International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 107

Volume 7, Issue 3, March 2024

https://www.ijresm.com | ISSN (Online): 2581-5792

Customer Churn Prediction for a

Telecommunication Company
Aditya Rishiraj Behl1*, Harsh Hadpe2, Komal Bonde3, Hemlata Patel4
1,2,3,4
Department of Computer Science and Technology, Parul University, Vadodara, India

Abstract: This research project delves into the critical issue of models capable of identifying customers at risk of churn.
customer churn prediction within the context of a The impetus behind these efforts is clear: by accurately
telecommunication company. Customer churn, the phenomenon
predicting churn and understanding the underlying factors
where subscribers terminate their services, presents a significant
challenge in an industry marked by intense competition and driving customer attrition, telecommunications companies can
evolving customer preferences. The study employs advanced implement targeted retention strategies. Such strategies may
machine learning techniques to analyze vast volumes of historical include personalized offers, proactive customer support
customer data, comprising demographic information, service initiatives, service enhancements, or loyalty programs tailored
usage patterns, billing records, and past interactions with the to address the specific needs and concerns of at-risk customers.
company’s services. Through meticulous data preprocessing,
By intervening before customers reach the point of defection,
feature engineering, and model selection, a predictive model is
developed to forecast the likelihood of churn for individual companies can mitigate churn, foster customer loyalty, and
customers. By accurately identifying customers at risk of churn, ultimately bolster their bottom line.
the telecommunication company can proactively implement In this study, we embark on a comprehensive exploration of
targeted retention strategies. These strategies may include customer churn detection within the telecommunication
personalized incentives, tailored service offerings, proactive industry. We delve into the methodologies employed to
customer support, or loyalty programs. The effectiveness of the
preprocess and analyze vast volumes of customer data, the
churn prediction model is evaluated using various metrics,
ensuring its reliability and accuracy in real-world scenarios. intricacies of feature engineering to extract relevant predictive
Ultimately, the goal of this project is to equip the indicators, and the selection and evaluation of machine learning
telecommunication company with actionable insights to reduce algorithms to develop robust churn prediction models.
churn rates, optimize resource allocation, and foster long-term Moreover, we examine the practical challenges and
customer loyalty. This research contributes to enhancing the considerations inherent in implementing churn prediction
company’s competitive edge by enabling data-driven decision-
systems within telecommunication companies, including data
making and proactive customer relationship management.
privacy concerns, model interpretability, and the integration of
Keywords: customer churn prediction, telecommunication. predictive analytics into existing operational workflows.
Through this exploration, we aim to shed light on the
1. Introduction complex dynamics of customer churn within the
telecommunications sector and provide insights that empower
In the ever-evolving landscape of telecommunications,
companies to proactively manage customer relationships,
where technological advancements and shifting consumer
optimize resource allocation, and drive sustainable growth in an
preferences continuously reshape the industry, one persistent
increasingly competitive marketplace.
challenge remains at the forefront: customer churn. Customer
churn, the process by which subscribers terminate their ser-
2. Problem Statement
vices with a telecommunications provider, poses a significant
threat to the stability and growth of companies within this Customer churn prediction is a pressing concern for
sector. Not only does churn result in immediate revenue loss, telecommunication companies operating in today’s highly
but it also undermines long-term profitability, market share, and competitive landscape. With subscribers constantly evaluating
customer satisfaction. their options and evolving preferences, the ability to anticipate
Recognizing the gravity of this challenge, and address churn is essential for maintaining market share and
telecommunications companies are increasingly turning to sustaining profitability. At the heart of this challenge lies the
data-driven approaches to understand and predict customer need for telecommunication companies to leverage their vast
behavior. By harnessing the wealth of data at their disposal reservoirs of customer data to develop predictive models
ranging from demographic information and service usage capable of identifying customers at risk of churn.
patterns to billing history and customer interactions these Historically, telecommunication companies have relied on
companies are endeavoring to develop sophisticated predictive reactive approaches to churn management, addressing customer

