ISSN: 2582-7065 (Online) SAJSSH, VOL 2, ISSUE 2, PP.

13-26

Language Discrepancy and Separation of East Pakistan 1971

Dr. Kalsoom Hanif
Assistant Professor, History Department, Lahore Collage for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan

Corresponding Author: Dr. Kalsoom Hanif, Email: [email protected]

Received: 30th November 2020 Accepted: 27th February 2021 Published: 10th April 2021

ABSTRACT
The separation of the East Pakistan in 1971 is considered a dark phase in Pakistan’s history. This
article analyzes the fact that along with geographical, economic and political factors one of the
most important causes was language discrepancy. The areas which Pakistan acquired at the time
of partition were inhabited by people of different races who used to speak different languages for
example Urdu, Balochi, Sindhi, Punjabi and Bengali. Despite of the fact that Bengali was mother
tongue of the 57 percent of the population, Jinnah declared Urdu the official language of Pakistan.
The claim of the Government was that Bengali language as official language means accepting
demands of Hindus and communist elements and some discontented elements of Muslim League.
The movement for making Bengali the official language started in 1947 throughout East Pakistan.
This research study therefore will focus the language issue which led to certain movements. The
paper examines that first lingual feelings generated, and later economic grievances developed
which nurtured the Bengali separatist movement. Therefore, main research question of the paper
is how language issue helped Bengali people to sharpen their national identity.

KEYWORDS

Language, Movement, official language, Bengal

Cite as: Hanif, K. (2021). Language discrepancy and separation of east Pakistan 1971. South Asian Journal of Social Sciences
and Humanities, 2(2), 13-26.

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INTRODUCTION

Language has great importance in any culture and is basically the dominant feature of any ethnic
nation. It represents nation’s heritage. Language is that force, which is always behind the unity of
any nation. Language cannot be imposed but it is adopted by the people. It is very difficult to
eliminate the importance of language as language decides the culture and traditions of any society
(Ray, 2020). When Pakistan established in 1947, national language of Pakistan was decided Urdu
and Jinnah was very much clear about this decision. He, on many occasions declared that Urdu
would be the national language of Pakistan, but this decision was not approved by the people of
East Pakistan, and government faced strong opposition from the masses of that part of Pakistan.
They started a very strong movement to Nationalize their Bengali language as well (Zaheer, 1994,
p. 78). They were not ready to adopt Urdu as a state language. Whereas, in West Pakistan Urdu
was used by the Pakistani government on postal stamps, coin, order forms, currencies and railway
tickets even official letter heads were issued in Urdu language. The masses of West Pakistan were
in the feelings of distrust and particularly students were not happy towards the behavior of the
Pakistani government. Anti-Bengali ruling elite were also against the idea of Urdu language as
national language, but the Government of Pakistan had decided to adopt Urdu as National language
of Pakistan as Hindi was considered the Indian State language. Students and intellectual from
Bengal resisted against this decision and they demanded again and again that, official language
should be Bengali with Urdu. Because Bangla is the language of the 55% people of Pakistan which
is 5% more than Urdu speaking people in Pakistan. The controversy of language started only after
few months of independence in November 1947, in Karachi meeting of Pakistan educational
conference was arranged. Minister of education of Bengal Faisal Rahman said in this meeting to
introduce Islamic ideology and educational system, and declared that Bengali would not be on
stationeries, envelops, money, forms and postcards of the government. They would be printed in
English and Urdu. Non-Bengali leaders were in favour of the Urdu language as the language of
Pakistan, but this decision was opposed by many East Pakistani leader of Tammadun Majlis. Abul
Hashim in September 1947 organized the literary meeting and the purpose of the meeting was to
discuss the issues of the language. The pamphlet of the meeting was published and entitled
Pakistan ki bhasha "Bangali na Urdu" on September 15, 1947. This booklet was strongly
appreciated in the circle of the Bengali as this booklet advocated Bengali language and this claim
that Bengali language should be the medium of instruction in courts and private public offices of

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Bengal at least. In coming days most of the liberal organizations and criminal section supported
this idea and gradually it finally turned into a mass movement.

