Contents

Weeks Units Page No.

1&2 Unit 1 – Properties of materials, Separating Methods
1. Properties of materials
2. Knowledge of materials 2-14
3. Uses of everyday materials
4. Soluble and insoluble
5. Salt from seawater
6. Reversible changes of states
7. Irreversible changes of states

3 Unit 2 - Forces including simple machines

1. Introduction to gravity
2. Pushes and pulls 15- 36
3. Friction
4. Air resistance
5. Water resistance
6. Simple machines
7. Discovery and use of simple machines
4 Unit 3 - Earth, Sun and Moon
1. The shape of Earth
2. Observing the Moon
3. The relative sizes of the Earth, Sun and Moon 37- 48
4. More about the Sun
5. Why we have day and night
6. The planets in our solar system
7. The movement of the planets around the Sun
5 Unit 4 - Reproduction and life cycles: plants
1. Parts of a flowering plant and their functions
2. Pollination 49 - 55
3. Plant life cycles
4. Plant reproduction
6 Unit 5 - Reproduction and life cycles: animals
1. Animal groups
2. Bird life cycles
3. Amphibian life cycles 56 - 69
4. Insect life cycles
5. Endangered animals
Unit 6 - Human development
7 1. Life Cycle of Human
2. Changes in childhood
3. Changes during puberty
4. Changes in adulthood
5. Changes in old age

Unit 1- Properties of Materials and Separating Methods

What is Material?

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 Material is anything that is used to make objects. Materials can be natural, like wood, stone,
and wool, or man-made, like plastic, glass, and steel. Different materials have different properties,
making them suitable for specific uses. There are three forms of materials such as solid, liquid and
gas.

1. Properties of Materials

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Materials have different properties that determine their suitability for different uses. Some important
properties include:

 Hardness – How resistant a material is to being scratched or dented.

 Flexibility – Whether a material can bend without breaking.

 Transparency – How much light passes through a material (e.g., glass is transparent, while
wood is opaque).

 Conductivity – How well a material allows heat or electricity to pass through it (e.g., metals
are good conductors, while rubber is an insulator).

 Absorbency – How well a material soaks up water or liquids.

 Density – Whether a material floats or sinks in water.

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2. Knowledge of Materials

Understanding materials helps us choose the right one for different tasks. For example:

 Metals (iron, copper, aluminum) are strong and good conductors of electricity, making them
useful in construction and electrical wiring.

 Plastic is waterproof and lightweight, making it useful for bottles and packaging.

 Glass is transparent and used for windows and mirrors.

 Wood is strong and used for furniture and buildings.

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3. Uses of Everyday Materials

Everyday materials have various uses based on their properties:

 Paper – Used for writing, packaging, and books because it is lightweight and easy to fold.

 Rubber – Used in tires, waterproof clothing, and elastic bands due to its flexibility and water
resistance.

 Cotton – Used in clothes and bedding because it is soft and breathable.

 Metal – Used in bridges, cars, and tools due to its strength.

 Plastic – Used in toys, containers, and bottles because it is durable and waterproof.

Figure 1.1 Everyday Materials

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4. Soluble and Insoluble Substances

Some materials dissolve in water, while others do not:

 Soluble substances (like salt and sugar) dissolve in water.

 Insoluble substances (like sand and oil) do not dissolve in water.

Figure 1.2 Which Things Dissolve in Water

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5. Separating Salt from Seawater

Seawater contains dissolved salt. To separate salt from seawater, we can use evaporation:

1. Collect seawater in a container.

2. Allow the water to evaporate by heating it or leaving it in the sun.

3. The water turns into vapor, leaving behind the salt.

Figure 1.3 Evaporation Process

Figure 1.4 Salt Ponds

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6. Reversible Changes of State

A reversible change is a change that can be undone. These changes occur when materials change
state (solid, liquid, gas). Examples include:

 Melting – Ice melts into water.

 Freezing – Water freezes into ice.

 Evaporation – Water evaporates into steam.

 Condensation – Steam condenses into water.

Figure 1.5 Changes of States

7. Irreversible Changes of State

An irreversible change is a change that cannot be undone, often forming a new substance. Examples
include:

 Burning – Wood turns to ash and smoke.

 Cooking – An egg turns solid when heated.

 Rusting – Iron reacts with oxygen to form rust.

 Baking – Dough becomes bread when baked.

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Figure 1.6 Irreversible Changes

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Glossary

 Absorbency – The ability of a material to soak up a liquid.

