pronoun ieu (IEU), jo to the Greek/Roman "Ego"-pronoun we
should consider a transposition from Ejo (Ego) -> ieu , jo.
Sardu logudorese, or Logudorese, is a standardised dialect of Sardinian, often considered the most
conservative of all Romance languages. The name refers to the area of Logudoro (literally "golden
place") in which it is spoken, mainly a northern subregion of the island of Sardinia. The language
derives from Latin, and has been influenced by Catalan and Spanish due to the dominion of the
Aragon and later the Spanish Empire over the island. As a remarkable result the Ego-pronoun dèu
in the Campidanese dialect is identical to the divine name Deu! In the Logudorese dialect the Ego-
pronoun deo suggests a similar divine name of Deus in addition to Zessu, which in fact is “My
God”.
Some Slavic pronouns seem to be related to the jau, eau-pronouns and will be added in a separate
table. Other Slavic languages use a two-vowel sound “ja”which has been compressed in a singular
letter я (ja):
Language Ego- Tu-pronoun We-pronoun God
pronoun
JE/JA-based
Danish jeg du, De (formal) Gud
Norwegian (bokmål) jeg du
Swedish jag du
Macedonian јас (jas) ти (ti) ние (nie) Бог
Slovene jaz ti mi Bog
Serbian (Cyrillic / Latin) ја / ja ти / ti ми / mi Bog
Polish ja ty Bog
Croatian ja ti mi
Slovak ja ty Boh
Czech já ty Bůh
я (ja)-based pronouns
Ukrainian я (ja) ти Bog
Russian я (ya) ты Бог
Table 15: Two-vowel je-/ja(s)-Pronouns, which may have been derived from the Latin / Greek
pronoun Ejo (Ego)

23 Patois of Villar-St-Pancrace : Personal pronouns: Cas sujet Cas régime atone tonique direct indirect
Sg. 1°p a (l’) iòu më, m’ iòu 2°p tü, t’ të, t’ tü 3°p M u(l), al ei(l) së lu ei F eilo la eilo N o, ul, la - lu - Pl. 1°p nû*
nû* 2°p òû* vû* vû* 3°p M î(z) së lû* iè F eilâ (eilaz) lâ* eilâ
24 See the dialect's lexicon : Lexique de mots en patois
Two vowel Pronouns
In analogy to the two-vowel pronouns most of these two-vowel pronouns have been designed to
match a core in the corresponding divine name, e.g. the Portuguese Ego-pronoun eu which has been
included in the divine name Deus. These mechanisms suggest that the progressive abbreviations
may have occurred in the pronouns and in the divine names simulataneously. The two-vowel
pronouns are concentrating amongst the borders of the Mediterranean Sea.
Comparing the "Vallatese" Ego-pronoun eje to the Greek/Roman "Ego"-pronoun we should
consider a original transposition from Ejo (Ego) -> eje and in Napulitano-version: je.
Language Ego-pronoun Tu-pronoun We-pronoun God
Portuguese eu Deus
Romanian eu tu noi Zeu,
Dumnezeu
Galician eu tu, tí Deus
Sicilian iu Tu nuàutri Diu
(Iu-piter)
Interlingua io tu
Gascon (Occitan) jo
Neapolitan io tu nuje Dió
"Vallatese" - Irpinian eje to nuje
Napulitano je tu
Spanish yo tú, usted nosotros Dios
Aragonese yo
Catalan jo tu Deus, Déu
Italian ió Tu Dió
Vulgar Latin eo Deus
Sardinian eo Déu
French je Tu nous Dieu
Ladin (Gherdëina) ie

Table 16: Two vowel Pronouns

One vowel Pronouns

The pronouns based on I

In Bavarian, English and Marchigiano the Ego-pronoun has developed to a one-vowel pronoun “i”.
In Neapolitan (Western Southern Romance) some variants of doubled vowels “j” have been
reported.
Language Ego-pronoun Tu-pronoun We-pronoun God
Marchigiano, a I Tu nu
Central Italian dialect
English I Thou (singular) we God,
Y25 You (plural) Dis
Bavarian (Bairisch) i Du wir Gott
Old-German Ih Thu Thui, Tuisco
Appulo - barese 26 j'j teu
Abruzzese adriatico - j'j tu
pescarese
Molisano ìj tu

Table 17: The pronouns based on I

Basically the English pronoun end the Bavarian pronoun “i” may also be corresponding to the
divine name Dis Pater, which had been documented by Julius Caesar in De Bello Gallico, Book VI-
chapter1827. This Ego-pronoun may easily be identified as equivalent to the Portuguese Ego-
pronoun eu as a core embedded in the divine name Deus.

