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4 views9 pages

ph ch 2

Uploaded by

moransinghsoy220
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THE AIMERS COACHING CHAIBASA

Units and Measurement

▶Physical Quantities
Anything which can be measured are known as physical
quantities such as mass, velocity, force, acceleration etc.

▶Unit
Words or group of symbols, which represent the quantity
uniquely, is called unit.
Example: mass has unit 'kg' or 'gram'. Time has unit 'sec',
'min' or 'hours'.

▶All unit are classified into two part:


(1) Fundamental or Base Quantities
(2) Derived Quantities

▶(1) Fundamental or Base Quantities


Unit which are assumed and cannot be derived are called
fundamental or base units. There are seven base quantities.
These are:-
Name of Unit SI Unit Symbol of unit
i. length meter m
ii. mass kelogram kg
iii. time seconds sec
iv. electric current Ampere A
v. temperature Kelvin K
vi. luminous intensity Candela Cd
vii. amount of substance Mole Mol

▶(2) Derived Quantities


Units which are not fundamental and derived from
fundamental units, are called derived quantities. Thus all
quantities other than seven base quantities are derived
quantities e.g., velocity, acceleration, momentum, etc. Units
of these quantities are called derived units.

▶Significant Figures
All those certain digits and the one uncertain digit which are
used in measuring of any physical quantity are called the
significant digits or significant figures in a measured value.

▶Rules to Find Significant Figures


i. All non-zero digits are significant : e.g., 2.483 contains four
significant figures.
ii. All zeroes appearing between two non-zero digits are
significant : e.g., 200.9 has four significant figures.
iii. The trailing zeroes in a number without a decimal point
are insignificant : e.g., in, 2304000. There are four
significant figures only. The three zeroes appearing at the
end are not significant.
iv. The trailing zeroes in a number having a decimal point are
significant : e.g., the number 308.600 has six significant
figures.
v. If a number is less than one, the zeroe(s) on the left of the
first non-zero digit are not significant : e.g., In the number
0.002783, there are four significant figures only. The three
zeroes appearing in the beginning are not significant.
vi. For a measurement reported in scientific notation i.e., in
the form a × 10b, all the digits appearing in the base
number ‘a’ are significant. The power of 10 is irrelevant in
the determination of significant figures.

Example : How many significant figures are there in the


measured values : (i) 227.2 g, (ii) 3600 g and (iii) 0.00602 g?

Solution :
(i) 227.2 g has all the non-zero digits. Hence, it has four
significant figures.
(ii) According to rule number 3, trailing zeroes are not
significant. Hence, 3600 g has 2 significant figures.
(iii) 0.00602 g. According to the rule number 5, the zeroes at
the beginning are not significant. Hence, 3 significant figures.
▶Rounding Off the Uncertain Digits
i. If the insignificant digit to be dropped is more than 5,
the preceding digit is raised by 1. Let the insignificant
digit in the number 3.78 be 8 (circled). Since 8 > 5, we
raise the preceding digit 7 by 1. Hence, the number
becomes 3.8.
ii. If the insignificant digit to be dropped is less than 5, the
preceding digits is left unchanged. Let the insignificant
digit in the number 3.74 be 4 (circled). Since 4 < 5, we
keep the preceding digit 7 unchanged. Hence the
number becomes 3.7.
iii. If the insignificant digit to be dropped is 5, the
preceding digit is raised by 1 if it is odd, and is left
unchanged if it is even. Let 5 (circled) be the insignificant
digit in the numbers 3.74 5 and 3.77 5 . In the first
number, since the preceding digit 4 is even, it remains as
such and the number becomes 3.74. In the second
number, the preceding digit 7 is odd, hence it is raised
by 1 and the number is written as 3.78.
iv. When a complex multi-step calculation is involved, all
the numbers occurring in the intermediate steps should
retain a digit more than the significant digits present in
them. The final answer at the end of the calculation, can
then be rounded off to the appropriate significant
figures.
v. The exact numbers like π, 2, 3, 4 etc. that appear in
formulae and are known to have infinite significant
figures, can be rounded off to a limited number of
significant figures as per the requirement.

▶Dimensions: -
Representation of any fundamental or derived unit in the
form of certain symabols allotted to each fundamental unit,
is called dimensional formula and the certain symbol is called
dimension
The seven dimensions of physical world are represented as
follows:-
[M] for mass
[L] for length
[T] for time
[A] for electric current
[K] for thermodynamic temperature
[Cd] for luminous intensity
[mol] for amount of substance

▶Evalute dimensional formula, equation and dimensions


for the following unit
1. Speed (velocity)
speed = distance/time
[speed]=[L]/ [T] = [LT-1 ] = [ M0LT-1 ]

2. Momentum
momentum= mass x velocity
[momentum] = [mass ][velocity]
= [M][LT-1 ]
=[MLT-1 ]
3. Kinetic Energy
kinetic energy=1/2 mass x velocity2
[kinetic energy]=[mass ][velocity2]
[ KE ] = [M][LT-1 ]2
= [ML2L-2]
4. Acceleraton
acceleration = change in velocity/ time
[acceleration ]= [change in velocity] / [time]
=[LT-1] / [T]
=[LT-1T-1]
=[M0LT-2]
5. Force
force= mass x acceleration
[force] = [mass] [acceleration]
= [M][LT-2]
=[MLT-2]
6. Pressure
pressure= force/ area
[pressure] = [force]/ [area]
=[MLT-2]/[L2]
=[ML-1T-2]
7. Density
density= mass/ volume
[density] = [mass]/ [volume]
= [M]/ [L3]
= [ML-3T0]
8. Surface tension
surface tension = force/length
[surface tension] = [force]/[length]
= [MLT-2]/[L]
=[ML0T-2]
9. Refractive index
Refractive index = speed of light in first medium/speed
of light in second medium
Refractive index =V1/V2
[Refractive index] = [LT-1 ] /[LT-1 ]
= [M0L0T0]
* Refractive index is a dimensionless quantity

10. Charge
Charge = current x time
[Charge] = [current] x [time]
= [I][T]
=[TI] = [M0L0TI]

11. Work
Work = force x displacement

12. Power
Power = Work / Time

13.Voltage
Voltage = Work / Charge
▶Light Year (LY)
The distance which is covered by light in one year (according
to Earth) is called light year. It is used in measuring of large
distance. As, distance of two planet in the universe.

1 Light Year = (Speed of light) . (1 Year)


1 LY = 3 x 108 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60
1 LY = 94608000 x 108 m
1 LY = 9.46 x 1015 m

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