 Conductivity – How well heat or electricity moves through a material.

 Density – How heavy a material is for its size.

 Evaporation – The process of turning a liquid into a gas.

 Flexible – Able to bend without breaking.

 Irreversible change – A change that cannot be undone.

 Opaque – A material that does not let light pass through.

 Reversible change – A change that can be undone.

 Soluble – A substance that dissolves in liquid.

 Transparent – A material that allows light to pass through.

This knowledge helps us understand how materials behave and how we can use them in daily life.

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 Unit 2 - Forces including simple machines

1. Introduction to Gravity

Gravity is a force that pulls objects toward the center of the Earth. It is why things fall when
they drop. Gravity keeps us on the ground and makes planets orbit the sun. Without gravity,
everything would float away into space. The strength of gravity depends on the mass of an object.
The bigger the object, the stronger its gravitational pull.

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2. Pushes and Pulls

A push moves an object away from you, while a pull moves it closer. Both are forces that cause
movement.

 Push Example: Kicking a ball moves it forward.

 Pull Example: Pulling a door handle opens the door.

 Everyday Example: Pushing a shopping cart to move it forward or pulling a rope in tug-of-
war.

Figure 2.1 Push and Pull

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3. Friction

Friction is a force that occurs when two surfaces rub against each other. It slows down or stops
movement. Rough surfaces create more friction than smooth ones. Friction is essential for walking,
as it stops us from slipping.

 Example: Rubbing your hands together creates warmth due to friction.

 Another Example: When you ride a bike, the brakes use friction to slow down the wheels.

Figure 2.2 How Friction occurs

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Figure 2.3 Types of Friction

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Activity

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4. Air Resistance

Air resistance is a type of friction that occurs when an object moves through the air. It slows down
the movement of objects. The shape of an object affects how much air resistance it experiences—
streamlined objects move faster because they reduce air resistance.

 Example: A parachute slows down a skydiver by increasing air resistance.

 Another Example: A cyclist wearing a streamlined helmet reduces air resistance and can
move faster.

Figure 2.4 Air Resistance

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5. Water Resistance

Water resistance is similar to air resistance but happens in water. It pushes against objects moving
through water, slowing them down. Objects with smooth or streamlined shapes move faster in water,
just like fish and boats.

 Example: A swimmer experiences water resistance while moving through a pool.

 Another Example: A boat with a pointed front (bow) moves faster through water because it
reduces water resistance.

Figure 2.5 Water Resistance

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6. Simple Machines

Simple machines are tools that help us do work with less effort. There are six types:

1. Levers – Used for lifting (e.g., crowbar, scissors, see-saw).

2. Pulleys – Used to lift objects (e.g., crane, well bucket system).

3. Gears – Used to transfer motion (e.g., clock, bicycle chain system).

4. Inclined Planes – Sloped surfaces that reduce effort (e.g., ramp, slide, wheelchair ramp).

5. Wedges – Used to cut or split objects (e.g., axe, knife, chisel).

6. Screws – Used to hold things together and lift loads (e.g., jar lid, screw jack, light bulb base).

Figure 2.6 Simple Machines

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7. Discovery and Use of Simple Machines

Simple machines have been used for thousands of years to make work easier. Ancient
Egyptians used ramps to build pyramids, while pulleys helped lift heavy stones. The Greeks and
Romans used levers and pulleys to build large structures like aqueducts.

Today, simple machines are everywhere. Cars use gears to move, elevators use pulleys to lift, and
construction workers use levers to move heavy objects. Engineers and scientists continue to improve
simple machines to make life easier.

Figure 2.7 Uses of Simple Machines in Egypt and France

Glossary

 Gravity: A force that pulls objects toward the Earth.

 Force: A push or a pull that makes something move, stop, or change direction.

 Friction: A force that slows things down when two surfaces rub together.

 Air Resistance: A type of friction that occurs when objects move through the air.

 Water Resistance: A force that pushes against objects moving through water.

 Lever: A simple machine with a pivot point that helps lift objects.

 Pulley: A wheel and rope system that makes lifting easier.

 Gear: A toothed wheel that transfers movement between parts.

 Inclined Plane: A sloped surface that helps move objects upward with less effort.

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  Wedge: A tool used to cut or split objects.

 Screw: A twisted inclined plane that holds things together.

 Fulcrum: The pivot point of a lever.

 Streamlined: A shape that reduces air or water resistance, helping objects move faster.

