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This report highlights the significance of tiles in modern building

technology, emphasizing their critical role in construction,
aesthetics, and functionality. Tiles are essential for creating durable,
visually appealing surfaces that enhance both the structural integrity
and design of residential, commercial, and industrial spaces.

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ANCIENT ORIGINS

MESOPOTAMIA
Tiles date back to ancient Mesopotamia (c. 4000 BCE), where
Ishtar Gate in Babylon
early clay tiles were first made.

The tiles were used in both architectural decoration and practical

applications like floors and walls.

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ANCIENT ORIGINS

EGYPT
The ancient Egyptians used glazed ceramic tiles primarily to
South Tomb of Saqqara
decorate tombs and temples. These tiles were often richly
colored and had symbolic meanings.

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ANCIENT ORIGINS
ISLAMIC GOLDEN ERA
Tilework in the Alhambra Tiles in Islamic architecture are renowned for their intricate
geometric patterns, arabesques, and calligraphy, symbolizing
eternity and the infinite nature of Allah. Famous examples like
the Alhambra in Spain and the Blue Mosque in Istanbul showcase
the beauty and spiritual significance of Islamic tile work, blending
decorative and functional roles in mosques and palaces.

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The Blue Mosque

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ANCIENT ORIGINS
RENAISSANCE
Palazzo Ducale During the Renaissance (15th–16th centuries), tiles were used
primarily in palaces, churches, public buildings, and private
homes. They were often applied to floors, walls, and roofs, with
colorful majolica tiles (a type of tin-glazed pottery) becoming
particularly popular in Italy and Spain. These tiles featured
intricate designs, including biblical scenes, mythological themes,
and floral patterns, reflecting the period's blend of artistic
expression and cultural revival of classical antiquity.

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution made mass production of tiles possible,
making them more affordable and widely used.

20TH CENTURY
By the 20th century, new materials like porcelain and glass were
introduced, and tile designs continued to evolve, becoming a
staple in modern architecture and interior design.

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TYPES OF TILES

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CERAMIC

Mixture of clays and other natural materials that are

MATERIALS
shaped, dried, then fire in a kiln

VARIETIES Glazed or unglazed, smooth or textured

USES Bathrooms, kitchens, and backsplashes

PROS CONS

Affordable Heavy
Wide variety of styles and colors Scratches or chips
Water-resistant Less durable compared to other
Easy to clean tile materials
Glazed surface may fade overtime

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PORCELAIN

Denser clay fired at a higher temperature

MATERIALS

Available in a range of finishes that can replicate natural

VARIETIES
stone or wood.

Floors, walls, and countertops for indoor and outdoor

USES
spaces

PROS CONS

Highly durable and resistant to expensive than ceramic tiles

moisture, stains, and scratches. Requires a stronger underlayment
Requires minimal maintenance for installation
and does not need sealing.
Ideal for high foot traffic areas due
to its strength.
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NATURAL STONE

Denser clay fired at a higher temperature

MATERIALS

Flooring, walls, and countertops features in both

USES
residential and commercial settings.

PROS CONS

Adds natural beauty and warmth expensive than other tile types
to spaces. Requires regular sealing and
Extremely durable and long- maintenance to prevent staining
CONS
lasting. Some types can be slippery when
Provides good insulation wet
properties.

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NATURAL STONE
VARIETIES

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NATURAL STONE
VARIETIES

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GLASS

Made from glass that is often recycled; they can be clear

MATERIALS
or colored.

VARIETIES Clear, Frosted, Iridescent, Recycled

USES Popular for backsplashes, accent walls, and pool tiles.

PROS CONS

Waterproof and resistant to expensive

stains. Prone to scratching or chipping if
Easy to clean; adds shine to not handled carefully.
spaces. Not as durable as some other
materials

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MOSAIC

Composed of small pieces of glass, ceramic, or stone

MATERIALS
arranged into patterns or designs.

come in various styles, such as subway, hexagonal,

VARIETIES circular, diamond, and arabesque, offering diverse
patterns and layouts.

Accents or decorative features on walls, floors, or pools.

USES

PROS CONS

Versatile, great for adding intricate labor-intensive to install

designs and patterns.
Highly customizable with endless
design possibilities.
Can add unique artistic elements
to spaces.
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CEMENT

Made from a mixture of cement, sand, pigments, and

MATERIALS
water; often handcrafted.

SDGS
VARIETIES

Floors and walls, especially in rustic or vintage-style

USES
spaces.