Progressive class, particularly from the East Pakistan not ready to accept this movement especially
Urdu as state language. They started very strong movement in favor of Bengali language from East
Pakistan in 1948. From 1947 to 1956, a national language movement brushed through East
Pakistan. This movement thrived in 1956, after police had killed some students who were
participating in a rally in February of that year. In an earlier phase this movement had resurgent
challenges in its roots that initiated in 1947 and apparently over in 1948. When Bengali was
proposed as the official language, language of the court of East Pakistan by the chief Minister and
members of the East Bengali legislative Assembly unanimously voted for Bengali as the official
language. This phase ended after Mr. Jinnah, an indisputable leader of the nation, had declared
that the national language of Pakistan would be Urdu.

METHODOLOGY

This qualitative and analytical research study is based on historical document analysis. The
primary and secondary sources used to proof the credibility of the study are collected from relevant
books, articles and periodicals. The study is carried out using different research techniques, such
as descriptive, explanatory and interpretive methods to analyze the subject matter. Language is a
representative of any community it is not created by one person, but it is the heritage of hundreds
of people and effort of countless individuals are seen in the culture. Language is in an institution
which represent people their interest and their cultural growth. The people of East Pakistan were
very sensitive about their language. After 1947, the Bengali language was not considered as
national language although it was the language of majority of population that is why the people of
East Pakistan lead a very strong movement just to recognize their language as state language. This
movement started in the early years of the creations of Pakistan and acquired some success when
it was accepted in a way that language was considered as the state language in the constitution of
1956. This movement left a very strong impact on the minds of the Bengalis they were not happy
with the attitude of the leadership of West part of the Pakistan.

This research effort is to throw light on the importance of language that, how it contributes in
determining the fate of any Nation. Language which is always adopted by the majority of the
population not imposed by any authority. It is very difficult to disregard the language from the
culture where the people really love their language. The significance of this study is to find out

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how such ethnic issues should be treated to save nation from facing such debacle again. Mainly
objective of the study are

To analyze the reasons of not accepting Bengali an official language.

• To analyze the reasons of opposition by the people of East Pakistan on making Urdu their
national language.

• To analyze the discrepancy of language as the cause of the separation of East Pakistan.

DISCUSSION

During the British Raj in subcontinent Muslim communities lead a very strong movement
which was called Urdu language movement. Because, Urdu had all the social, political and cultural
drive and was symbol of political identity and culture of the Muslim communities of India. When
the Mughal Empire rule fell down, this movement started in the mid of 19th century and later on
society. Syed Ahmed Khan Aligarh movement fueled it. Pakistan movement and all India Muslim
League was also influenced by this language moment and this debate over the status of Urdu
language for the Muslim in India influence the Bengali to get up for their language and this Bengali
language movement was started in East Pakistan from 1952. After 3 months of independence, the
dynamic method of integration generated by the enthusiastic section of the society and non-
contagious language differences started from East Pakistan. These Indian Bengali leaders believed
that Urdu would be the national language of Pakistan. The only opposing newspaper, Daily
Morning News claimed that this decision was opposed by many members of the Legislature.
Bengali was omitted from the PCS examination and coin stamps and all the communication option.
Urdu was employed everywhere subsequently this was enough to highlight the anti-Urdu feelings
in Bengal. Whereas, English and Urdu were considered the accomplishment languages of West
Pakistan. On 15 September 1947 Majlis issued a pamphlet entitled, “Rashtrabhasha Bangla na
Urdu” and this pamphlet advocated powerfully Bengali language and assured that it had potentials
to become a language of the courts and offices at least in East Bengal (Rehman, 2003, p. 88).

In 1948, at Dhaka ruling Muslim League party and leftist organized camp and the purpose of this
was to resist in contradiction of the anti-Bengali and actually policies of the Administration for
seven days camp was continued and they criticized all the policies of the government against
Bengali language. They were very vocal to defend the language that Bengali language can be the
national language. On 4th January 1948 Student League was formed, another organization
established by the group of pro Soharwardi, student’s leader of all Bengal Muslim League. They

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wanted to make government realize equal agenda for East and West Pakistan and t also protested
against club posters and anti-Bengali policies; this organization played very important role from
1948 to 1952. In two phases of the Bengali language movement when it played tremendous role
to achieve the targets.

Their demands were as follows:

1. Bengali will be:

a) In the East Pakistan medium of instruction.

b) The official and court language of EP.

2. Urdu and Bengali would be central languages of the State

3. (a) Bengali would be the medium of instruction in educational system where it was
considered the first medium to receive education and hundred percent of the people
would receive this education

(b) In East Pakistan Urdu would be treated as second language for interview and it
would be considered as a second language to those people first in West Pakistan
and it would be very adequate that Urdu would be used only 5 -10 percent of the
population.

