Self-Learning Module for Grade 11

Mathematics
Statistics and Probability

CHAPTER I: RANDOM VARIABLES AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

LESSON 1: RANDOM VARIABLE (Discrete and Continuous)

Introduction
In the study of basic probability, you have learned that an experiment is any
activity which can be done repeatedly under similar condition. The set of all possible
outcomes of an experiment is called the sample space. You have also learned how to
mathematically list the possible outcome of a given experiment. In tossing a coin, for
instance, the possible outcomes are turning up a head or a tail.

This module will help you understand the process of illustrating random
variables as well as distinguishing between discrete and continuous random variables.
God bless and enjoy learning.

How to Use this Module

This Self - learning Kit (SLK) will help you understand the concepts on Random
Variables. As you go through this lesson, think of the following questions: How will you
distinguish random variables as to discrete or continuous? To find the answer, perform
each activity.

PRE-TEST

Before studying this module, take this pre - test to find out how much you
already know about the topic covered. Shade the letter of the correct answer.

1. Discrete variable is from qualities that can be

A B C D A. Measured C. Both A and B
B. Counted D. none of these

` 2. Continuous variable is from qualities that can be

A B C D A. Measured C. Both A and B
B. Counted D. none of these
3. Which of the following is NOT a continuous variable?
A B C D A. A person’s height each year
B. A person’s weight on each birthday
C. Number of Cars finished in a factory each day
D. The volume of water in a swimming pool

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 4. Which of these is NOT a discrete variable?
A B C D A. The number of students absent in a class
B. The number of death per year attributed to lung cancer
C. The average amount of electricity consumed per household
per month
D. The number of people who drive through a red light each
hour during rush hour

5. The number of avocado produced by an avocado tree each

A B C D year is a continuous variable
A. True C. Maybe
B. False D. Cannot be determined

Well, what do you think about the pre-test? Do you think you did well?
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on the last part of this
module to find out.
If all your answers are correct, excellent! This shows that you already
know much about the topic. But you may still study this module to check what
you already know. Who knows, you might learn a few more new things as well.
If you got a low score, it’s ok. This module was made to help you
understand important concepts about random variable that you can apply in
your daily life. If you study this module carefully, you will learn the answers to
all the items in the test and a lot more! Are you ready? Let’s begin your journey.

Competency

1. Illustrate random variable (Discrete or Continuous).

(M 11/12 SP IIIa – 1)
2. Distinguish between a discrete and a continuous random variable.
(M11/12 SP IIIa – 2)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Illustrate random variable; and

2. Classify random variables as discrete or continuous.

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Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

Complete the following table. The first one is done for you.
Experiment Number X Possible Value of X
Two cards are drawn Sum of the numbers 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
from a deck. on the cards 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20
Roll a pair of dice Sum of the number of
dots on the top faces
Toss a pair of coin Number of tosses until
repeatedly the coin lands head
Height of individuals Height of your father

Analysis


This time, you need to reflect on the following questions because it will
help you to understand the appropriate way on illustrating and classifying a
random variable. Answer the following questions:
1. How do you find the activity/?

2. Where you able to complete the table? If yes, how? If no, why?

3. If a random variable takes on values on continuous scale it is continuous

random variable but if a random variable takes on outcomes that are
countable then it is discrete random variable. Now, Will you be able to
classify those experiment as discrete or continuous? If yes, how? If no,
why?

4. In your own words how will you differentiate between discrete and
continuous random variables?

Abstraction

A Random Variable is a numerical quantity that is derived from the

outcomes of random experiments.
There are two types of random variables, the discrete and continuous
random variables

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 Types of Random Variables

Discrete Continuous

A Discrete variable A Continuous variable

Is a numerical value associated with Has infinite numerical values
the desired outcomes. It is also either associated with any interval
a finite or infinite number of values on the number line system
but countable such as whole numbers without any gaps or breaks.
0,1,2,3.

For example: For example:

- The number of daily - Height
admissions in a hospital - Weight
- The number of male athletes - Skull Circumference

Table 1. Examples of Random Variables

Experiment Number X Possible Values of X
1. Flip a pair of Number of heads in 4 flips of a
0, 1, 2, 3, 4
coin coin
2. Flip a pair of coin Number of tosses until the coin
1, 2, 3, 4, …
repeatedly lands tails
3. Set of Integers Integers from 2 to 6 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
4. Set of real
Real numbers from 2 to 6 2<x<6
numbers

From the example in the table above, Examples 1, 2, and 3 are all discrete
while example 4 is continuous.

Application

This time, it’s your turn to shine. Answer the following as directed.
A. Classify as discrete or continuous random variable.
1. The speed of a bus
2. The number of voters favoring a candidate
3. The temperature in Quezon at noon time

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 4. The number of gold medals won by Quezon delegates in Regional
Sports Competition
5. The amount of paint used in repainting a building

B. Answer the following.

1. Ten children were asked to solve the Rubik’s cube. The time it took for
them to complete the puzzle is summarized in the table below.
Time (in min) Less than1 1-2 2–3 Greater
than 3
Number of 2 4 3 1
children
Classify what type of variable is shown.

