OPERATING SYSTEM

ARCHITECTURE
TEAM
MEMBERS
2024-CS-803 Fatima Hameed
2024-CS-842 Noor Fatima
2024-CS-807 Zainab Zahid
2024-CS-801 Noor Fatima
2024-CS-809 Alishba Noor
OPERATING
An operating system is a program that
controls the execution of application
programs and acts as. an interface

SYSTEM
between the user of a computer and the
computer hardware.

• Windows
• macOS
• Linux
• Android
• iOS
• Chrome OS
ROLE OF
• Backbone of Modern Computing
• Managing Hardware Resources
• Provide a Platform for Applications to

OPERATING SYSTEM
run
• Provide a GUI, enabling users to interact
with the system
• Role in determining the Performance
• Security and Scalability
 ARCHITECTURE OF
OPERATING SYSTEM
• Kernel
• User Mode
• System Call Interface (SCI)
• Shell
• Networking Layer
• File System
• Process Mangement
• Device Driver
• Memory Management
• Interrupt Handling
• Power Management
• Input/Output (I/O) Management
 Kernal acts as a bridge between the hardware and the user-
level applications, controlling the allocation of system
resources such as memory, CPU time, and I/O devices.
It is responsible for managing the system's hardware
resources providing basic services to applications.

Types:
1. Monolithic kernel: A single, self-contained kernel.
2. Microkernel: A small kernel that provides basic services.
3. Hybrid kernel: A combination of monolithic and microkernel

KERNAL
architectures.

AND ITS TYPES

USER
MODE
User Mode is a restricted processing mode in
which user applications and programs
execute.It has limited access to system
resources. User mode provides a safe
environment for running applications,
ensuring that any malfunction or bugs in user
programs do not crash the entire system.
Key Characteristics of User Mode
• Limited Access to System Resources
• Isolated Environment
• Execution of Application
 SYSTEM CALL
INTERFACE
The system call interface (SCI) is the layer that allows user programs to interact
with the kernel. When a user application needs to request a service (like opening
a file, creating a new process, or allocating memory), it uses system calls.
Key roles of SCI:
• Process Control: Services like process creation, scheduling, and termination.
• File Operations: Services to read/write files or manage directories.
• Device Control: Services to interact with input/output devices.
• Communication Services: Inter-process communication (IPC) methods like
message passing and shared memory.
• Memory Management: Allocating and deallocating memory.
SHELL OF
The shell is the command-line interface (CLI) or
graphical user interface (GUI) that allows users to
interact with the operating system and run programs.
The shell is part of the user space and acts as a

OPERATING SYSTEM bridge between the user and the OS.

• CLI: Allows users to type commands directly (e.g.,
Command Prompt on Windows).
• GUI: Provides visual elements like windows, icons,
and buttons (e.g., Windows Explorer, macOS
Finder).
NETWORKING
SUBSYSTEM
The networking subsystem allows the OS to manage
communication between different devices and systems
over a network (local or wide area).
Types of Networks:
• LAN (Local Area Network)
• WAN (Wide Area Network)
• PAN (Personal Area Network)
Key Networking Devices:
• Router: Connects different networks.
• Switch: Connects devices within a network.
• Modem: Provides internet access.
Network Topologies:
• Star Topology
• Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
• Mesh Topology
PROCESS
Process Management in an Operating System (OS) refers to the
activities and techniques used by the OS to create, schedule,
execute, and terminate processes. A process is an instance of a

MANAGEMENT
program in execution, and process management is essential for
the OS to manage multiple processes efficiently, ensuring system
stability, resource allocation, and proper execution.