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Behl et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 7, NO. 3, MARCH 2024 108

issues only after they arise. However, in an era defined by data- leveraging advanced machine learning techniques, addressing
driven decision-making, there’s a growing recognition of the imbalanced data, ensuring interpretability, and drawing insights
value in adopting proactive strategies. By harnessing advanced from real-world case studies, telecommunication companies
analytics and machine learning techniques, companies can sift can develop effective churn prediction models to reduce
through large volumes of customer data to discern patterns and customer attrition and enhance customer retention strategies.
signals indicative of potential churn. This literature review provides a structured overview of the
One of the primary obstacles in churn prediction lies in the existing research on customer churn prediction in the
complexity of telecommunications data. Customer interactions telecommunication industry, covering methodologies,
span a wide array of touchpoints, from calls and messages to challenges, business implications, and real-world deployments.
data usage and service inquiries. Moreover, customer behavior You can further expand and customize this review by
can be influenced by external factors such as market trends, incorporating additional studies and insights relevant to your
competitor offerings, and economic conditions. As such, specific research objectives and hypotheses.
developing an accurate churn prediction model requires not Analysis of Customer Churn Prediction in Telecom Industry
only sophisticated analytical tools but also a nuanced Using Logistic Regression: This study highlights the
understanding of the factors driving customer behavior. significance of churn prediction in the telecom industry,
Data preprocessing plays a crucial role in preparing the raw emphasizing the shift in focus from acquiring new customers to
data for analysis. This involves cleaning the data, handling retaining existing ones due to market saturation. The research
missing values, and transforming variables to make them suit- presents a model using logistic regression to predict customer
able for modeling. Feature engineering is another critical step churn, illustrating its effectiveness with data from a telecom
where meaningful predictors, or features, are derived from the company. The study also discusses the importance of
raw data to improve the predictive performance of the model. understanding customer behavior to reduce churn rates and
These features may include metrics related to customer tenure, suggests that logistic regression is a viable tool for predicting
usage patterns, payment history, and customer interactions. churn in the telecom sector.
Once the data is preprocessed and features are engineered, Churn Prediction of Customer in Telecom Industry using
the next step involves selecting an appropriate machine learning Machine Learning Algorithms: This paper discusses the use of
algorithm and training the model using historical data. Popular machine learning algorithms to predict customer churn in the
algorithms for churn prediction include logistic regression, telecom industry, addressing the financial impact of churn on
decision trees, random forests, and gradient boosting machines. companies. It compares various algorithms like Decision Tree,
The model is then evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, Random Forest, and XGBoost, highlighting their effectiveness
precision, recall, and area under the receiver operating in churn prediction. The research underscores the utility of
characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) to assess its performance in these models in identifying likely churn customers, allowing
predicting churn. In deploying a churn prediction model, telecom services to proactively address retention challenges.
telecommunication companies must also consider the Customer Churn Prediction Model for Telecommunication
operational challenges of integrating predictive analytics into Industry: The article explores customer churn prediction in the
their existing systems and processes. This may involve tele- com industry using both deep learning and machine
developing real-time monitoring mechanisms to flag customers learning algorithms. It emphasizes the high churn rates in
at risk of churn and devising strategies for targeted telecom and the cost implications of acquiring new customers
interventions, such as personalized retention offers or proactive versus retaining existing ones. The paper presents models using
customer outreach initiatives. Ultimately, successful churn Artificial Neural Networks, Self-Organizing Maps, Decision
prediction requires a holistic approach that combines advanced Trees, and a hybrid approach, showcasing their potential in
analytics with domain expertise and organizational agility to predicting customer churn.
adapt to changing market dynamics and customer needs. Telco Churn Prediction with Big Data: This study
investigates the application of big data analytics in predicting
3. Literature Review customer churn within the telecom sector. By utilizing a big
Customer churn, the phenomenon where customers dis- data platform to analyze a vast amount of customer data, the
continue their services with a company, poses significant research demonstrates how big data can significantly enhance
challenges for telecommunication companies. In an era of fierce churn prediction models. The use of the Random Forest
competition and evolving customer preferences, the ability to algorithm on this extensive dataset shows improved prediction
predict and prevent churn is crucial for maintaining profitability accuracy, illustrating the benefits of integrating big data
and sustaining business growth. This literature review aims to technologies in churn analysis.
explore the existing research on customer churn prediction in Deep Learning Applications and Challenges in Big Data
the telecommunications industry, focusing on the Analytics: This paper explores the role of deep learning in
methodologies, challenges, and key insights derived from analyzing big data, specifically focusing on its application in
previous studies. various industries, including telecommunications. The authors
In conclusion, the literature on customer churn prediction for discuss how deep learning can uncover complex patterns in
telecommunication companies demonstrates a rich land- scape large datasets, improving predictive analytics like customer
of methodologies, challenges, and practical implications. By churn predictions. Challenges related to the implementation of
Behl et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 7, NO. 3, MARCH 2024 109