2. Suppose that five cards are drawn from a deck, one at a time, without
replacement. Let X = the number of times a king is drawn from this
experiment. What are the possible values of X? Does the experiment
represent a discrete or a continuous random variable?

Reflection

Look back and reflect on what you have done, then answer the following
questions.

1. How do you know whether a random variable is continuous or discrete?

2. What is the difference between continuous and discrete random

variables?

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 POST - TEST

You are now ready to take another chance to know where you are so far.
With your effort and determination I believe you can do it once again. Good
Luck.

1. Which of the following best describe variable that can be counted?

A B C D A. Discrete C. Nominal
B. Measured D. Qualitative

` 2. Which of the following best describe variable that can be measured?

A B C D A. Discrete C. Nominal
B. Continuous D. Qualitative

3. Which of the following is a NOT continuous variable?

A B C D A. A person’s weight each year
B. A person’s height on each birthday
C. Number of bicycle finished in a factory each day
D. The amount of water in a pale

4. Which of the following is NOT a discrete variable?

A. The number of students present in a class
A B C D
B. The number of death per year attributed to kidney failure
C. The average amount of water consumed per household
per month
D. The number of patients in a hospital each day

5. The number of coconut produced by a coconut tree each

A B C D month is a continuous variable
A. True C. Maybe
B. False D. Cannot be determined

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 LESSON 2: Possible Values of Random Variable

Introduction
We first learned about the notion of variables in the introduction of
Algebra, and we know from our Algebra lessons that a variable is a placeholder
for real number values that can be assigned to it. Some examples of variables
includes X = number of heads or Y = number of cell phones or Z = running time
to movies.
If three coins are tossed, what numbers can be assigned for the
frequency of heads that will occur? If three cards are drawn from a deck, what
number can be assigned for the frequency of face cards that will occur? These
questions may be answered using random variables which you will learn in this
module.

How to Use this Module

This Self-Learning Kit (SLK) for Statistics and Probability will help you
understand the process on how to find the possible values of random variables.
This module has pre-test and post-test for you to track your progress as you go
on with the lesson. The pre-test will determine your prior knowledge of the
lesson while the post-test will measure your learning after you work with this
module. Read carefully the situations and examples given for you to understand
the lesson well.

PRE-TEST

Before studying this module, take this pre - test to find out how much you
already know about the topic covered. Shade the letter of the correct answer.
1. If two coins are tossed, which is NOT a possible value of the
A B C D random variable for the number of heads?
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
2. Which of the following is NOT a true statement?
A B C D A. The value of a random variable could be zero.
B. Random variables can only have one value.
C. The probability of all the value of a random variable could be zero.
D. The sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution is
always equal to one.
3. You decided to conduct a survey of families with two children. You
A B C D are interested in counting the number of boys (out of 2 children) in
each family. Is this a random variable? If it is, what are the possible
values?

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 A. Yes, it is a random variable and its value can be 1 or 2.
B. Yes, it is a random variable and its value can be 0, 1 or 2.
C. Yes, it is a random variable and its value can be 2 or 4.
D. No, it is not a random variable since it is not random.

4. In a local community, a couples were asked the questions “Are

A B C D you satisfied with the work of the current president?” If the
husband and the wife both said “yes”, the response is written as
YY. If the husband said yes and the wife said “no”, the response
is YN. Let X = the number of “yes” responses. , what are the
possible values of the random variables?
A. 0, 1, 2 B. 1, 2, 3 C. 2, 3, 4 D. 1, 1, 2

5. A quantity resulting from an experiment by chance, can assume a

A B C D different values is called
A. Random Experiment C. Random Variable
B. Random Sample D. Random process

How did you find the pre-test? Have you got the correct answers? If yes,
Very Good! But, if you failed to get it right don’t be hesitant to learn new
concepts because it only indicates that you need to ponder yourself by exploring
this module. By that, you will acquire the proper way on how to deal with those
situations. The next time you encounter those scenarios, things would be easy
for you.
Be focused on the details that will be presented and will be discussed in
this module in order for you to take into the proper procedure in answering those
problems.
Let us now discuss this Lesson.

Competency

1. Find the possible values of a random variable. (M11SP IIIa – 3)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. find the possible values of a random variables.

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Procedure/Learning Experience
Activity

Suppose three cell phones are tested at random. We want to find out
the number of defective cell phones. Thus, to each outcome in the sample
space we shall assign a value. These are 0, 1, 2, or 3. If there is no defective
cell phone, we assign the number 0; if there is 1 defective cell phones, we
assign the number 1; if there are two defective cell phones, we assign the
number 2; and 3, if there are three defective cell phones. The number of
defective cell phones is a random variable. The possible values of this
random variable are 0, 1, 2, and 3.

cp1 cp2 cp3

Read and analyze the given situation below.

