The Human

Endocrine System
Endocrine System /Hormone System

-Endocrine derived from Greek words

“endo” meaning within
“krino” meaning to secrete

- is a collection of glands in your body that produce and release

hormones.
These hormones act as chemical messengers, helping to control and
regulate your body's functions, like growth, metabolism, mood, and
reproduction.
Endocrine System

McGrawHill Access Science

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 Principles of
Chemical Communication
Objectives:
A. Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands

B. Describe the four classes of chemical messengers

C. Define hormone and target tissue

 Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands
Endocrine Glands
-Part of the Endocrine System
-Release Hormones
-No Ducts
-the study of the Endocrine System is known as Endocrinology

Exocrine Glands
-Part of the Digestive System
-Produce Secretions through Ducts
Example of Exocrine secretions are Saliva, Sweat, Breast Milk, & Digestive
Enzymes
-the study of the Exocrene Glands is known as Exocrinology
Hormones - are endocrine chemical messengers

-it allows cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities.
These are produced by a specific collection of cells or by a gland.

Target Tissues - specific cells or groups of cells that respond to hormones or drugs
It also called as effectors.

Hormone receptors - specialized proteins that bind to and interact with hormones to ultimately
cause changes in target cells. Such receptors may be embedded in the plasma membrane on the
surface of cells or may be found intracellularly, within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus. It is also
known as transmembrane receptors.
The endocrine system has several unique characteristics, including:

1. Hormone production

2. Feedback loops

3. Chemical signaling

3.Tightly regulated

4. Complex network

5. Hormones act on target cells

Classes of Chemical Messengers
1. Autocrine Chemical Messengers - stimulates cells that originally secreted
it.

2.Paracrine Chemical Messengers - act locally on neighboring cells

3.Neurotransmitters - activates an adjacent cell, whether it is a neuron, a

muscle or a glandular cell

4.Endocrine Chemical Messenger - are secreted into the bloodstream by

certain glands and cells, which together constitute the endocrine system
Endocrine Glands, Hormones and their Target Tissue
Endocrine Glands, Hormones and their Target Tissue
Endocrine Glands, Hormones and their Target Tissue
 FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The endocrine system has 10 major functions that

contribute to homeostasis.

Regulation of Metabolism
Control of food intake and digestion
Regulation of Ion regulation
Modulation of Tissue Development
Control of Water Balance
Regulation of Cardiovascular functions
Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
Control of reproductive functions systems
Stimulation Urine contractions and milk
release
Modulation of Immune System function
Regulation of Metabolism

Controls the rate of nutrient utilization and energy production.

Breaking down nutrients (catabolism) and building complex

molecules (anabolism).

Hormones like thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) control the basal metabolic rate,
which is the rate at which your body burns calories at rest. Insulin and
glucagon, produced by the pancreas, regulate glucose metabolism.

Ensures your body has the right amount of energy for its needs.
Control of food intake and digestion

Regulates the level of satiation (fullness) and the

breakdown of food into individual nutrients

Hormones like ghrelin (stimulates hunger) and leptin (signals satiety) control
appetite. Digestive hormones like gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin
(CCK) regulate digestive processes.

Maintains a healthy weight and ensures proper nutrient absorption.

 Regulation of Ion regulation

Helps monitor blood pH, as well as Nat, K+, and Ca'

concentrations in the blood.

Hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin

regulate calcium levels. Aldosterone, produced by the adrenal
glands, regulates sodium and potassium levels.

Maintains proper electrolyte balance for cellular function.

Modulation of Tissue Development

Influences the development of tissues, such as those

of the nervous system.
This refers to the growth and differentiation of tissues and
organs, especially during childhood and adolescence.

Growth hormone (GH) stimulates growth and development.

Sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone) influence sexual
development and maturation. Thyroid hormones also play a
crucial role in brain development.
Ensures proper growth and development of the body.
 Control of Water Balance
Regulates water balance by controlling the solute
concentration of the blood as well as controlling
membrane permeability.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin,

regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys. Aldosterone
also influences water balance by regulating sodium levels.

Prevents dehydration and maintains proper fluid

balance.
Regulation of Cardiovascular functions
Helps regulate the heart rate and blood pressure
and prepare the body for physical activity.

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, released by

the adrenal glands, increase heart rate and blood pressure
during stress. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
(RAAS) regulates blood pressure.