(c) English would be considered third language and international language.

4. Official languages would be Bengali and English (Badruddin, 1972, p. 9).

Constituent Assembly of Pakistan 1947 and Language Issue:

In the Karachi when Constituent assembly first session was held on 23rd February 1948 and the
members need to speak about the need of English and Urdu language. Assembly member from the
East Pakistan Congress focused on that, Bengali should be the language of the constituent
assembly as like English and Urdu. As out of 69 million population of Pakistan total 44 million
were from the Bengal and their mother tongue was Bangali. Liaquat Ali Khan who was PM of
Pakistan and CM of East Bengal Khwaja Nizamuddin who opposed this motion strongly. Liaquat
Ali Khan strictly said that there would be the only one language in the policy and criticized the
motion which was moved by the Dhirendranath Datta. He said such motion is just to generate a
gap among the people of Pakistan it should be removed as it will divide the unifying force in
Pakistan. There in the Dhirendranath Datta protested against the Liaqat Ali Khan’s comments and

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he said, that it was not intentions of him he was just fighting for the basic rights of the East Bengalis
to recognize their language”. (Afzal M. R., 1967, p. 11)

On February 25, 1948 Khwaja Nizamuddin started his speech on the platform of the Constituent
assembly and he claims that mostly people in East Pakistan in favor of Urdu as State language. He
said that it is his responsibility that house should know about the will of the majority of the
individuals of East Pakistan as far as the Bengali language is concerned. He said that there should
be inter communication between the provinces. (Kabir, 1980, p. 76) This is the point of view of
the central government of Pakistan Urdu as State language. However, people of Pakistan
considered that Bengali should be adopted in educational field and administration of the province.
He referred the statement of Liaqat Ali Khan that there is no any other way regarding expulsion of
Bengali from the province it is so natural that he was belongs to Nawab family of Dhaka who
were Urdu speaking and was used to live in Bengal and using Bengali language. There all the anti-
Bengali members and Liaqat Ali Khan workout challenge on the floor of the constituent assembly
by the Hindu members who fully supported there Indira Nath Dutta historic challenge and different
at the right place of the Bengali on the 25th February 1948. (Afzal., 2001, p. 55)

This Bengali language movement reached on its peak when it was noted that it was excluded from
the coins stamps and currency notes and another enlisted test and also from the constituent
assembly. On 11 March, 1948 general strike was object observe the purpose was stripe to reject
the Bengali language. People of the various parts of the city joined that strike. 50 demonstrators
beaten and charged by the police and a lot of students were arrested by the police. Political leaders
were badly treated and this anger grower and in coming days and strike was observed during 12th
March to 15 March Chief Minister Nazimud din point of view about the issue that this is Hindu
stimulated act and seven-point agreement was signed to release all the people who were arrested.
Additionally, he secured that government of East Bengal would adopt a resolution and Bengali
language would be the language of medium of instruction on all stages of education and official
language of East Bengal.

Muhammad Ghulam Kabir argued that Bengali as official language was demanded by the
constituent assembly and provincial League of East Bengal ruling party Muslim League. It looks
as government was trying to give the impression within the public that language movement was
basically inspired and encouraged by the Indian Hindu leaders. Dawn also alleged that due to the
conspiracy of fifth columnist language movement reached at its height however, this was not
factual Hindu leaders had very little reference to it and this was declared by the Indira Nath Dutta

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in the session of constituent assembly on April 10th 1952 that this moment was just led by the
Muslims of East Bengal and they are carrying alone inside and outside of the Bengal to defend the
Bengali language as it is their mother tongue” (Baxter, p. 126)

Quaid-e-Azam and language issue:

Khawaja Nazimuddin signed agreement of general education and accepted the reservation within
the provincial assembly about the announcement of Quaid e Azam when he visited the province
and said Bengali cannot be the official language. A compromise was reached between the Centre
and Province and Bengali language movement was subsided for the time being and strike and
protest throughout the East Pakistan came to halt. They were of the view that tour of Governor
General in East Pakistan would bring some fruitful results for them. Jinnah declared that Urdu
would be implemented as the official language of state of Pakistan and issue got revived on March
21, 1948. A public meeting was held and there he stressed on the state language as Urdu and no
other language, but he left some questions regarding the language policy. On March 24, 1948 in
his famous speech held in convocation at the University of Dhaka, he said, we will do no mistaken
surrogate just one state language should be of the state. After that students again began their protest
in the March 1948. He declared that everyone should accept this decision of the Federal
Government of Pakistan.(Ahmed, 1959, p. 43)