Illustration:
Let D represent the defective cell phone and N represents the non –
defective cell phone. If we let X be the random variable representing the number
of defective cell phones, show the values of the random variable X? Complete
the table below to show the values of the random variable.
Value of the Random Variable X
Possible Outcomes
(number of defective cell phones)

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 Analysis

This time, you need to reflect on the following questions because it will
help you to understand the appropriate way on finding the possible values of a
random variable. Answer the following questions:
1. How do you find the activity?
2. Were you able to complete the table? If yes, how? If no, why?
3. Will you be able to find the values of the random variable? If
yes, how? If no, why?
4. In your own words how will you describe a random variable?
How do you find the possible values of a random variable?

Abstraction

A Random Variable is a numerical quantity that is derived from the

outcomes of random experiments.
The random variable in the activity above is a discrete random variable
because the set of possible outcomes is countable. The possible values of
random variable X are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Example 1. Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable
representing the number of tails that occur. Find the values of the random
variable Y.
Steps Solution
1. Determine the The sample space for this experiment is:
sample space. Let S = {TTT, TTH, THT, HTT,
H represent head HHT, HTH, THH, HHH}
and T represent tail.
2. Count the number of Possible Value of the Random
tails in each outcome Outcomes variable Y (Number of
in the sample space tails)
and assign this TTT 3
number to this TTH 2
outcome. THT 2
HTT 2
HHT 1
HTH 1
THH 1
HHH 0
So, the possible values of the random variable Y are 0, 1, 2, and 3.

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Example 2.
Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from a box containing
5 red balls and 6 blue balls. Let Z be the random variable representing the
number of blue balls. Find the values of the random variable Z.
Steps Solution
1. Determine the The sample space for this
sample space. Let experiment is:
B represent the blue S = {RR, RB, BR, BB}
ball and R represent
the red ball.
2. Count the number of Possible Value of the
blue balls in each Outcomes Random
outcome in the sample variable Z
space and assign this (Number of
number to this blue balls)
outcome. RR 0
RB 1
BR 1
BB 2
So, the possible values of the random variable Z are 0, 1 and 2.

Application

This time, it’s your turn to shine. Answer the problem below.
The households of a local community were surveyed about the number
of occupants who are working. It was found out that 25 households have one
occupant working, 18 have two occupants working, 12 have three occupants
working, and 5 have four occupants working. Let X be the number of occupants
working from a randomly selected household. What are the possible values for
the random variable?

Reflection

This time, it’s your turn to shine. Answer the following as directed.

1. How do you find the values of a random variables?

2. How is this variable, as described in Algebra, similar to a random
variable? How do they differ?

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 POST - TEST

You are now ready to take another chance to know where you are so far. With
your effort and determination I believe you can do it once again. Good Luck.

1. If two coins are tossed, which is not a possible value of the

A B C D random variable for the number of tails?
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3

2. Which of the following is a true statement?

A B C D A. The value of a random variable could not be zero.
B. Random variables can only have one value.
C. The probability of all the value of a random variable could
be Zero.
D. The sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution is
not equal to one.

3. You decide to conduct a survey of families with two children. You

A B C D are interested in counting the number of girls (out of 2 children)
in each family. Is this a random variable and if it is, what are the
possible values?
A. Yes, it is a random variable and its value can be 1 or 2.
B. Yes, it is a random variable and its value can be 0, 1 or 2.
C. Yes, it is a random variable and its value can be 2 or 4.
D. No, it is not a random variable since it is not random.

4. In a local community, a couples were asked the questions “Are

A B C D you satisfied with the work of the current president?” If the
husband and the wife both said “yes”, the response is written as
YY. If the husband said yes and the wife said “no”, the response
is YN. Let X = the number of “yes” responses. , what are the
possible values of the random variables?
A. 0, 1, 2 B. 1, 2, 3 C. 2, 3, 4 D. 1, 1, 2
5. A set of numerical values assigned to a sample space is called
A B C D A. Random Experiment C. Random Variable
B. Random Sample D. Random process

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 LESSON 3: Constructing Probability Distribution
Introduction
You have learned that the likelihood of winning in a lotto draw, number of
winnings in a gamble, number of heads that comes out in a toss of a coin and
other game of chance can be estimated using probability. But do you know that
it is not only for game of chance? We also use this in business, economics, and
engineering and other real-life situations.
In this self -learning module, the concept of probability distribution for a
discrete random variable will be introduced. Some decisions are made by
assigning probabilities to all possible outcomes pertaining to the situation. When
we draw conclusion from data, we usually state them in terms of probabilities.