deep learning in big data are also addressed, providing a Machine Learning Techniques: This research delves into
comprehensive view of the potential and hurdles in this research customer churn prediction in the telecom sector using various
area. machine learning algorithms. The study emphasizes the cost
A Neural Network-based Approach for Predicting Customer implications of acquiring new customers versus retaining
Churn in Cellular Network Services: The research presents a existing ones, highlighting the economic advantage of customer
neural network model designed to predict customer churn in retention. The paper introduces a system that utilizes
telecom services, emphasizing the model’s ability to learn from classification techniques, particularly Random Forest, KNN,
historical data and identify potential churners. By analyzing and Decision Tree Classifier, to predict customer churn. It
customer behavior and service usage patterns, the neural presents a comprehensive system architecture and model for
network can forecast churn likelihood, offering telecom churn prediction, including data pre-processing and feature
companies a tool to devise better retention strategies. The study selection. The experimental analysis demonstrates the efficacy
validates the neural network’s performance, demonstrating its of the proposed model, achieving an impressive accuracy of 99
effectiveness compared to traditional statistical methods. using the Random Forest classifier. The study underscores the
Adaptive Associative and Self-Organizing Functions in importance of predictive modeling in identifying at-risk
Neural Computing: This article introduces the concept of Self- customers and formulating retention strategies, offering
Organizing Maps (SOMs) and their utility in clustering and insights that can be applied across different business sectors to
organizing data, particularly in the context of customer enhance customer retention and service quality.
behavior in telecom. The SOM’s ability to classify customers Customer Churn Prediction in Telecommunication with
into different segments based on usage and behavior patterns Rotation Forest Method: This study focuses on predicting
provides valuable insights for predicting churn. The paper customer churn in the telecommunication industry using the
illustrates how SOM, as a neural computing technique, can rotation forest method, an ensemble learning algorithm that
enhance understanding of customer dynamics and improve enhances prediction efficacy by balancing data and employing
churn prediction models. principal component analysis for feature extraction. The re-
Supervised Machine Learning: A Review of Classification search compares the rotation forest method’s performance with
Techniques: This review provides an overview of various other techniques like AntMiner and C4.5 decision tree, utilizing
supervised machine learning techniques and their application in a dataset from an American Telecommunication Company. The
classification tasks, including customer churn prediction. It findings reveal that the rotation forest method outperforms the
covers algorithms like Decision Trees, Support Vector other models in terms of sensitivity, which is crucial for
Machines, and Neural Networks, discussing their advantages accurately identifying potential churners. By addressing data
and limitations in different contexts. The paper helps in imbalance and employing an advanced ensemble technique, the
understanding how different supervised learning models can be research contributes valuable insights into effective churn
applied to telecom data to predict customer churn effectively. prediction methodologies, emphasizing the significance of
The Deep Learning Revolution: This work discusses the precise churn prediction in formulating targeted customer
transformative impact of deep learning across various sectors, retention strategies in the competitive telecom industry.
with a focus on its potential to revolutionize customer churn An Article on Churn Prediction Using Machine Learning
prediction in telecom. The ability of deep learning to process Techniques: The paper explores churn prediction in the tele-
and learn from large datasets offers a significant advantage in com sector, leveraging machine learning techniques to predict
identifying subtle patterns that indicate churn risk. The paper customer behavior and retention. It presents a detailed system
provides insights into how deep learning is changing the architecture and experimental analysis using algorithms like
landscape of predictive analytics, offering advanced tools for Decision Tree and Random Forest, emphasizing the importance
tackling customer retention challenges. of feature selection and data pre-processing in enhancing model
Application of Data Mining Techniques in Customer accuracy. The study demonstrates how machine learning can
Relationship Management: A Literature Review and provide actionable insights into customer churn, enabling
Classification”: This literature review examines how data telecom operators to devise effective retention strategies. By
mining techniques are applied in the realm of Customer achieving high accuracy in churn prediction, the research high-
Relationship Management (CRM), including in the context of lights the potential of machine learning in transforming data
churn prediction. It categorizes various data mining methods into strategic business decisions, aiding telecom companies in
and their roles in understanding customer behaviors, improving reducing churn and increasing customer loyalty.
customer satisfaction, and predicting churn. The review These reviews provide a snapshot of the current
highlights the integration of data mining into CRM practices as methodologies and approaches in customer churn prediction
a strategic approach to enhance customer loyalty and reduce within the telecom industry, illustrating the crucial role of
churn in the telecom industry. machine learning in enhancing predictive accuracy and
These additional literature reviews provide a broader informing retention strategies.
perspective on the various methodologies and technologies
employed in predicting customer churn in the
telecommunications sector.
Customer Churn Prediction in Telecom Sector Using
Behl et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 7, NO. 3, MARCH 2024 110