The OS uses the scheduler to manage processes:

• Processes: Each running application is treated as a
process.
• CPU Scheduling: The OS decides which process gets
CPU time using algorithms like Round Robin, Priority
Scheduling, etc.
• Context Switching: When the CPU switches from one
process to another, the OS saves the state of the
current process and loads the state of the next
process.
 FILE SYSTEM
MANAGEMENT
Organizes, stores, and retrieves data on storage devices (e.g., HDDs, SSDs).
Key Components:
• Files: Store data (e.g., .txt, .jpg).
• Directories: Organize files in a hierarchical structure.
• File Allocation Table (FAT)/Inodes: Maps file locations on disk.
Operations:
• Create, Read, Write, Delete: Basic file management actions.
• Rename/Move: Changes file names or locations.
Types of File Systems:
• FAT (FAT16/FAT32): Simple, older file system.
• NTFS: Used in Windows, supports large files and permissions.
• EXT4: Common in Linux, supports journaling.
• APFS: Optimized for flash storage, used in macOS/iOS.
MEMORY
The Memory Management System (MMS) in an operating system
(OS) is responsible for managing the computer's memory, ensuring
that it is allocated efficiently and safely to the running processes.

MANAGEMENT
The main goal of memory management is to provide a stable and
efficient environment for processes while maintaining system
stability and performance.

Types of Memory:
• Primary Memory: RAM.
• Secondary Memory: Storage
• Cache: Faster temporary storage.
How It Works:
• Memory Allocation: Assigning memory to processes.
• Swapping: Moving data between RAM and storage.
• Paging: Dividing memory into fixed-size pages.
 DEVICE
DRIVERS
Device drivers are software components that allow the OS to communicate with
hardware devices such as printers, keyboards, and storage devices.
Examples:
• I/O Devices, Graphics, Sound, Printer Drivers.
Key Characteristics:
• Hardware-Specific: Designed for specific hardware.
• Essential: Mandatory for device functionality.
• Upgradeable: Can be updated for improvements.
SECURITY &
Security & Access Control is a critical aspect of the OS
architecture.
Security
• Prevents hackers, viruses, and unauthorized users.

ACCESS CONTROL How It Works:

• Passwords and Biometrics.
• Data Locking.
• Activity Tracking.
Access Control
Determines user permissions for files, apps, and settings.
INTERRUPT Interrupts are signals from hardware or software indicating that a
certain event needs immediate attention. The OS uses interrupt
handling to temporarily suspend normal program execution and

HANDLING
handle high-priority tasks, such as responding to input devices,
hardware errors, or system timers.

Interrupt Handling Process

When an interrupt occurs, the operating system must
temporarily pause the execution of the current program
and handle the interrupt. The interrupt handling process
involves several steps:
• Interrupt Signal
• Interrupt Acknowledgement
• Context Saving
• Interrupt Vectoring
• Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)
• Context Restoring
• Resuming Execution
 INPUT-OUTPUT
Input/Output (I/O) Management in an operating system (OS) is the
MANAGEMENT
process of managing the input and output devices connected to the
system. The I/O management system ensures that data is correctly
received from and sent to various devices such as keyboards, mice,
printers, hard drives, network cards, and displays.
Components of I/O Management
• I/O Devices
• Device Drivers
• I/O Ports
• Device Controllers
I/O management is a critical function of the operating system that
involves managing the communication between the system and
external devices.
POWER
MANAGEMENT
Power management in an operating system
refers to the strategies and mechanisms that the
OS employs to minimize the energy consumption
of the system while maintaining its functionality.
• Power Management: The OS is responsible
for managing the system's power usage. It
can optimize power consumption by
adjusting CPU performance, dimming the
display, or putting idle hardware into sleep
mode.
• Battery Management: In laptops and mobile
devices, the OS manages battery health and
consumption to extend battery life.
• Kernel: Core component that interacts with hardware and
provides essential system services.
SUMMARY
• User Space: Where applications and user interfaces run.
• System Call Interface: Allows user programs to interact with
the kernel.
• File System: Manages data storage, organization, and access.
• Device Drivers: Translate OS commands into hardware-
specific instructions.
• Shell Interface: Interface for user interaction (CLI/GUI).
• Networking Subsystem: Manages network communication.
• Interrupt Handling: Manages hardware and software
interrupts.
• Security & Protection: Ensures system integrity and data
security.
ANY
QUESTION?
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