PROS CONS

Durable with a unique aesthetic Requires sealing to prevent

appeal. staining.
Can be made with eco-friendly Heavier than other tile types
materials. which may complicate installation

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MANUFACTURING PROCESS

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THE
TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCEMENTS
IN TILE
MANUFACTURING
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PROPERTIES OF TILES

Durability and strength

Roof tiles (clay): tested for seismic loading and resistant to fire and insects.

Floor tiles: scratches, heavy foot traffic, and spills

Wall tiles: certain types of tiles last longer than others, especially when properly
installed and maintained

Water Resistance

Best-suited tiles for bathrooms and kitchens: Natural stone tiles (granite,
quartzite, and marble) and porcelain tiles.

Maintinance Requirements

Best-suited tiles for bathrooms and kitchens: Natural stone tiles (granite,
quartzite, and marble) and porcelain tiles.

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PROPERTIES OF TILES

Maintinance Requirements

Porcelain: routine cleaning, scrub and clean grout lines, avoid using steel wool

Natural stone tiles: specific kinds of cleaners and deep-penetrating sealer

Cement tiles: routine cleaning, periodic sealing, avoid acid-based cleaning

solutions

Mosaic tiles: regular cleaning of grout

Terracotta: periodical sealing

Thermal Properties

Tiles have a high thermal conductivity, which makes them transfer heat or cold
more quickly than other materials like wood or carpet. Using tiles will make your
structure cooler in warm climates and colder in winter. Other than cooling, tiles can
also be used to regulate temperature when paired with a heating system.

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PROPERTIES OF TILES

Acoustic Properties

Hard, smooth surfaces like marble or porcelain tiles tend to reflect sound waves
rather than absorb them. This causes excessive reverberation and echo in a room,
making it difficult to hear speech or enjoy music

Acoustic tiles are often used for sound treatment in a structure because of its
ability to reduce the echo and reverberation in open spaces.

Slip Resistance

R9 (low slip resistance) - R12 (high slip resistance)

Natural stone:
Rough/textured finish: R11
Honed finish: R10

Porcelain:
Polished: R9
Textured: R10-12

Ceramic:
Glazed finish: R9 20
Matte finish: R10
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APPLICATIONS IN
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Residential Application

Commercial Applications

Industrial Applications

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RESIDENTIAL

Flooring Walls Backsplashes Roofing

The most common use of tiles in Lighter and thinner types of tiles backsplashes like extensions of a Some residential buildings opt for
residential buildings. Tiled flooring are used for walls often in kitchen countertop to protect the clay tile roofing because of its fire
is often seen in kitchens and kitchens or bathrooms. wall and prevent water, grease, resistance, wind resistance, and
bathrooms but can also be seen in and other dirt from damaging it. seismic load.
other spaces like living rooms. It
can be made out of different
materials, such as porcelain or
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natural stone
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COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS

The most suitable type of tile for commercial

01 spaces is porcelain tiles. It is known for its
resistance to scratches and stains, and its ability
to withstand heavy foot traffic

Commercial buildings do not often have the time

02 for regular maintenance on the materials of the
entire building. Low maintenance tiles allow them
to focus on the overall operation of the building
rather than the maintenance of the building.

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INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

Factories use a specialized type of tile to

01 withstand heavy loads due to exceptional
durability, resistance to wear and tear, and meet
the demands of the industrial environment.

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ECO-FRIENDLY TILES

Ceramic
01 Made of clay and fired in a kiln

Porcelain
02 Made in a similar manner to ceramic tiles, but with
different materials

Terracotta
03 A mix of red and brown clay.
“baked earth”.
This tile is made with minimal energy and often from
renewable resources.

Stone
03 Classic and long-lasting that can be reused or
repurposed.
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END-OF-LIFE DISPOSAL AND

RECYCLING

1. Sell it online
2. Donate it
3. Reuse it in other projects
4. Find a local tile recycler
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FACTORS
INFLUENCING THE
PRICE OF TILES

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1. MATERIAL TYPE

Ceramic Tiles Porcelain Tiles Natural Stone Tiles

Glass and Metallic
Tiles
More affordable Denser and more Comes at a premium Their unique
Made from clay and durable than ceramic cost due to the appearance and
are perfect for walls Often used for floors and craftsmanship make
natural material and
and low-traffic areas. high-traffic areas. them more expensive.
extraction process. 28
Priced higher because of
their longevity and
versatility.
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2. FINISH AND TEXTURE

Polished/Glossy Tiles

More expensive as they undergo additional finishing

processes to achieve a reflective, sleek surface.