On 28th March from Dacca right before his departure, Jinnah in his speech on radio reaffirming
his "Urdu-only" policy. Protesters mostly students blow up instantly after week-long visit of
Jinnah. Categorical action of Jinnah in favor of Urdu became the reason of instant protest by
number of students who were attending the convocation. He delivered a very strong identical
speech in the University of Dhaka on March 24 and was interrupted by the audience of the students
in every segment. He controlled the committee of action gathering there and pursued them to
realize the need of one national language. However, students of Dhaka University were not
persuaded overruled the agreement, signed by Khawaja Nazim ud din with the student leaders. It
was the last hope East Bengal lost at that Day on 28 March 1952. Again, when he had to leave, he
delivered speech on radio and stressed on Urdu only policy which again ignite students who were
tested strongly in a weeklong visit of Jinnah. (Ali, 1967, pp. 43-45) Throughout, East Pakistan
language movement reached at its peak, however the purpose of this visit remain unresolved and
it seemed that he was given only one-sided picture and miss representation was conferred to him.
It was presented to him that Bengali language as the state language was a demand from the Hindu
and Communist anti Pakistani components not by the East Bengal. This demand was not by the

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majority of the people of Pakistan but just a conspiracy and some discontented leaders of Muslim
League were doing this. Unfortunately, he did not get enough time to use his political for
sightedness to resolve and explore the issue as he did in 1937 when at Lucknow, throughout the
session of all India Muslim League he defended the Urdu as the official language of Muslim
League and he tabled the issue in favor of Urdu. Although it was opposed by the Bengali delegate’s
kind intervention but and Urdu language as the official language of Muslim League was adopted
in final version of resolution.

Khwaja Nazimuddin became the Governor General of Pakistan; he was succeeded to hold
the position due to his lifelong alliance with the Bengali Muslim League leaders. No doubt that his
period was just on time and but failed to handle the conspiracy and the policies followed. He tried
to survive within the Pakistani politics at any cost as he himself was considered Pro Bengali
language activist, although, he did not take any strong and daring step in this regard and convince
the East Pakistan to accept the reforms of the government. He introduced 6 Year program in which
Urdu was considered the state language and language of educational system on January 27, 1952.
He delivered a speech and repeated the views of the kind that Urdu would be the State language.
This left negative reaction among the students and they express harshly against this speech and
stressed that Bengali should the state language as well. (Sayeed, 1968, p. 210)

Language section of 1952 and its consequences:

Language controversy in the start of 1952, raised two queries of significant importance as Liaqat
Ali Khan and Muhammad Ali Jinnah were not there to resolve the problem. became As PM of
Pakistan Nazimuddeen was not in position to grip this kind of serious issues in a fair way in East
Bengal. Individuals were not happy towards the anti-Bengali policies of the Maharaja and Punjabi
dominated upper class. Political crisis was there in Pakistan they were facing financial crisis as
well and this situation was additional to it. Common man of East Pakistan started to lose faith in
their founder party that is Muslim League and they started to look for replacement which they
found in the form of Awami Muslim League. It was founded by Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan
Bashani, 1949. Sense of exploitation and deprivation was exploited by the Awami league and they
said that this British imperialism should be replaced and now in a new momentum came in
language movement in this circumstances (Salik, 1997, p. 217). Fundamental principles committee
on January 1952 recommended to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan for declaring that Urdu
should be the state language that really annoyed the people of East Pakistan and they started
protest. On 31st January a gathering of cultural and political organizations all party Central

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language Action Committee held a meeting which was chaired by Maulana Bhashani. Kazi Gulam
Mahbub and Maulana Bashani in that meeting planned to take a decision of strike and
demonstration and processions throughout the East Pakistan (G.W. Choudhury, 1967). The
preparation of demonstration leads the Government of Pakistan to impose section 144 and
demonstration, processions and all kind of meetings were forbidden. Central language Action
Committee on 20th February planned the gathering, under the leadership of Abdul Hashim and
they made decision to design a strategy how the strike would work and regarding the violation of
the section 144. Students were very much excited and enthusiastic to violate the section 144 and
on 21st February they gathered at the campus of the university, the vice-chancellor and
administration tried to stop the students but they were not ready to listen and were ready for the
demonstration. Student from the different colleges and schools gathered at the Dhaka University
gave a deaf ear to the request of the administration. The police were fully armed waiting outside.
Even the female students in Dhaka were preparing for demonstration and breaking the section 144
which, the government had imposed on them (Lawrence, 1971).

