Statistics and BiostatisticsWhat is Statistics? Different authors have defined statistics differently. The best definition of statistics is given by Croxton and Cowden according to whom statistics may be defined as the science, which deals with collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data. a ‘The science and art of dealing with variation in data through collection, classification, and analysis in such a way as to obtain reliable results. —(John M. Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology ) a Branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, organization, and analysis of numerical data and with such problems as experiment design and decision making. —(Microsoft Encarta Premium 2009)oA branch of mathematic staking and transforming numbers into useful information for decision makers. a Methods for processing & analyzing numbers o Methods for helping reduce the uncertainty inherent indecision makingWhat is biostatistics? O Itis the science which deals with development and application of the most appropriate methods for the: Collection of data. *Presentation of the collected data. “Analysis and interpretation of the results. *Making decisions on the basis of such analysis, The methods used in dealing with statistics in the fields of medicine, biology and public health.Why study statistics? 0 Decision Makers Use Statistics To: « Present and describe data and information properly « Draw conclusions about large groups of individuals or information collected from subsets of the individuals or items, « Improve processes,Statistics f|N Descriptive Statistics Experimental Statistics Inferential Statistics | | Drawing conclusions and Methods for processing, ecient / or making decisions summarizing, presenting periments concerning a population and describing data based only on sample dataDATA > Definition:- 0 A set of values recorded on one or more observational units, Data are raw materials of statistics. © Data set : A collection of data is data set 0 Data point ; A single observation 0 Raw data : Information before it arranged and analysed » Sources of data:- 0 Experiments ao Example of Raw data:Elements, Variables, and Observations O The elements are the entities on which data are collected. OA variable is a characteristic of interest for the elements. 0 The set of measurements collected for a particular element is called an observation. O The total number of data values in a data set is the number of elements multiplied by the number of variables.Data, Data Sets, Elements, Variables, and ObservationsDescriptive statistics » Summarizing and describing the data ° Uses numerical and graphical summaries to characterize sample dataDescriptive Statistics * Collect data - eg, Survey * Present data - e.g, Tables and graphs * Characterize data — eg., Sample mean = rtInferential Statistics + Estimation ~ e.g., Estimate the population j mean weight using the sample mean weight + Hypothesis testing ~ eg,, Test the claim that the f ; population mean weight is 120 pounds tInferential statistics + It refers to the process of selecting and using a sample to draw inference about population from which sample is drawn, Two forms of statistical inference ° Hypothesis testing » EstimationBasic Vocabulary of Statistics 0 POPULATION : A population consists of all the items or individuals about whieh you want to draw a conclusion. Ex: People who live within 25 kms of radius from centre of the city. 0 SAMPLE: A sample is the portion of a population selected for analysis, It has to be representative, o PARAMETER: A parameter is a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of a population. O STATISTIC : A statistic is a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of a sample,Population vs. Sample Population Sample PUA TMA Ad UA UL ih arity FARRAH Pn ead TMU Measures used todeseribe the Measures computed — from population are called parameters sample ta are ale statistDefinition Population Complete enumeration of items is considered Part of the population chosen for study Characteristics Symbols Parameters Population size = N Population mean =p Population $.d = o Statistics Sample size =n Sample mean = 5 Sample S.d=stake forever to count n Ex: time Ex: count change of : money in your pocketType of variables » Categorical (qualitative) variables have values that can only be placed into categories, such as “yes” and “no.” » Numerical (quantitative) variables have values that represent quantities,Qualitative Data o Non Numerical a Categorical o No numbers are use to describe it o Word, picture, image o Ex. Do you smoke? Yes NoQuantitative DataREASONS FOR ASSIGNING NUMBERS Numbers are usually assigned for two reasons: o numbers permit statistical analysis of the resulting data o numbers facilitate the communication of measurement rules and resultsPrimary Scales of Measurement Scale Nominal — Numbers ¢, , i. niih Assigned to Runners Ordinal §=—Rank Order Finish of Winners Third = Second First place place place Interval Performance Rating ona 8.2 o1 96 Oto 10 Scale Datin Tima ta FinchTYPES OF MEASUREMENT SCALES Non Metric Scales » Nominal: (Description) + Ordinal: (Order) Metric Scales Ratio « Interval: (Distance) + Ratio: (Origin)Nominal Notes o Lowest Level of measurement o Discrete Categories ao No natural order o Categorical or dichotomous O May be referred to a qualitative or categorical Examples o Gender ee” 2 0=Male o a 1 = Female o Group Membership = 1= Experimental oi #2 = Placebo cate = 3 = Routine o Marital Status, Colour, religion, type of car etc, ov?Nominal Nominal sounds like name Notes Possible Measures o Lowest Level 0 Mode 0 Classification of data 0 Model Percentage o Order is arbitrary o Range = Gender o Frequency Distribution = Marital Status ® Religion = Types of Car DrivenOrdinal Notes a Ordered Categories 0 Relative rankings o Unknown distance between rankings o Zero arbitrary Examples o Likert Scales © Socioeconomic status Oo Size 0 Size, ranking of favorite sports, Class rankings, wellness rankingsOrdinal The values in an ordinal scale simply express an order Customers Satisfaction Are you o Very Satisfied a Satisfied o Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 0 Dissatisfied 0 Very dissatisfied Movie Ratings Winn kei KK ttn toot: tookOrdinal Notes o Order matters « But not the difference between values = Unknown distance between rankings © Relative rankings a Likert scales © Socioeconomic status ® Pain intensity = Non numeric concepts Possible Measures © All Nominal level tests o Median o Percentile o Semi quartile range o Rank order coefficients of correlationInterval Notes o Ordered categories o Equal distance « Between values o An accepted unit of Measurement 0 Zero is arbitrary ExamplesInterval Notes 0 Ordered categories o Equal distance = Can measure differences 0 Zero is arbitrary = Temperature 5 Celsius or Fahrenheit 0 Elevation a Time Possible Measures © All Ordinal tests o Mean o Standard deviation o Addition and subtraction = Can not multiply or divideRatio Notes Examples a Most Precise 5 Weight o Ordered o Height o Exact Value Pulse o Equal Intervals 5 Blood Pressure » Natural Zero o Time + When variable equals zero it means. ‘ there is none of that variable a Degrees Kelvin Not Arbitrary zero fy _Ratio Note o Precise, Ordered, Exact 0 Equal intervals a Natural Zero = Weight = Time « Degree Kelvin Possible Measures 0 All operations are possible a Descriptive and inferential statistics o Can make comparisons = An 8 kg baby is twice as heavy as a4 kg baby o Can add, subtract, multiply, divideCHARACTERISTICS OF LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT [i One meen el pas) Labeled Yes Yes Yes Yes Ordered No Yes Yes Yes Known No No Yes Yes difference Zero is N/A Yes Yes No arbitrary Zero Means N/A No No YesLEVEL OF MEASUREMENT DECISION TREE ies ena ky iN eal[sate ven leat stem statistics Unique definition of | Roll number of Percentages, Mode, Equality of Ratio (5/10 = 3/6) students, Numbers | Binomial test, Chi- assign to basket ball players. Student's Rank Percentiles, Median, Rank-order co- Temperature Weight, height, distance Harmonic Mean, Coefficient of