How to Use this Module

This Self-Learning Kit module is designed to help the students in
understanding the concepts of probability distribution and its corresponding
histogram. This will serve as your guide to better understand the topics in
Statistics and Probability. A pre-test is given in this module before the self-
learning kit proper to determine a student’s baseline knowledge or level of
preparedness for their course of study. Enjoy learning in this module as you go
over with discussion and examples if you have not yet mastered a concept.

PRE-TEST
Before starting with the lesson of this module, answer the following
questions first. This will determine what you already know about the topic.
Direction: Shade the circle that corresponds to the letter of your answer.

1. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the

A B C D random variable?
A. ∑(𝑃(𝑋))= 0 C. ∑(𝑃(𝑋)) = 1
B. ∑(𝑃(𝑋)) = 1/10 D. ∑(𝑃(𝑋)) = 10

2.If two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from

an urn containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls. If the value of the
A B C D
random variable represents the number of blue balls. How many
outcomes are possible ?
A.2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8
3.Which of the following cannot be the value of probability of the
random variable ?
A B C D
A. 1.01 B. 0 C. 1/4 D. 1/2

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 4.Which of the following can serve as the values of a probability
distribution ?
A B C D A. P(1) = 0.42, P2) = 0.31, P(3)= 0.37
C. P(1) = 9/14, P2) = 4/14, P(3)= 1/14
B. P(1) = 0.08, P2) = 0.12, P(3)= 1.03
D. P(1) = 10/33, P2) = 12/33, P(3)= 10/33

𝑥
5. If P(X)= , what are the possible values of X for it to be a
6
A B C D probability distribution?
A.0,2,3 B.1,2,3 C. 2,3,4 D.1,1,2

Well, what can you say about the pre-test ? Do you think you did well ?
To find out if your answer is correct, compare your answers on the Answer Key
(This can be found at the end of the chapter).

Competency

1. Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and

its properties. (M11/12SP-IIIa-4)
2. Constructs the probability mass function of a discrete random
variable and its corresponding histogram. (M11/12SP-IIIa-5)
3. Computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable.
(M11/12SP-IIIa-6)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. find the value of the random variable that represents in the given
problem.
2. construct a probability distribution and its corresponding histogram for
the random variables described in the situation.
3. determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution.

Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

Number of Defective Computer

In a computer laboratory, the teacher wants to find out if there is a
defective computer. Supposed three computers are tested at random, she asks
one of her CSS students to list all the possible outcomes, such that D

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represents the defective computer and N represents the non-defective
computer. Let X be the random variable for the number of defective computers.
Find the value of the random variable X.

a. List the sample space in the given experiment. Let D represent the defective
computer and N represent the non-defective computer. Count the number of
defective computers in each outcome in the sample space and assign this
number to this outcome. For instance , if you list NND the number of
defective computer is 1.

Value of the Random Variable X

Possible Outcomes
(number of defective computers)

b. Assign probability values P(X) to each value of the random variable

Number of Defective Computers X Probability P(X)

c. Construct a histogram for a probability distribution. Remember that a

histogram is a bar graph. Plot the values of the random variable along the
horizontal axis, then plot the probabilities along the vertical axis.

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 Analysis


This time, you need to reflect on the following questions. Answer the
following questions:

1. How did you find the activity?

2. How many outcomes did you obtained?
3. What are the values of the random variable?
4. How will you find the probability to each value of a random variable?
5. In the preceding probability distributions, what do you notice about the
probability of each value of the random variable?
6. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable?

Abstraction

A random variable is a set whose elements are the numbers assigned to

the outcomes of an experiment. It is usually denoted by uppercase letters such
as X, whose elements are denoted by lower case letters x1, x2, x3 and so on.

Probability distribution of a discrete random variable specifies the probability

of each possible value of the random variable. The distribution functions of
discrete random variables are concentrated as a mass for a particular value,
and generally known as Probability Mass Function.

Properties of discrete probability distribution

1. The probability of each value of the random variable must be between
or equal to 0 and 1. In symbol 0 < P(X) < 1.

2. The sum of all the probabilities of all values of the random variable must
be equal to 1. In symbol, we write it as 𝚺P(X) = 1

Probability Histogram

We can represent a probability distribution graphically by constructing a

type of bar graph called a probability histogram. This is constructed by
displaying the possible distinct values of the random variable along a
horizontal axis. Above each value x of the random variable, we draw vertical
bar having height equal to the probability P(x).

Ex. 1. Number of Green Balls

Write the probability distribution of a random variable Y representing the
number of green balls when 2 balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from a jar containing 4 red and 5 green balls. Construct a
histogram for this probability distribution.