Administration prohibited the police not to open fire on the students and ask students to go away
but students shouted badly and they were ready to violate section 144, police arrested many
students who were assembled at the Legislative Assembly blocked legislature and they insisted
them to present their demands in front of the Assembly. Some of the students started to storm into
the building of the Assembly, police opened fire and 2 other persons, and 3 students were killed.
The news of the killing spread out within few minutes across the town, public transport, offices,
shops backup and strike started within the provincial assembly. Chief Minister Noorul Ameen
visited the students who were wounded and admitted in hospital and adjunct the session as proof
that they were in mourn but Noorul Ameen refused to accept that request many members went out
and join the students. Noorul Ameen was not ready to accept the demand of masses. In Assembly
police was forbidden again and again by the administration not to open fire on the students but that
serious incident put fuel into fire. On 22nd February 1952 next day of the event prayer for the
victims turned up session in morning and again police and military responded to the public, many
deaths resulted whereas many of the protestors were arrested. A Memorial was built up at the very
place where the students were killed (Arif, 2001).

RESULTS

There was a thousand miles distance among the two Wings of the state which further enhanced
cultural, religious and social differences. In the early years of establishment of Pakistan, it was

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considered that Bengal is culturally, socially and economically different and they are not fit in the
framework of United Pakistan. One of the demands of the movement was that East Pakistan should
be named as Bangladesh means the land of Bengal subsequently which led to the Bangladesh. In
1971 Liberation war there was no more language issue in East Pakistan as it was resolved 15 years
before in the constitution despite all of that for nationalism. Foundation was led in East Pakistan
by this language movement and this hostility between the two Wings of Pakistan was highlighted.
Further within East Pakistan sentiment of hatred and deep anger were mostly generated which
extended further discrimination in economic resources and cumulative concentration of Western
segment in the political power of the State. This was the Language issue which actually made
people of Eastern part to think on economic, social and political deprivation by the Central
government. Bengalis always complaint about the equal development and growth between the two
parts. Bulk of the foreign exchange was shared by them in much smaller share of the government
revenue. Among the people of the East Pakistan political deprivation was prevailed and they felt
that they were governed by the West Pakistan particularly Punjab in over-all because Central
power remained strongly in the hands of the Punjabi and elites of West Pakistan. All the East
Pakistani have numerical security but they were not given their due share in the Legislature
domination of the religious leaders and old landlords was there in the government and in the
Muslim League from Sindh and Punjab which was the ruling party (Salik, 1997, p. 225).

In 1951, when Liaqat Ali Khan was murdered concentration of power in the office was in West
Pakistan got higher rank and importance seats. They opposed decentralization of authority because
of their self-centeredness and they wanted to hold power themselves this generated factionalism
and separatism in the political structure of fragmentation and instability.

When Pakistan came into being Islam was formally declared as the official religion of the state
and ideology of Pakistan was formed according to the religious Islam. These principles of religion
of Islam were followed by very few people practically. Leading figures of the Muslim League
Provincial Government and Central Government practice Islam in their private life and those who
practiced it as just personal spiritual exercise but there were also the elements in the government
who practiced their lives as secular and even irreligious nonbelievers and their private life have no
religion but religion was used just to exploit the people in the same way. Language controversy
can also be understood in this context.

We cannot deny the importance of language in any society it is not just the medium of
communication and instruction, but it is the identity of any community. Professor Tariq Rahman

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and Professor Shahid writing extensively talk about the importance of language and uses of the
language in ideological social and political culture of Pakistan.