Unit 3 - Earth, Sun and Moon

1. The Shape of Earth

The Earth is shaped like a sphere, but it is not a perfect ball. It is slightly flattened at the top and
bottom, which makes it an oblate spheroid.

 Evidence that Earth is round:

o Satellite images from space show Earth as a round shape.

o During a lunar eclipse, Earth’s shadow on the Moon is curved.

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 Figure 3.1 Shape of Earth

2. Observing the Moon

The Moon is Earth’s only natural satellite. It reflects sunlight, which is why we can see it at night.

 The Moon’s shape appears to change because it orbits Earth. These changes are called the
lunar phases and follow a cycle lasting about 29.5 days.

 The phases of the Moon are:

1. New Moon – The Moon is between the Earth and the Sun, so we cannot see it.

2. Waxing Crescent – A small lit-up sliver appears on the right side (in the Northern
Hemisphere). "Waxing" means growing.

3. First Quarter- Half of the Moon is visible (right side is lit up in the Northern Hemisphere).

4. Waxing Gibbous – More than half of the Moon is lit, but it's not fully round yet.

5. Full Moon – The entire Moon is visible because it is on the opposite side of Earth from the
Sun.

6. Waning Gibbous – The lit part of the Moon starts to shrink ("waning" means getting smaller).

7. Last Quarter – Half of the Moon is visible again, but the left side is now lit.

8. Waning Crescent – A small sliver of the Moon is lit on the left side before disappearing into a
New Moon again.

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Figure 3.2 Faces of the Moon

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3. The Relative Sizes of the Earth, Sun, and Moon

The sizes of these three objects are very different:

 The Sun is the largest and is about 109 times wider than Earth.

 The Earth is about 4 times wider than the Moon.

 The Sun appears to be about the same size as the Moon from Earth because it is much farther
away.

If the Earth were the size of a football, the Moon would be about the size of a tennis ball, and the Sun
would be the size of a large building!

Figure 3.3 Sizes of Moon, Earth and Sun

4. More About the Sun

The Sun is a giant ball of hot gas made mostly of hydrogen and helium.

 It is a star that produces heat and light through a process called nuclear fusion.

 The Sun provides the energy needed for life on Earth. It helps plants grow through
photosynthesis and controls our climate and weather.

 The Sun has different layers:

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o Core – The hottest part, where energy is produced.

o Photosphere – The visible surface of the Sun.

o Corona – The outer layer that looks like a halo during an eclipse.

Figure 3.4 Layers of Sun

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5. Why We Have Day and Night

We experience day and night because the Earth rotates on its axis.

 Earth spins once every 24 hours, which is why we have a day-night cycle.

 When your part of the Earth is facing the Sun, it is daytime.

 When your part of the Earth is facing away from the Sun, it is nighttime.

 The Sun appears to "rise" in the east and "set" in the west because of Earth's rotation.

Figure 3.5 How Day and Night Happen

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6. The Planets in Our Solar System

There are eight planets that orbit the Sun. They are divided into two groups:

1. Rocky (terrestrial) planets:

o Mercury – The smallest planet, closest to the Sun.

o Venus – The hottest planet, with thick clouds.

o Earth – The only planet known to support life.

o Mars – The "Red Planet" with the largest volcano in the solar system.

2. Gas giants and ice giants:

o Jupiter – The largest planet, with a giant storm called the Great Red Spot.

o Saturn – Known for its beautiful rings.

o Uranus – Rotates on its side and has a blue color.

o Neptune – The windiest planet, farthest from the Sun.

Figure 3.6 The Planets in Our Solar System

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7. The Movement of the Planets Around the Sun

Planets orbit (move around) the Sun in an elliptical (oval) shape. This movement is called
revolution, and the time taken for one full orbit is called a year.

 Earth takes 365¼ days to orbit the Sun, which is why we have leap years every four years.

 Mercury, the closest planet, takes only 88 days to orbit the Sun.

 Neptune, the farthest planet, takes 165 years to complete one orbit!

Planets stay in orbit because of the Sun’s gravity, which pulls them in while they move forward.
This is the same force that keeps the Moon orbiting Earth!

Figure 3.7 Orbits of the Planet

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Glossary

 Axis – An imaginary line through the center of a planet that it rotates around.

 Elliptical – An oval-shaped path.

 Gravity – A force that pulls objects toward each other.

 Lunar cycle – The changing phases of the Moon over about 29.5 days.

 Nuclear fusion – A process that happens in the Sun, releasing huge amounts of energy.

 Orbit – The path an object takes around another object in space.