Matte Tiles

Often slightly cheaper than polished ones but still

stylish and functional.

Textured or Patterned Tiles

Tiles with embossed designs, natural textures, or

intricate patterns tend to cost more due to the
complexity of production.

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TILE SIZE
03 Larger format tiles cost more per piece due to
the additional material.
Smaller tiles, like mosaics, may also be pricey
because they require intricate assembly.

BRAND AND MANUFACTURER

04 Established brands with a reputation for quality
and durability often charge higher prices.

GRADE AND QUALITY

05 Tiles are graded based on quality, with Grade 1
being the highest and Grade 2 or 3 often being
more affordable.

LOCATION AND AVAILABILITY

06 Locally sourced tiles may be more cost-effective
due to reduced transportation costs. Imported
tiles often come with a higher price tag.

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INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
07 Some tiles, such as natural stone or large-format
tiles, require specialized installation techniques
and additional materials.

CUSTOMIZATION
08 Custom-designed tiles can significantly increase
costs due to the labor and expertise involved.

QUANTITY AND PURCHASE VOLUME

09 Buying tiles in bulk often reduces the cost per
unit. However, smaller quantities for unique
designs or accent areas may result in higher
prices per tile.

SUSTAINABILITY FEATURES
10 Eco-friendly tiles made from recycled materials or
sustainable manufacturing processes may have a
premium price but offer environmental benefits.

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DESIGNS AND
INNOVATIONS

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POPULAR TILE DESIGN IN

THE PHILIPPINES

Ceramic Tiles
Mosaic Tiles

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Hexagonal Shape Natural Stones 34

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3D PRINTING IN TILE DESIGN

Dutch construction design firm Studio RAP has been 3D printing ceramic tiles for their work on design elements of
the pioneering New Delft Blue project in the historic Dutch city of Delft.

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The 3D printed ceramic tiles make for a high-quality cladding material, which offers low maintenance and high
durability.
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SMART TILES
Energy-Generating Tiles Built-in LED Lights Heated Tiles Anti-Slip Technologies
Smart tiles can generate Smart tiles with integrated LED Smart tiles with built-in heating Safety is a top priority, especially
electricity from footsteps or other lights could adjust brightness or elements could provide in bathrooms and kitchens where
movement could help power your color based on your needs. customized warmth under your slipping is common. Latest anti-
home, reducing reliance on feet, creating a cozy haven in your slip technologies have special
traditional energy sources bathroom or kitchen. coatings that increase friction
without altering the look or feel of
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the tiles.
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INSTALLATION AND
MAINTENANCE

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FLOOR TILE INSTALLATION

WITH SAND-CEMENT MORTAR

Direct installation with sand-cement mortar is less common because tiles do

not adhere well, leading to gaps that make them prone to breaking. In slurry
bonding, a cement slurry (cement and stone powder) is applied before laying
tiles, ensuring better adhesion and reducing the risk of damage.

FLOOR TILE INSTALLATION

WITH ADHESIVE

Tile adhesive, commonly in powder form for floors, is a modern material

used for installing tiles, especially porcelain ones. To ensure durability, it's
crucial to choose high-quality adhesive, prepare the surface properly, and
follow the manufacturer’s instructions.

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CHALLENGES IN TILE
INSTALLATION (+ How to Address Them)
Loose Tile
Tap the existing tile to check for a hollow sound,
01 indicating poor adhesion; if found, inspect and
remove loose tiles before installation.

Cracked Tile
Cracked tiles can happen when the joists move, and
02 the tiles are placed between them. Before starting
your project, check that the floor is level and the
subfloor is well supported.

Not Enough Expansion and Contraction

Leave at least ½ inch between tiles and nearby
03 surfaces to allow for expansion and prevent popping,
as smaller gaps may fail if not properly made.

Lack of Cleaning and Poor Workmanship

Cleaning the back of the tile improves adhesive
04 bonding, while using the right joint and caulk ensures
easier installation.
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CHALLENGES IN TILE
INSTALLATION (+ How to Address Them)

Improper Adhesive
Adhesive must be spread evenly under tiles, covering
05 at least 80% of the surface for residential
installations and 95% for commercial use.

Using the Wrong Underlayment

For tile installation, use at least 1 1/4″ of subfloor
06 sheathing, place underlayment over a mortar bed,
and apply tile adhesive for leveling before securing
the underlayment.