4. Methodology
A. Data Preparation and Analysis (Jupyter Notebook)
1. Data Loading: The data is initially loaded into a
pandas DataFrame. This is typically the first step in
any data analysis project.
2. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): The Jupyter note-
books (eda churn.ipynb and model.ipynb) likely
contain exploratory data analysis, where you examine
the data, check for missing values, understand the
distribution of key variables, and identify any
correlations between features.
3. Feature Engineering: Based on the EDA, you might
have created new features or modified existing ones to
improve the model’s predictive power. This could
include binning continuous variables, encoding
categorical variables, or creating interaction features. Fig. 1. Methodology
4. Model Building: The model.ipynb notebook is likely
used for building the predictive model. You might 5. Admin Work Flow
have tried various algorithms and settled on a Random 1) Data Collection and Integration
Forest Classifier as indicated in your Flask app. The Identify relevant data sources including customer demo-
model is trained using a subset of the data, validated, graphics, usage patterns, billing information, customer service
and evaluated for its performance. interactions, and network performance metrics. Collect and
B. Flask Web Application integrate data from disparate sources into a centralized data
repository.
1. Flask Setup: You’ve set up a Flask application
2) Data Preprocessing
(app.py) that serves a web interface for interacting
Cleanse the data to handle missing values, outliers, and in-
with the model.
consistencies. Perform data transformation and normalization
2. Web Interface: The Flask app provides a webpage
to ensure uniformity and compatibility across variables. Con-
where users can input customer data (e.g., Senior
duct exploratory data analysis EDA to gain insights into the
Citizen, Monthly Charges, Total Charges, etc.) to
data distribution and identify patterns. Feature Engineering:
predict churn.
Select and engineer features that are predictive of customer
3. Model Integration: The Flask app loads a trained
churn, considering variables such as customer tenure, call
Random Forest Classifier model from a pickle file
duration, data usage, contract type, and customer satisfaction
(model (2).sav). When the user inputs the data on the
scores. Apply dimensionality reduction techniques if necessary
web interface, the Flask app collects the data,
to reduce the computational complexity of the dataset.
processes it, and feeds it into the model to predict
3) Model Development
whether the customer will churn.
Choose appropriate machine learning algorithms for churn
4. Prediction Output: The application displays the
prediction, such as Support Vector Machines SVM, Random
prediction result on the webpage, indicating whether
Forests, Gradient Boosting Machines GBM, or Neural Net-
the customer is likely to churn and the model’s
works. Split the dataset into training, validation, and test sets
confidence in its prediction.
for model evaluation. Train multiple models using different
C. System Workflow algorithms and hyperparameters to identify the best-performing
1. User Interaction: Users interact with the Flask web model.
application by entering customer details. 4) Model Evaluation
2. Data Processing: The input data is processed, Evaluate the performance of trained models using metrics
appropriately formatted, and then used for making such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, ROC-AUC
predictions using the loaded Random Forest Classifier Receiver Operating Characteristic - Area Under Curve, and lift.
model. Perform cross-validation to assess model generalizability and
3. Output Generation: The prediction result is then dis- robustness. Fine-tune model parameters and hyperparameters
played back to the user on the web interface. This to optimize performance.
overview should give you a structured understanding 5) Model Interpretation and Validation
of how your system is designed to function, from data Interpret the trained models to understand the factors driving
analysis to interactive prediction with a web interface. customer churn predictions. Validate model predictions against
historical churn data and business insights to ensure alignment
with real-world scenarios.
Behl et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 7, NO. 3, MARCH 2024 111

6) Deployment and Integration can have multiple customers.