The pronouns based on U

Albanian uses an Ego-pronoun unë, but according to Vladimir Orel Old Albanian unë basically
consists of a one-vowel pronoun “u” followed by the particle -në. A similar construct has been used
in ti and the (dialectal) tinë28. Another proof for the one-vowel pronoun “u” may be found in
Arberesh – language (Italy, especially Calabria ), which also uses a one-vowel Ego-pronoun “u”.
Language Ego-pronoun Tu-pronoun We-pronoun God
Albanian unë ti, ju ne Zot29 and
Bukuri e qiellit 30
Old Albanian u 31
Arberesh (Italy, u ti na, ne Zot
especially Calabria )

Table 18: The pronouns based on U

25 As defined in Wycliffe's Bible (1382 to 1395)

26 In Omegawiki this Swadesh list for Neapolitan (Western Southern Romance) is a draft
27 in het jaar 53 BC
28 From: unë - Wiktionary
29 Zot refers to Soter (translated: Saviour) – source: Is Zeus An Albanian God
30 Albanian name for the Christian God. From: The Albanian Gods
31 From: unë - Wiktionary
The pronouns based on A
In Slavic language a two-vowel sound “ja”may be compressed in a singular letter я (ja):
Language Ego-pronoun Tu-pronoun We-pronoun God
A-based
Ticinese - Lombard a ta
JA-based
Ukrainian я (ja) ти Bog
Russian я (ya) ты Бог
Table 19: The pronouns based on A
Some pronouns do not refer to the core but to the externsion of the divine name:

Language Ego- Tu-pronoun We-pronoun God

pronoun
Extension AS-based
Lithuanian (Samogit) aš Diewas, Dievas
Prussian as
Latvian (Lettish) es Deewes, Dieves
Deews, Dievs
Table 20: Extension-related AS-pronouns

The pronouns based on E

Plutarch documented the word Ei or the vowel E engraven over the gate of Apollos temple at
Delphi. Plutarch's description is not the only evidence of the E-inscription. Old coins (e.g. with
Faustina Senior32), depict the “E” at the entrance in the center between 6 columns of Apollo's
temple at Delphi.
Supposedly carved into the temple were three phrases and a singular vowel of gold, brass or wood:
• γνωθι σεαυτόν (gnōthi seautón = "know thyself") and
• μηδέν άγαν (mēdén ágan = "nothing in excess"), and
• Εγγύα πάρα δ'ατη (engýa pára d'atē = "make a pledge and mischief is nigh"33),
• as well as a large letter E, named the ei of the Sages.

Plutarch is explained the E-concept as monotheism like this:

Thus ought those who worship to salute and invocate this Eternal Being, or else indeed, as
some of the ancients have done, with this expression Εἶ ἕν, Thou art one.
For the Divinity is not many, as every one of us is made of ten thousand differences in
affections, being a confused heap, filled with all diversities. But that which is must be one,
as one must have a being.

32 died A.D. 141 - the wife of Antoninus Pius.

33 "Pledge, and then you'll meet misfortune" as explained by Geoffrey Owen Miller. This third statement is the most
complicated, but is the key to the whole. Essentially, once one asserts that they have achieved perfect self-
knowledge and proportionality, then one has reduced the meaning of life to dogma.
Εἶ ἕν, Thou art one may be compared to I Am that I Am 34 - a common English translation of the
response God used in the Hebrew Bible when Moses asked for His name (Exodus 3:14).
For this reason E may be considered as an abbreviated pronoun (from: the Greek pronoun Ego?)
and/or multi-vowel divine name (IEHOUAH).

Language Ego-pronoun Tu-pronoun We-pronoun God

Greek (Delphi) E Ei35

The pronouns based on O or H

Up to now no O- or H-concepts have been identified.