Applying the Wrong Grout

A good tile setter buys all grout at once to avoid color
07 inconsistencies caused by material variations and
prefers sanded grout for better consistency and
results..

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Daily Cleaning Tips Deep Cleaning Tips Maintenance Tips

1. Sweep and Vacuum 1. For ceramic and porcelain tiles, use a 1. Seal Your Tiles
mixture of warm water and a pH-neutral
Regularly cleaner. 2. Inspect Grout Regularly
2. Use a Damp Mop 2. Natural Stone Tiles: . Use a stone- 3. Address Cracks and Chips
specific cleaner and a soft cloth to clean
3. Spot Clean Spills the tiles. Avoid using acidic or abrasive
4. Use Doormats and Rugs
Immediately cleaners that can etch the stone.
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3. Glass tiles can be cleaned with a mixture
of water and vinegar.
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CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS

SURFACE ISSUES
01
Problem: Uneven surfaces can cause bulges or gaps between tiles, leading to a difference in
elevation that can be prone to tripping.
Prevention: Before installation, ensure smooth and debris-free walls and floors. Smooth the
surface with patching, leveling, or grinding tools.

INCORRECT CUTTING
02
Problem: Improper tile cuts create uneven edges and unappealing gaps.
Prevention: Use a wet saw or tile cutter to make accurate cuts and practice on scrap tiles first.

TILE SPACING AND UNEVEN GROUT LINES

03
Problem: Incorrect spacing or grout application ruins the appearance and durability of the
installation, leading to staining, chipping, and cracking.
Prevention: Use a grout float to apply grout evenly and ensure straight, consistent lines. Check
the spacing regularly while laying tiles, and use spacers for even gaps. Keep the edges and
corners clean to achieve a balanced layout.
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CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS

POOR AND IMPROPER ADHESIVE APPLICATION

04
Problem: Excessive or too little adhesive can cause tiles to slip or become uneven. Additionally,
improper pressing or a wrong adhesive mixture can compromise the installation.
Prevention: Follow the adhesive’s instructions closely, ensure even coverage, and use the right
adhesive for your tile type.

LOOSE AND CRACKED TILES

05
Problem: Loose or cracked tiles usually result from inadequate adhesive, uneven spacing, and
rough surfaces.
Prevention: Always level the floor before installing tiles, and use spacers and enough adhesives
to secure them.

EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

06
Problem: Due to temperature changes, tiles tend to expand, contract, and move, causing
bulging, cracking, and deboning.
Solution: Leave at least ½ inches of space or utilize tile expansion joints varying on the room
size and temperature of the area.
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CULTURAL AND AESTHETIC

CONSIDERATIONS
Tiles can transform spaces through both
aesthetics and functionality. Throughout
history, tiles have reflected rich cultural stories
and design trends worldwide. For instance,
Japanese tiles are known for their minimalism,
using simple patterns and muted colors to
reflect Japan's deep connection with nature. In
contrast, Italy's marble tiles exude elegance,
with a legacy dating back to ancient Rome,
where marble was prized for its durability and
opulence. Italian marble's rich, natural texture
links modern homes to a historical tradition
spanning centuries.
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CONCLUSION
Tiles are crucial in modern construction as they are both
functional and aesthetic. From their ancient origins in
Mesopotamia to their use in Egyptian, Islamic, and Renaissance
designs, tiles now come in materials like ceramic, porcelain,
glass, and mosaic for various applications. The manufacturing
process includes raw material preparation, shaping, firing, and
glazing, with innovations like digital printing and
nanotechnology improving efficiency.

Tiles are durable, water-resistant, and slip-resistant, making

them versatile. Additionally, new technologies enable features
like heating, lighting, and antimicrobial properties. Sustainable
practices, such as using recycled materials, reduce their
environmental impact. Premium options like natural stone
provide long-term value but must be properly installed and
maintained. Culturally, tiles reflect unique designs, with Japan’s
minimalism and Italy’s marble luxury leading trends. Emerging
technologies like 3D printing continue to shape tile innovation.
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EMERGING INNOVATION FUTURE OF TILE TECHNOLOGY