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 Steps Solution
a.Determine the sample space. Let R The sample space for this
represent the red ball and G represent experiment is:
the green ball. S= { RR, RG, GR, GG}
b.Count the number of green balls in Possible Value of the
each outcome in the sample space and Outcomes Random Variable Y
assign this number to this outcome. (No. Of Green
Balls)
RR 0
RG 1
GR 1
GG 2
c.Assign probability values P(Y) to each Number of Probability P(Y)
value of the random variable. Green Balls Y
-There are 4 possible outcomes, if no
green ball occurs once, the probability
that we shall assign to the random 0 1/4
variable 0 is ¼
-If 1 green ball occurs two times, the
probability that we shall assign to the 1 2/4 or ½
random variable 1 is 2/4 or ½.
-If 2 green balls occur once, the
probability that we shall assign to the 2 ¼
random variable 1 is ¼.

Histogram
Construct a histogram for this probability distribution. A histogram is a bar
graph. To construct a histogram for a probability distribution, follow these steps.
Plot the values of the random variable along the horizontal axis.

a) In plotting the probabilities along the vertical axis, you can change
fractions to decimals (ex. ¼=0.25 and ½= 0.5)

0.6

0.5

0.4
P(Y)

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2
No. of Green Balls (Y)

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Ex. 2.Write the probability mass function of the random variable X defined by
the outcomes of rolling a fair die and construct its corresponding histogram.

a)Since a die is fair, each of the 6 outcomes has a probability 1/6 or

approxiamtely 0.17, thus, the probability mass function is:
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6

b) Histogram

0.18

0.16
0.14

0.12
P(X)

0.10
0.08

0.06
0.04
0.02

0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6

Ex. 3.Let X be a random variable giving the number of girls in a randomly

selected three-child family. Assuming that boys and girls are equally likely ,
construct the probability distribution of X and its corresponding histogram.

a)
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable X
(No. of Girls)
BBB 0
BBG 1
BGB 1
GBB 1
BGG 2
GBG 2
GGB 2
GGG 3

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b)
No. of Girls 0 1 2 3
Probability P(X) 1/8 or 0.125 3/8 or 0.375 3/8 or 0.375 1/8 or 0.125
ΣP(X)= 1/8 +3/8 + 3/8 + 1/8 = 8/8 =1
c)Histogram
0.4
0.35

0.3
0.25
P(X)

0.2
0.15
0.1

0.05
0
0 1 2 3
No. of Girls (X)

4. X 1 5 7 8 9
P(X) 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
Σ P(X)= 1/3 + 1/3 +1/3 +1/3 +1/3=5/3
This is not a probability distribution because ΣP(X) ≠ 1

X 1 3 5 7
5. P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.28 0.12
Σ P(X)= 0.35 + 0.25 + 0.28 + 0.12 =1
This is a probability distribution because ΣP(X) = 1

Application
Use the procedure that you have learned to solve the following problems
involving probability distribution of a discrete random variable.

A. Construct the probability distribution for the random variables described in

each of the following situations .Draw the corresponding histogram for each
probability distribution.

1. In a National Achievement Test, suppose three test booklets are tested at

random. Let D represent the defective test booklet and let N represent the non-
defective test booklet. Let X be the random variable representing the number
of non-defective test booklets.

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2. An experiment consists of asking three Grade 10 students at random if they
prefer to choose Academic track or TVL track in the senior high school. Use A
for Academic and T for TVL. Let Y represent the random variable representing
the number of TVL track responses.

3. Suppose that a coin is to be tossed four times, and let X represent the
number of tails that occur.

4.Using the sample space for rolling two dice , construct a probability
distribution for the random variable X representing the sum of the numbers
that appear.

B. Determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution.

Explain your answer.
1. X 1 5 7 8
P(X) 1/4 1/8 1/4 1/8

2. X 0 2 3 4 6
P(X) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/3 1/6

3. X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.12

4. P(1)= 0.42, P(2)= 0.31, P(3)= 0.37

5. P(1)= 10/33, P(2)= 1/3, P(3)= 12/33

Have you finished answering? Compare your answer to the Answer Key
(This can be found at the end of the chapter).

Reflection
Look back and reflect on what you have done, then answer the following
questions.
1. Why should the sum of the probabilities in a probability distribution
always equal to 1?

2. What is the shape of most probability distributions? Why do you think so ?

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 LESSON 3: Constructing Probability Distribution
Introduction
You have learned that the likelihood of winning in a lotto draw, number of
winnings in a gamble, number of heads that comes out in a toss of a coin and
other game of chance can be estimated using probability. But do you know that
it is not only for game of chance? We also use this in business, economics, and
engineering and other real-life situations.
In this self -learning module, the concept of probability distribution for a
discrete random variable will be introduced. Some decisions are made by
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assigning probabilities to all possible outcomes pertaining to the situation. When
we draw conclusion from data, we usually state them in terms of probabilities.
 How to Use this Module
This Self-Learning Kit module is designed to help the students in
understanding the concepts of probability distribution and its corresponding
histogram. This will serve as your guide to better understand the topics in
Statistics and Probability. A pre-test is given in this module before the self-
learning kit proper to determine a student’s baseline knowledge or level of
preparedness for their course of study. Enjoy learning in this module as you go
over with discussion and examples if you have not yet mastered a concept.