 Photosynthesis – The process plants use to make food using sunlight.

 Revolution – The movement of a planet around the Sun (one full orbit).

 Rotation – The spinning of a planet on its axis.

 Solar system – The Sun and everything that orbits it, including planets, moons, and asteroids.

 Terrestrial planets – Rocky planets like Earth, Mars, Venus, and Mercury.

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 Unit 4 - Reproduction and life cycles: plants

1. Inside the Flower (Reproductive Organs)

The flower is responsible for reproduction and contains both male and female parts.
Male Parts (Stamen)
 Anther – Produces and releases pollen (contains male reproductive cells).
 Filament – Supports the anther, holding it up so pollinators can reach the pollen.
Female Parts (Carpel/Pistil)
 Stigma – Sticky part at the top of the pistil that catches pollen.
 Style – A tube that connects the stigma to the ovary and helps pollen travel down.
 Ovary – Contains ovules (female egg cells), which develop into seeds when fertilized.
Other Parts of Flower
 Petal- Brightly coloured and sometimes scented to attract pollinators like bees and butterflies.
 Sepal - Small, leaf-like structures that protect the flower bud before it opens.
 Stem- Supports the plant and transports water, nutrients, and food.
 Receptacle - The part of the stem where the flower attaches. It holds and supports all the parts
of the flower.

Figure 4.1 Reproductive Parts of a Flower

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2. Pollination
Pollination is a vital step in the process of plant reproduction. It is how plants transfer pollen from
one flower to another, enabling them to produce seeds and new plants.
Types of Pollination
Pollination can happen in two main ways:
(a) Self-Pollination
 Some flowers have both male and female parts within the same flower (bisexual flowers).
 In self-pollination, pollen from the male part (anther) of a flower land on the female part
(stigma) of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant. This ensures that the
plant can reproduce without the help of other plants.
(b)Cross-Pollination
 Other flowers have either male or female parts and need the help of different plants to
reproduce.
 In cross-pollination, pollen from the male part of one flower is transferred to the female part
of a flower on a different plant of the same kind.
 This transfer can occur through different agents like insects, wind, water, animals, or birds.
Pollination is crucial because it allows the transfer of male reproductive cells (pollen) to reach
the female reproductive parts of a flower. When the pollen lands on the stigma, it can travel down a
tube to reach the ovary, where the female reproductive cells (ovules) are located.
Pollinators
Pollinators are animals, like bees, butterflies, birds, and bats, that help plants reproduce. They
carry pollen from one flower to another, which allows plants to produce seeds. Some flowers attract
pollinators with bright colors, sweet nectar, and pleasant smells.

Figure 4.2 Types of Pollination

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3. Plant Life Cycles
Plants go through different stages in their life cycle:
1. Seed – The plant begins as a seed, which contains the baby plant inside.
2. Germination – The seed starts to grow roots, a stem, and leaves when it gets water, warmth,
and air.
3. Seedling – A young plant grows bigger and starts making its own food using sunlight.
4. Adult Plant – The plant grows flowers, which will help it reproduce.
5. Pollination and Seed Formation – Pollen is transferred, and seeds are made. The cycle starts
again when seeds spread and grow into new plants.

Figure 4.3 Life Cycle of Plant

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4. Plant Reproduction
Plants reproduce in two main ways:
 Sexual Reproduction – This happens in flowering plants when pollen from one flower
reaches another flower. The pollen joins with the ovule (egg cell) inside the flower to make a
seed. The seed then grows into a new plant.
 Asexual Reproduction – Some plants can make new plants without seeds! They grow new
shoots, roots, or bulbs. For example, strawberries send out runners (long stems) that grow
into new plants, and potatoes grow from tubers.
Reproduction helps plants make more of their kind and keep growing in nature!

Figure 4.4 Sexual Reproduction of Plant

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 Figure 4.5 Asexual Reproduction of Plant

Activity

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 Unit 5 – Reproduction and Life Cycle: Animals
1. Animal Groups
Animals are grouped based on their characteristics and how they reproduce. The main groups are:
 Mammals – Give birth to live young and feed them with milk (e.g., humans, dogs, whales).
 Birds – Lay eggs, have feathers, and most can fly (e.g., eagles, penguins).
 Reptiles – Lay eggs, have dry scales, and are cold-blooded (e.g., snakes, lizards).
 Amphibians – Start life in water, then develop lungs to live on land (e.g., frogs,
salamanders).
 Fish – Live in water, lay eggs, and have gills to breathe (e.g., goldfish, sharks).
 Insects – Have six legs, lay eggs, and often go through metamorphosis (e.g., butterflies,
ants).