LARGE TILES SMART TILES
It has a seamless and expansive look, which reduces grout lines Sensors, LED lighting, and interactivity are integrated. This
and produces a sense of continuity. It is also easier to clean since enhances the tile’s environmental adaptation through constant
fewer grout lines collect less dirt and dust. adjustment, offering aesthetics and functionality.
TEXTURED AND 3D TILES 3D AND DIGITAL PRINTING
Adds depth and visual interest that can resemble various textures. Replication of textures, patterns, and shapes with limitless
METALLIC FINISHES possibilities for design, promoting creativity and versatility.
It has a highly reflective surface that enlarges the space. It is easy SUSTAINABILITY
to install and maintain, does not absorb moisture, and has a Usage of recycled and natural materials such as used glass.
longer lifespan. SELF CLEANING TILES
WOOD FINISHES Tiles with antimicrobial properties reduce the growth of bacteria.
Replicate wood species with the benefits of being resistant to Furthermore, tile coatings are being developed to increase hygiene
moisture and scratches. in the space.
 REFERENCES:
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HTTPS://TIMESOFINDIA.INDIATIMES.COM/BLOGS/VOICES/THE-ROLE-OF-TILES-IN-SUSTAINABLE-ARCHITECTURE-AND-DESIGN/
CASASOLA, R., RINCÓN, J. M., & ROMERO, M. (2011). GLASS–CERAMIC GLAZES FOR CERAMIC TILES: A REVIEW. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE, 47(2), 553–582.
HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1007/S10853-011-5981-Y
CROWN TILES. (N.D.). THE PROS AND CONS OF DIFFERENT TILE MATERIALS. HTTPS://WWW.CROWNTILES.CO.UK/LATEST-NEWS/THE-PROS-AND-CONS-OF-DIFFERENT-TILE-MATERIALS
DOMINION NWADADOR. (2024, SEPTEMBER 13). UNVEILING THE LATEST TRENDS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN TILE INSTALLATION AND DECOR. PIETRA MANILA.
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HOW TO MAINTAIN AND CLEAN YOUR TILES FOR LONG-LASTING BEAUTY – ORIENT CERAMICA. (2024, JULY 13). ORIENTCERAMICA.COM.
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MEZQUITA, A., MONFORT, E., E VAQUER, FERRER, S., & CUESTA, M. A. (2012). ENERGY OPTIMISATION IN CERAMIC TILE MANUFACTURE BY USING THERMAL OIL. WORLD CONGRESS
ON CERAMIC TILE QUALITY-QUALICER 2012.
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RAMIRRO CERAMICA. (2024, JULY 12). BEST CERAMIC & PORCELAIN TILES IN PHILIPPINES | WALL AND FLOOR TILES. RAMIRRO. HTTPS://WWW.RAMIRRO.COM/BEST-CERAMIC-
PORCELAIN-TILES-IN-PHILIPPINES-WALL-AND-FLOOR-TILES/
SHUBHAM. (2024, DECEMBER 21). COST BREAKDOWN: FACTORS AFFECTING TILE PRICES. THE TILES HOUSE. HTTPS://THETILESHOUSE.COM/COST-BREAKDOWN-FACTORS-
AFFECTING-TILE-PRICES/
SHER, D. (2020, SEPTEMBER 25). STUDIO RAP 3D PRINTS 2,850 CERAMIC TILES FOR STUNNING NEW DELFT BLUE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT. VOXELMATTERS - THE HEART OF
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING. HTTPS://WWW.VOXELMATTERS.COM/STUDIO-RAP-3D-PRINTS-4000-CERAMIC-TILES-FOR-STUNNING-NEW-DELFT-BLUE-CONSTRUCTION-PROJECT/
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TREE TILE. (2024, JUNE 14). STEPPING INTO THE FUTURE: A GUIDE TO SMART TILES. [REVIEW OF STEPPING INTO THE FUTURE: A GUIDE TO SMART TILES]. TREE TILE.
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THE PROS AND CONS OF DIFFERENT TILE MATERIALS. (N.D.). CROWN TILES. HTTPS://WWW.CROWNTILES.CO.UK/LATEST-NEWS/THE-PROS-AND-CONS-OF-DIFFERENT-TILE-
MATERIALS
TILE INSTALLATION PROBLEMS: HOW TO AVOID THE WORST MISTAKES. (2016, NOVEMBER 28). RUBI BLOG USA. HTTPS://WWW.RUBI.COM/US/BLOG/TILE-INSTALLATION-
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MAK@CERAMICA. (2024, JULY 26). TILE MANUFACTURING: TECHNOLOGY TO CONVERGE CURRENT MARKET TRENDS. MAKCERAMICA. HTTPS://MAKCERAMICA.COM/MODERNIZING-
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