PRE-TEST
Before starting with the lesson of this module, answer the following
questions first. This will determine what you already know about the topic.
Direction: Shade the circle that corresponds to the letter of your answer.

1. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the

A B C D random variable?
A. ∑(𝑃(𝑋 ))= 0 C. ∑(𝑃(𝑋 )) = 1
B. ∑(𝑃(𝑋 )) = 1/10 D. ∑(𝑃(𝑋 )) = 10

2.If two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from

an urn containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls. If the value of the
A B C D
random variable represents the number of blue balls. How many
outcomes are possible ?
A.2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8
3.Which of the following cannot be the value of probability of the
random variable ?
A B C D
A. 1.01 B. 0 C. 1/4 D. 1/2

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 4.Which of the following can serve as the values of a probability
distribution ?
A B C D A. P(1) = 0.42, P2) = 0.31, P(3)= 0.37
C. P(1) = 9/14, P2) = 4/14, P(3)= 1/14
B. P(1) = 0.08, P2) = 0.12, P(3)= 1.03
D. P(1) = 10/33, P2) = 12/33, P(3)= 10/33

𝑥
5. If P(X)= , what are the possible values of X for it to be a
6
A B C D probability distribution?
A.0,2,3 B.1,2,3 C. 2,3,4 D.1,1,2

Well, what can you say about the pre-test ? Do you think you did well ?
To find out if your answer is correct, compare your answers on the Answer Key
(This can be found at the end of the chapter).

Competency

1. Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and

its properties. (M11/12SP-IIIa-4)
2. Constructs the probability mass function of a discrete random
variable and its corresponding histogram. (M11/12SP-IIIa-5)
3. Computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable.
(M11/12SP-IIIa-6) 1 0
 Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. find the value of the random variable that represents in the given
problem.
2. construct a probability distribution and its corresponding histogram for
the random variables described in the situation.
3. determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution.

Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

Number of Defective Computer

In a computer laboratory, the teacher wants to find out if there is a
defective computer. Supposed three computers are tested at random, she asks
one of her CSS students to list all the possible outcomes, such that D

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represents the defective computer and N represents the non-defective
computer. Let X be the random variable for the number of defective computers.
Find the value of the random variable X.

a. List the sample space in the given experiment. Let D represent the defective
computer and N represent the non-defective computer. Count the number of
defective computers in each outcome in the sample space and assign this
number to this outcome. For instance , if you list NND the number of
defective computer is 1.

Value of the Random Variable X

Possible Outcomes
(number of defective computers)

b. Assign probability values P(X) to each value of the random variable

Number of Defective Computers X Probability P(X)

c. Construct a histogram for a probability distribution. Remember that a

histogram is a bar graph. Plot the values of the random variable along the
horizontal axis, then plot the probabilities along the vertical axis.
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 15

Analysis

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This time, you need to reflect on the following questions. Answer the
following questions:
1. How did you find the activity?
2. How many outcomes did you obtained?
3. What are the values of the random variable?
4. How will you find the probability to each value of a random variable?
5. In the preceding probability distributions, what do you notice about the
probability of each value of the random variable?
6. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable?

Abstraction

A random variable is a set whose elements are the numbers assigned to

the outcomes of an experiment. It is usually denoted by uppercase letters such
as X, whose elements are denoted by lower case letters x1, x2, x3 and so on.

Probability distribution of a discrete random variable specifies the probability

of each possible value of the random variable. The distribution functions of
discrete random variables are concentrated as a mass for a particular value,
and generally known as Probability Mass Function.

Properties of discrete probability distribution

1. The probability of each value of the random variable must be between
or equal to 0 and 1. In symbol 0 < P(X) < 1.

2. The sum of all the probabilities of all values of the random variable must
be equal to 1. In symbol, we write it as 𝚺P(X) = 1

Probability Histogram

We can represent a probability distribution graphically by constructing a

type of bar graph called a probability histogram. This is constructed by
displaying the possible distinct values of the random variable along a
horizontal axis. Above each value x of the random variable, we draw vertical
bar having height equal to the probability P(x).

Ex. 1. Number of Green Balls

Write the probability distribution of a random variable Y representing the
number of green balls when 2 balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from a jar containing 4 red and 5 green balls. Construct a
histogram for this probability distribution.

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 Steps Solution
a.Determine the sample space. Let R The sample space for this
represent the red ball and G represent experiment is:
the green ball. S= { RR, RG, GR, GG}
b.Count the number of green balls in Possible Value of the
each outcome in the sample space and Outcomes Random Variable Y
assign this number to this outcome. (No. Of Green
Balls)
RR 0
RG 1
GR 1
GG 2
c.Assign probability values P(Y) to each Number of Probability P(Y)
value of the random variable. Green Balls Y
-There are 4 possible outcomes, if no
green ball occurs once, the probability
that we shall assign to the random 0 1/4
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variable 0 is ¼
-If 1 green ball occurs two times, the
probability that we shall assign to the 1 2/4 or ½
random variable 1 is 2/4 or ½.
-If 2 green balls occur once, the
probability that we shall assign to the 2 ¼
random variable 1 is ¼.