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2. Bird Life Cycle
Birds go through four main stages:
1. Egg – A mother bird lays egg and keeps them warm.
2. Hatchling – A baby bird hatches and is usually blind and featherless.
3. Chick (Young Bird) – The chick grows feathers and learns to eat on its own.
4. Adult Bird – The bird grows fully and can reproduce.

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 Figure 5.1 Life Cycle of Bird

3. Amphibian Life Cycle

Amphibians, like frogs, go through metamorphosis, meaning they change shape as they grow:
1. Eggs – Laid in water in jelly-like clusters.
2. Tadpole – Hatches from the egg and breathes with gills like a fish.
3. Tadpole with Legs – Starts growing back legs first, then front legs.
4. Froglet – Almost an adult but still has a small tail.
5. Adult Frog – Fully grown, lives mostly on land, and can reproduce.

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 Figure 5.2 Life Cycle of Frog

4. Insect Life Cycle

Insects go through different types of life cycles. One example is the butterfly life cycle (complete
metamorphosis):
1. Egg – The butterfly lays eggs on leaves.
2. Larva (Caterpillar) – The caterpillar hatches and eats lots of leaves to grow.
3. Pupa (Chrysalis) – The caterpillar forms a hard case around itself and transforms inside.
4. Adult Butterfly – The butterfly emerges with wings, ready to fly and lay eggs.
Some insects, like grasshoppers, go through incomplete metamorphosis, where they hatch as small
versions of the adult and grow bigger without changing shape.

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 Figure 5.3 Life Cycle of Butterfly
5. Endangered Animals
Some animals are endangered, meaning they are at risk of becoming extinct (disappearing forever).
This happens because of:
 Habitat loss – Forests and homes are destroyed.
 Hunting and poaching – People hunt animals for their fur, tusks, or meat.
 Pollution – Chemicals and plastic harm animals in the wild.
 Climate change – Changes in temperature and weather make survival harder.
Examples of Endangered Animals:
 Giant Panda – Lives in China; habitat loss threatens them.
 Tigers – Hunted for their fur and body parts.
 Sea Turtles – Affected by plastic pollution and poaching.
 Orangutans – Their rainforest homes are being cut down for palm oil farming.
How Can We Help?
 Protect animal habitats by planting trees and keeping the environment clean.
 Avoid buying products made from endangered animals.
 Reduce, reuse, and recycle to cut down on pollution.
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Figure 5.4 Endangered Species

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Activity of Animal Life Cycle

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 Unit 6 - Human development

Humans go through different stages in life, changing as they grow older. These changes
affect our bodies, thoughts, and abilities.

1. Life Cycle of a Human

Humans go through five main stages in their life cycle:
1. Baby (Infant) – A newborn is small and needs care, food, and sleep to grow.
2. Childhood – Children grow stronger, learn new skills, and start school.
3. Adolescence (Teenager) – Puberty happens, causing body changes and emotional growth.
4. Adulthood – Adults are fully grown, can have jobs, and may start families.
5. Old Age – Older adults slow down, may have health changes, and need extra care.

Figure 6.1 Human Life Cycle

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2. Changes in Childhood
Childhood is when the body grows quickly, and children learn new things.
 Physical Changes – Grow taller, lose baby teeth, and gain strength.
 Skills Development – Learn to walk, talk, read, and write.
 Emotional Growth – Learn how to express feelings and make friends.
3. Changes During Puberty
Puberty happens during the teenage years when the body changes from a child to an adult.
 Growth Spurt – Bones and muscles grow quickly.
 Body Changes – Voice deepens (boys), hips widen (girls), and body hair grows.
 Emotional Changes – Mood swings and stronger feelings develop.
 Reproductive Changes – Boys start producing sperm, and girls begin their menstrual cycle.
4. Changes in Adulthood
Adulthood is when a person is fully grown and responsible for their own life.
 Physical Changes – Body stops growing, but strength and energy levels change.
 Responsibilities – Adults have jobs, take care of families, and make important decisions.
 Reproductive Maturity – Adults can have children.
5. Changes in Old Age
As people grow older, their bodies and minds go through more changes.
 Slower Movements – Muscles and joints become weaker.
 Memory Changes – Some older adults may forget things more easily.
 Health Concerns – More likely to need help with medical care.
 Wisdom & Experience – Older adults share their knowledge with younger generations.

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