Ensures proper blood flow and oxygen delivery to

tissues.
Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
Regulates the levels of glucose and other nutrients
in the blood

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose

uptake by cells. Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by
stimulating the breakdown of glycogen in the liver.

Provides a constant supply of energy to cells and

prevents hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia
Control of reproductive functions systems
Controls the development and functions of the
reproductive systems in males and females.

Sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone)

regulate reproductive functions. Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) control gamete
production and ovulation.

Enables sexual reproduction and the continuation

of the species.
Stimulation Urine contractions and milk release
Regulates uterine contractions during delivery and
stimulates milk release from the breasts in
lactating females.

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor and

milk ejection during breastfeeding. Prolactin stimulates milk
production.

Facilitates childbirth and provides nourishment to

newborns.
 Modulation of Immune System function
Helps control the production of immune cells.

Hormones like cortisol, released during stress, can suppress

the immune system. Other hormones, like thymosin, help in
the development of T cells (a type of white blood cell).

Maintains a balanced immune response.

Basic Anatomy of the Endocrine
System
The Endocrine System is made up of organs called Glands. You
have glands all over your body including your brain, neck,
stomach and other organs.

Brain Neck Stomach

Hypothalamus
Is located in your brain and controls your endocrine system

it uses information from your nervous system to

determine when to tell other glands to produce
hormones.
Pituitary gland
located at the base of your brain.
Such as thyroid gland, adrenal gland, ovaries and
testicles.
Also know as the Master gland.
Pineal gland
The smallest gland.

Balance the rhythm of the body and secretes

melatonin hormone.

Called third eye.

it sends signal that make someone feel tired,

sleep, wake up and feel alert .
Thyroid gland
Your thyroid gland is a butterfly shaped gland.

It's responsible for your metabolism, heart rate, and

body temperature.
Parathyroid gland
Four tiny glands control the regulation of calcium level in the blood
Thymus gland
helps train the white blood cells that protect
your immune system.

Inhibit the aging process.

Adrenal gland
You have two adrenal glands one on the top of each kidney.

They control your blood pressure, body development, and stress

response.
Kidney
Urine production.

Regulate body fluid.

Excrete waste
Pancreas
it is the largest gland and it performs two main
functions.
Endocrine function sends out
Exocrine function
hormones that control the
produces enzymes amount of sugar in your
that help with bloodstream.
digestion.
Ovaries
Two ovaries in lower abdomen one on either side.

Release sex hormones called;

Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone.

Testes Makes sperm and release the hormone testosterone.
This hormone affects sperm production and muscle strength.
Overview of the Endocrinological
Disorders
Endocrinological Disorders
Most often the result of a hormone imbalance, a condition characterized
by a gland producing too much or too little of a hormone.

Hormones
The word hormone is derived from the Greek “hormao” meaning
“ i excite or arouse”
HORMONES - FUNCTIONS
Reproduction and sexual differentiation
Development and growth
Maintenance of the internal environment
Regulation of metabolism and nutrient supply
 DISORDERS

GROWTH HORMONE

UNDERPRODUCTION
Pituary growth failure
condition caused by insufficient amounts of growth hormone in the body.

OVERPRODUCTION

Gigantism , Acromegaly
are both conditions that result from an overproduction of growth hormone, typically due
to a benign tumor (adenoma) of the pituitary gland.
ACROMEGALY
DWARFISM / GIGANTISM
 DISORDERS

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

UNDERPRODUCTION
Diabetes insipidus
is a rare condition that affects the regulation of water balance in the body, leading to
excessive thirst (polydipsia) and urination (polyuria).

OVERPRODUCTION
SIADH ( syndrome of inappropriate ADH production)
is a condition where the body produces excessive amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
leading to abnormal water retention.
 DISORDERS

PARATHYROIDISM HORMONE (PTH)

UNDERPRODUCTION
Hypoparathyroidism

is decreased function of the parathyroid glands with underproduction of parathyroid

hormone.

OVERPRODUCTION
Hypoparathyroidism

is when your parathyroid glands creates high amounts of parathyroid hormones

in the blood stream.
 DISORDERS

INSULIN

UNDERPRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus
is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar
(hyperglycemia) resulting from the body’s inability to produce enough insulin

OVERPRODUCTION

Excess insulin Administration or Production

refers to a state where there is too much insulin in the body, leading to
hypoglycemia
DISORDERS

MINIRAL
DISORDERS

INSULIN
DISORDERS

INSULIN
DISORDERS

INSULIN