Histogram
Construct a histogram for this probability distribution. A histogram is a bar
graph. To construct a histogram for a probability distribution, follow these steps.
Plot the values of the random variable along the horizontal axis.

a) In plotting the probabilities along the vertical axis, you can change
fractions to decimals (ex. ¼=0.25 and ½= 0.5)

0.6

0.5

0.4
P(Y)

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2
No. of Green Balls (Y)

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Ex. 2.Write the probability mass function of the random variable X defined by
the outcomes of rolling a fair die and construct its corresponding histogram.

a)Since a die is fair, each of the 6 outcomes has a probability 1/6 or

approxiamtely 0.17, thus, the probability mass function is:
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6

b) Histogram

0.18
0.16
0.14

0.12
P(X)

0.10
0.08

0.06
0.04
0.02

0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6

Ex. 3.Let X be a random variable giving the number of girls in a randomly

selected three-child family. Assuming that boys and girls are equally likely ,
construct the probability distribution of X and its corresponding histogram.

a)
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable X
(No. of Girls)
1 0
BBB 0
BBG 1
BGB 1
GBB 1
BGG 2
GBG 2
GGB 2
GGG 3

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b)
No. of Girls 0 1 2 3
Probability P(X) 1/8 or 0.125 3/8 or 0.375 3/8 or 0.375 1/8 or 0.125
ΣP(X)= 1/8 +3/8 + 3/8 + 1/8 = 8/8 =1
c)Histogram
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
P(X)

0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 1 2 3
No. of Girls (X)

4. X 1 5 7 8 9
P(X) 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
Σ P(X)= 1/3 + 1/3 +1/3 +1/3 +1/3=5/3
This is not a probability distribution because ΣP(X) ≠ 1

X 1 3 5 7
5. P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.28 0.12
Σ P(X)= 0.35 + 0.25 + 0.28 + 0.12 =1
This is a probability distribution because ΣP(X) = 1

Application
Use the procedure that you have learned to solve the following problems
involving probability distribution of a discrete random variable.

A. Construct the probability distribution for the random variables described in

each of the following situations .Draw the corresponding histogram for each
probability distribution.

1. In a National Achievement Test, suppose three test booklets are tested at

random. Let D represent the defective test booklet and let N represent the non-
defective test booklet. Let X be the random variable representing the number
of non-defective test booklets.

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 19

2. An experiment consists of asking three Grade 10 students at random if they

prefer to choose Academic track or TVL track in the senior high school. Use A
for Academic and T for TVL. Let Y represent the random variable representing
the number of TVL track responses.

3. Suppose that a coin is to be tossed four times, and let X represent the
number of tails that occur.

4.Using the sample space for rolling two dice , construct a probability
1 X 0representing the sum of the numbers
distribution for the random variable
that appear.
B. Determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution.
Explain your answer.
1. X 1 5 7 8
P(X) 1/4 1/8 1/4 1/8

2. X 0 2 3 4 6
P(X) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/3 1/6

3. X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.12

4. P(1)= 0.42, P(2)= 0.31, P(3)= 0.37

5. P(1)= 10/33, P(2)= 1/3, P(3)= 12/33

Have you finished answering? Compare your answer to the Answer Key
(This can be found at the end of the chapter).

Reflection
Look back and reflect on what you have done, then answer the following
questions.
1. Why should the sum of the probabilities in a probability distribution
always equal to 1?

2. What is the shape of most probability distributions? Why do you think so ?

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 POST - TEST

You are now ready to take another chance to know where you are so far. With
your effort and determination I believe you can do it once again. Good Luck.
Direction: Shade the circle that corresponds to the letter of your answer.

1.What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random

variable?
A B C D
A P(X) = 1 C. P(X) = 0
B P(X) = 1/10 D. P(X) = 10

2.If two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from

an urn containing 3 red balls and 5 blue balls. If the value of the
A B C D
random variable represents the number of red balls. How many
outcomes are possible ?
A.8 B. 6 C. 4 D. 3

3.Which of the following cannot be the value of probability of the

random variable ?
A B C D
A. 1.01 B. 0 C. 1/4 D. ½

4.Which of the following can serve as the values of a probability

distribution ? 1 0
A B C D
A. P(1) = 0.42, P2) = 0.31, P(3)= 0.37
 C. P(1) = 9/14, P2) = 5/14, P(3)= 1/14
B. P(1) = 0.08, P2) = 0.12, P(3)= 0.83
D. P(1) = 10/33, P2) = 1/3, P(3)= 12/33