34 Source: I Am that I Am
35 E - of the Word Ei Engraven Over the Gate of Apollos Temple at Delphi
Summary
Most of alphabets should be interpreted as a neutral composition without any readable sub-string in
the alphabetical order. In contrast the 2-dimensional alphabetical table may display one or more 5-
letter theonyms, in which the reader might identify a divine name of a sky-god, respectively similar
theonyms.
The first theonym may be interpreted as the name of the inventor of the alphabet, who in Egyptian
language is named Djehuty, ḎḤWTY (or ṢḪUTY), respectively Theuth or Thot in Greek. The
introduction of the alphabet may have been dated by the reign of the pharaoh Thutmosis I, whose
name is interpreted as "Thoth is born". Thutmose I's reign is generally dated to 1506–1493 BC.
In the Greek alphabet the virtues “Wisdom” (METIS) and “Justice” (ΘEMIS) may be identified as
the consorts of the sky-god DjEUS in the 2-dimensional alphabet, in which the letter Digamma “Ϝ”
is skipped around 500 BCE36. The removal of the Digamma spelled the virtues “Wisdom” from
ϜETIS to METIS and “Justice” ΘEϜIS to ΘEMIS.
In the Futhark runes the similar virtues “Wisdom” and “Justice” are spelled “WIT(ES)”,
respectively “TIW(ES)”. The theonym of the (Gothic) sky-god is TIEWS. The theonym TIEWS
contains the same letters as “WITES” respectively “TIWES”. Obviously the Futhark runes had been
based on the Greek names DjEUS, METIS, ΘEMIS.
The Lydian alphabet is closely related to the other alphabets of Asia Minor as well as to the Greek
alphabet. It contains letters for 26 sounds. In the Lydian alphabet the letter Θ is missing, which
resulted in a replacement of the “L” instead of the lingual letter “Θ”. Therefore LEWS or LEVS
was a Lydian equivalent of the Greek god Zeus (ΖΕΥΣ) & a Phrygian god TIWS.
ASTUAC may be an Anatolian compound of the form *Aššu-TIWAZ (“good deity/lord,
good Sun-god, good dawn/day or the like”), for whose constituents see Hittite [script
needed] (aššu-), Luwian (wa-a-šu-uš /wāsus/, “good”) and Luwian (TIWAZ, “Sun-god”).

In the essay Notes to the Armenian and Georgian Alphabets the display of the Armenian theonym is
derived as follows: Թ-Ի-Ֆ-Ե-Ժ ( Θ9-I20-W-Ε5-Ž10).
The Old Georgian theonym T9I10W6E5Zh18 seems to correspond with the theonym
Tʽ9I20W5aΕ5Ž10 in the Armenian alphabet.
The introduction of the theonym “God” may have been based on the replacement of the letter “Z”
from the alphabetical 7th location (in the alphabet “Latin 1”) to the end of the alphabet “Latin 2”.
The letter “G” replaced the letter “Z” at the location 7.
The Futhark signary represents a remarkable composition of theonyms for a triad of the Greek
theonyms (Zeus, Metis, Themis and the word “father”).
The Younger ϝYÞAR(k) signary is an abbreviated version of the elder Futhark. In contrast to the
standard Futhark signaries the Younger ϝYÞAR(k) display the theonym (ϝYÞAR) at the first row of
the 2-dimensional table. The theonym ϝYÞAR may be interpreted as the Sanskrit “PITAR”
(“Father”). The words T,Æ,I,W,S, W,I,T,Æ,S, T,I,W,Æ,S are interpreted the Gothic sky-god,
wisdom, to wit or “wizzard”, respectively “Tiw”, the Germanic god of “justice”.
In the Younger ϝYÞAR(k) signary the first row displays the “Father” (ϝYÞAR). The third row
displays as a theonym the word “Mother” (MITAR ).
In a number of European alphabets the ego-pronouns IEU, JOU, JAU, etc. represent the core of
displayed theonyms.
36 Das Digamma (griechisch δίγαμμα, Majuskel Ϝ/Ͷ, Minuskel ϝ/ͷ) war ursprünglich der sechste Buchstabe des
griechischen Alphabets, kam aber um etwa 500 v. Chr. außer Gebrauch. (source: Digamma)
Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................1
A Pentagrammaton for the word Theuth..............................................................................................2
Analysis of the hieroglyphic name Theuth or Thoth.......................................................................2
The derivation of the 2-dimensional alphabet .....................................................................................3
Example of the Rows and Furrows in the 2-dimensional Acre of Letters.......................................3
The derivatives of the Ugaritic alphabet...............................................................................................4
Djehuti (Thoth) as a master for various pentagrammatons..............................................................4
The derivation of theonyms from the alphabet.....................................................................................5
Notes to the Lydian Alphabet ..........................................................................................................5
Notes to the Armenian Alphabet......................................................................................................5
Notes to the Georgian Alphabet.......................................................................................................6
The other derivatives of the Ugaritic alphabet.................................................................................6
The 2-dimensional pattern of the Younger ϝYÞAR-signary............................................................7
The Etymology of the theonym “God”............................................................................................9
The ego-pronouns as cores in the theonyms.......................................................................................10
Three vowel Pronouns...................................................................................................................11
Two vowel Pronouns.....................................................................................................................13
One vowel Pronouns......................................................................................................................14
Summary.............................................................................................................................................17