Integrate the trained model into existing customer relation- Relationship: One customer subscribes to one subscription
ship management CRM systems or analytics platforms. plan; one plan can have multiple customers. Customer-Usage
Develop APIs or deployment scripts for seamless integration Data (1-to-N): Each customer can have multiple usage data
with operational workflows. Implement monitoring records, but each record is associated with only one customer.
mechanisms to track model performance and detect drift over Relationship: One customer can have multiple usage records;
time. each record belongs to one customer. Customer-Churn
7) Post-Deployment Monitoring and Maintenance Prediction Model (1-to-1): Each customer is associated with a
Monitor model performance and recalibrate as needed to churn prediction model, and each model is trained for a specific
adapt to changing market conditions and customer behaviors. customer.
Continuously update the model with fresh data to enhance Relationship: Each customer has one associated churn pre-
predictive accuracy and relevance. Collaborate with cross- diction model; each model is for one customer. This ER
functional teams including marketing, sales, and customer diagram outlines the basic entities and relationships involved in
service to leverage churn predictions for targeted interventions the customer churn prediction system for a telecommunication
and retention strategies. company. Depending on the specific requirements and
8) Documentation and Reporting complexities of the system, you may need to further refine and
Document the entire workflow including data sources, pre- expand this diagram. Additionally, attributes and relationships
processing steps, model development, evaluation metrics, and can be customized based on the unique characteristics and data
deployment procedures. Generate regular reports summarizing structures of the telecommunication company’s operations and
key insights, model performance, and business impact for churn prediction process.
stakeholders.
9) Feedback Loop and Iteration
Establish a feedback loop to capture insights from model
predictions and business outcomes. Iterate on the workflow
based on feedback to improve predictive accuracy, operational
efficiency, and business value. This administrative workflow
model provides a systematic approach to developing, deploy-
ing, and maintaining churn prediction models for a telecom-
munication company. It emphasizes the importance of data
quality, model interpretability, integration with existing sys-
tems, and ongoing monitoring and iteration to drive tangible
business outcomes.

6. ER Diagram
Creating an Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram for “Customer
Churn Prediction for a Telecommunication Company” involves Fig. 2. Admin workflow
identifying the key entities and their relationships within the
system. Here’s a basic ER diagram for such a scenario: 7. Schema Diagram
Entities: The schema diagram provided represents the structure of a
Customer: Represents individual customers subscribing to relational database designed to store data related to customer
the telecommunication services. churn prediction for a telecommunication company. Let’s break
Attributes: Customer ID (Primary Key), Name, Age, Gen- down the diagram and explain each part:
der, Address, Contact Details, Subscription Plan, Churn Status, Entities and Attributes:
Churn Probability, etc. Subscription Plan: Describes the Customer: This entity represents individual customers of the
different plans or packages offered by the telecommunication telecommunication company. It includes attributes such as
company. CustomerID unique identifier for each customer, Name, Age,
Attributes: Plan ID (Primary Key), Plan Name, Monthly Fee, Gender, Address, ContactDetails, PlanID foreign key
Data Limit, Call Minutes, SMS Limit, etc. Usage Data: referencing the SubscriptionPlan table, ChurnStatus indicating
Contains information about the usage behavior of customers. whether the customer has churned), and ChurnProbability the
Attributes: Usage ID (Primary Key), Customer ID (Foreign probability of a customer churning.
Key), Date, Call Duration, Data Usage, SMS Count, etc. Churn SubscriptionPlan: This entity describes the different sub-
Prediction Model: Represents the predictive model used for scription plans offered by the telecommunication company. It
customer churn prediction. includes attributes like PlanID unique identifier for each plan,
Attributes: Model ID (Primary Key), Model Name, PlanName, MonthlyFee, DataLimit, CallMinutes, and
Algorithm Used, Accuracy, Date Last Trained, etc. SMSLimit.
Relationships: Customer-Subscription Plan (1-to-N): A UsageData: This entity contains information about the usage
customer can sub- scribe to one subscription plan, but a plan behavior of customers. It includes attributes such as UsageID
Behl et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 7, NO. 3, MARCH 2024 112