𝑋
5.If P(X)= , what are the possible values of X for it to be a
8
A B C D probability distribution?
A.0,2,3,4 B.0,1,2,3 C. 1,3,4 D.1,2,3

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 LESSON 4: Illustrating and Calculating Mean and Variance of
Discrete Random Variable
Introduction

If you took an examination, do you sometimes think of where would be

your score lie? Would it be below or above the average score? Afterwards, you
would like also to know how far you are from the average score. Finally, you
would ask yourself what is the meaning of those locations from the center or
mean of the probability distribution? If your interest caught by these questions,
this learning module is design for you.
In this module, you will understand the process on how to illustrate the
mean and variance of a discrete random variable. Similarly, calculating the
mean and the variance of a discrete random variable will be discussed. You
may find this module as piece of good fortune in acquiring brand new learning.

How to Use this Module

This Self-Learning Kit (SLK) for Statistics and Probability will enable the
learner to understand the concept on how mean and variance of discrete
random variable are illustrated. Moreover, process on calculating the mean and
variance of discrete random variable will be presented. Pre-Test and Post- Test
are prepared for you to be able to monitor your personal development while you
go on course of the study. The Pre-test will display how much you already know
about the lesson. On the other hand, the post- test will estimate or assess the
extent of learning after you deal with this module.

PRE-TEST

Before studying this module, take this pre- test to find out what you
already know about the topics covered. Please shade the letter of the correct
answer.
1. The appropriate formula in finding the mean of discrete
1
random variable is 0
A B C D
A. E(x) = μx = ∑ x ∙ p (x) C. E(x) = μx = ∑ x − p (x)
2
 B. E(x) = μx = ∑ x + p (x) D. E(x) = μx = ∑ x p (x)

2. What formula is used to find the variance of discrete random

variable?
A. 𝜎𝑥2 = ∑(𝑥 + 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑝(𝑥); for all possible values of x
A B C D

B. 𝜎𝑥2 = ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑝(𝑥); for all possible values of x

22

C. 𝜎𝑥2 = ∑ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑝(𝑥);
1 for all
0 possible values of x

D. 𝜎𝑥2 = ∑(𝑃(𝑥) + 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑥 ; for all possible values of x

 3. Which statement is true about the standard deviation of a
A B C D discrete random variable?
A. It deals about the average or center of location of the
probability distribution.
B. It is obtained by multiplying the x values and its corresponding
probability.
C. It is the square root of the variance of discrete random
variable.
D. It is the summation of the product of the square of the
difference of x and its probability.

4. In a recent Barangay Basketball League, each player went to

free throws 2 times. The number of free throws made by each
A B C D
player is described by the following probability
distribution.
Number of free throws,
Probability,P(X)
x
0 0.20
1 0.45
2 0.35
What is the mean of the probability distribution?
A. 1.00 B. 1.15 C. 2.00 D. 2.25

5. The number of qualified voters living in household on a

randomly selected subdivision block is described by the
A B C D
following probability distribution.

Number of qualified voter/s, x 1 2 3 4

Probability, P(X) 0.25 0.50 0.15 0.10

What is the variance and standard deviation respectively of the probability

distribution?
A. 0.99 and 0.50 C.0.80 and 0.79
B. 0.89 and 0.62 D. 0.79 and 0.89

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 How did you find the pre-test? Have you got the correct answers? If
yes, Very Good! But, if you failed to get it right don’t be hesitant to learn new
concepts because it only indicates that you need to ponder yourself by
exploring this module. By that, you will acquire the proper way on how to
deal with those situations. The next time you encounter those scenarios,
things would be easy for you.
Be focused on the details that will be presented and will be discussed
in this module in order for you to take into the proper procedure in answering
those problems.
Let us now discuss the Lesson 4.
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Competency
 1. illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete Random
variable (M11/12SP-IIIb-1)
2. calculates the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable
(M11/12SP-IIIb-2)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. learn concepts of mean and variance of discrete random variable

2. solve for the mean and variance of discrete random variable
3. interpret the values obtained.

Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

Illustrating and Calculating the Mean and Variance

of Discrete Random Variable
Read and analyze the situation given below:
Mr. Cresente Umali, a Mathematics teacher, regularly gives a
formative assessment composed 5 multiple choice items. After the
assessment, he used to check the probability distribution of the
correct responses and the data is presented below:

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 Test Item Probability ,

𝑋 𝑝(𝑋)
0 0.03
1 0.05
2 0.12
3 0.30
4 0.28
5 0.22

Based on the data above, observe, analyze and answer the following
questions:
1. Is the probability of x lies between 0 and 1?_____________________

2. What is the sum of all probabilities of x?_______________________

3. Is there a negative probability? Is it possible to have a negative

probability?________________________________________________
4. What is the average or mean of the probabilities of discrete random
variable?__________________________________________________
5. What are the variance and the standard deviation of the probability
distribution from the data above?_______________________________

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Analysis