Since the Inception of the country in Pakistan, language has been contested. Pakistan was
considered Islamic state and Urdu was considered the security of Islamic culture. Ruling class of
the Pakistan was in favour of the Urdu and no other language would be adopted as official language
of Pakistan, all the acquaintance and knowledge of Urdu was very limited in East Bengal but in
the many regions of West Pakistan where many regional languages was common. Middle class
Bengali knew not much about Urdu. They were expert in their own Bengali language. Same case
was with the Elite class of West Pakistan knew nothing about Bengali language. Regional language
of Pakistan was not developed. Urdu had this edge of being the language of elite class of West
Pakistan which was exploiting class of the time. This was the reason that Bengali language was
demanded as the official language of East Pakistan and medium of instruction in Bengal.

In the whole of Pakistan rulers decided to impose Urdu as the only state language and this was not
the justification that Urdu would be guaranteed to save the culture and Islamic values in Pakistan.
They argued that, Urdu would safeguard Islamic literature for the declared and Muslim would use
it in subcontinent as vehicle of Islamic culture no other language can be suitable for the official
state language except the Urdu this is the language which can make Pakistan Islamic state of the
world (Badruddin, 1972).

This was not end at all Urdu was imposed on the people who were Bengali speaking and their try
to suppress their mother tongue in every possible manner. Pakistani government introduced the
language policy that was limited to the areas of state language not covered the Bengali culture they
failed badly to manage the language issue in Pakistan and this claim that Urdu would be the state
language actually determined the attack on the feelings of the Bengali speaking people on their
culture and language. They attacked consistently till 16 December 1971. In 1956 formal
recognition of Bengali language as a state language by the Pakistani government was accepted in
the constitution of 1962 was also considered the language but it did not prevail in Pakistan. It could
not have been otherwise. Under the cover of distinctions of Hindus and religious organizations the
rulers of Pakistan trying to promote class conflict and interest. All the language policy is one of
the aspects of national ideology but through this instrument they never try to get the benefits why
this language issue the growth of culture and education social political development in East
Pakistan was trifle and kept under control of the central government. This language policy in East
Bengal was a national depression and general policy totally integrated accordingly Bengali

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language without defeating their more general policy of national reparation could not be made free
from their attack.

CONCLUSION

This was the wrong planning of the administration of Pakistan that this language policy did not
handled nicely but opened up a new opportunity for them to develop the Bengali language and
Bengali culture. Mostly the purpose of the national language is to unite the different units of the
state but Urdu language as State language created division and resentment between the two parts
of the country and it was widely recognized that in all phases Bengali language movement was
one of the most strong language movement in the history of Pakistan which laid the foundation of
the nationalism based on language eventually caused emergence of independence state card
Bangladesh although two Nation theory between the two parts was binding force otherwise nothing
was common in in Muslim identity religion and culture shared by the people in two parts all the
burdened class of the East Bengal with the hope of achieving better life subsequently joined
Pakistan movement but establishment was failed to give them their hopes Pakistan had inter
regional libraries from the very start and when the Urdu was declared the state language it is in
hands the animosity between the two wings and the language activities participated and through
aesthetically in the moment even they were ready to die for their mission. Language movement
led the people of East Pakistan to think about liberation from west Pakistan and the idea to get a
separate Homeland where the Bengali would be their state language and nobody can damage their
culture by imposing their own language the first part of the government was to destroy the local
language and culture and D grade their identity in the name of national language there was no
doubt that neither integrate nor separate days become an Asian but legacies of the Bengali language
movement transferred the test of time inquisition of Urdu by the west Pakistan on the east Pakistan
was the biggest mistake of the Federal Government of Pakistan which resulted long-term negative
consequences they ignored the bitter realities they were in aliens and controls which brought was
reserved for them and for the Pakistan

Proper respect and status to all languages should be given by the government in all the regions and
provinces not only Urdu was important but all the mother tongue were important as everyone was
important in the country all the people who sacrificed from the feet for the freedom should be paid
in their respective regions promotion of native language should be essential and this was the best
solution of the problem all relative language should be given liberation to flourish and state should
be insured the preservation of all languages and all culture and this would enhance the pride and

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Unity from all respects among the distinctive crops and ethnic groups of Pakistani national hood
already ethnicity has divided Pakistan Urdu was no doubt beautiful Express available and had a
very strong literature existed in Indian subcontinent last two three centuries yes it was spoken
many parts of Pakistan specially in the urban class but this is also the reality that Bengali was also
language of majority. This separation could be avoided if major two dissatisfactions, lingual and
economic, should be handled carefully in early days of emergence of Pakistan.

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DOI: http://doi.org/10.48165/sajssh.2021.2202