unique identifier for each usage record, CustomerID for- eign dicates that one customer can be associated with only one
key referencing the Customer table, Date, CallDuration, subscription plan, but a plan can have multiple customers. It is
DataUsage, and SMSCount. represented by the foreign key PlanID in the Customer table.
ChurnPrediction: This entity represents the churn prediction Customer-UsageData (1-to-N): This relationship signifies that
model used by the company. It includes attributes like Mod- one customer can have multiple usage records, but each usage
elID unique identifier for each model, ModelName, record belongs to only one customer. It is represented by the
AlgorithmUsed, Accuracy the accuracy of the model, foreign key CustomerID in the UsageData table.
DateLastTrained the date when the model was last trained, and Customer-ChurnPrediction (1-to-1): This relationship shows
CustomerID foreign key referencing the Customer table. that each customer is associated with one churn prediction
model, and each model is trained for a specific customer. It is
represented by the foreign key CustomerID in the
ChurnPrediction table.
Overall, this schema diagram provides a structured
representation of the database tables/entities and their
relationships, facilitating the storage and retrieval of data
necessary for customer churn prediction in a
telecommunication company.

8. User Case
A use case diagram is a visual representation of the
interactions between users (actors) and a system, illustrating the
various actions or tasks (use cases) that the system performs to
achieve specific goals. Let’s create a use case diagram for the
“Customer Churn Prediction for a Telecommunication
Company” scenario:
Actors:
Customer: Represents the individual customers subscribing
Fig. 3. ER diagram to the telecommunication services. Administrator: Represents
the system administrator or operator responsible for managing
the churn prediction system. Use Cases:
View Customer Information:
Actors: Customer, Administrator Description: Allows
customers and administrators to view customer information
such as demographics, subscription plans, usage data, churn
status, and churn probability.
Modify Subscription Plan:

Fig. 4. Model cropping Fig. 5. Use case

Relationships: Actors: Administrator Description: Allows the administrator

Customer-SubscriptionPlan (1-to-N): This relationship in- to modify the subscription plans offered by the
Behl et al. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, VOL. 7, NO. 3, MARCH 2024 113

telecommunication company based on customer preferences 11. Future Directions and Opportunities
and market analysis. Analyze Usage Data: Looking ahead, advancements in predictive analytics,
Actors: Administrator Description: Enables the administrator artificial intelligence, and big data technologies offer exciting
to analyze usage data, including call duration, data usage, and opportunities for further enhancing customer churn prediction
SMS count, to identify patterns and trends related to customer in the telecommunication sector. Integrating advanced analytics
churn. Train Churn Prediction Model: with real-time data streams, incorporating external factors such
Actors: Administrator Description: Allows the administrator as social media sentiment and economic indicators, and
to train the churn prediction model using historical data to deploying automated decision support systems are some
improve its accuracy in predicting customer churn. Predict avenues for future research and innovation.
Churn:
Actors: Administrator Description: Enables the administrator 12. Conclusion
to use the trained churn prediction model to predict the In conclusion, customer churn prediction plays a pivotal role
likelihood of individual customers churning based on their in the strategic management of telecommunication companies.
usage patterns and other relevant factors. Take Retention By leveraging predictive analytics and machine learning
Actions: techniques, companies can anticipate churn, retain valuable
Actors: Administrator Description: Allows the administrator customers, and maintain a competitive edge in the dynamic
to take proactive retention actions, such as offering discounts, telecommunications market. However, addressing
incentives, or personalized offers, to prevent customers from methodological challenges, ensuring ethical data use, and
churning. Relationships: translating predictive insights into actionable strategies are
Customer: Participates in all use cases that involve viewing essential for unlocking the full potential of customer churn
customer information. Administrator: Initiates and participates prediction in driving business success.
in all use cases related to system management, including
modifying subscription plans, analyzing usage data, training the References
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