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Presented By: Science, Technology
Group 1 and Society

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 What is Industrial
revolution?
The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century were major changes in agriculture,
manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions.

The Industrial revolution took place in Britain, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and
eventually the world. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history in almost every aspect of
human life.

Industrial revolution can also be described in the words of Nobel Prize winning Robert E.Lucas, Jr. as he states:
For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo
sustained growth. Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before.
 why did industrial
revolution start?
Pre-Industrial Fear of Crop Need for Enhanced
Manufacturing Failure Production
Before the Industrial revolution manufacturing People lived in fear that the crops Hence machines were introduced to enhance the
took place in homes or rural areas and it was they grew might fail, as many of effective Production. Industrial revolution
done by hand. Some products made at home them already suffered from specifically emerged from Britain because it had
(including clothing, furniture, tools, cloth, malnutrition. In addition, diseases natural resources like coal, iron ore and
hardware, jewelry, leather, silverware, and and other epidemics were developed farmlands. It also had a stable
weapons) were even exchanged for food. unfortunately common. population growth due to the boosting
agricultural system.

Causes of Industrial Revolution

Collectively there were many major factors that contributed to the Industrial revolution. The urge to
increase the quality of human like, to make technological advancement led to the causes of the
Industrial revolution. But there are three most important causes of Industrial revolution were:
. Dependency on technology
. Impact of education
. Protestant Reformation
STEAM
ENGINES
Steam Power
Steam power was fuelled by coal, utilization of water
wheels and powered machinery. Development of all-
metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th
century facilitated the manufacture of production.

Spread of
Industrialization
Effects spread throughout Western Europ and North
America during the 19th century, affecting most of the
world, a process that continues as industrialization.
 STEAM ENGINES

James Watt Stephen’s ROBERT FULTON’S

Steam Engine Locomotive ‘STEAMBOAT’
Factory owners needed a way to The locomotive named "Butcher" that Fulton's steamboat was the first to
efficiently and cheaply produce the dragged 30 tons of materials till four
become a practical, financial, and
energy needed to power the industry. miles. This successful presentation
James Watt had the answer. A more cost- commercially successful steamboat.
marked the first steam locomotive
effective engine was required to make its journey made on a railroad that was
Fulton's steamboat was named
use widespread. specifically created for train use. 'Clermont'.
AGRICULTURAL
SECTOR Agricultural Revolution
Agricultural Revolution began in the early - 1700s
with an Englishman. Crop yields per acre were
increased by new knowledge about what
techniques would allow plants to grow and new
agricultural techniques.
New Tools and Processes
Fertilizers, minerals, and soil content were all
factors that started to be taken into account. New
tools, and processes were developed. New plows,
rakes, and other implements began to be used.

Impact on Food Production

These advancements led to increased food
production, which in turn supported a growing
population and fueled the Industrial Revolution.
 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

Jethro Tull Lord Townshed Robert Bakewel

Jethro Tull invented a Seed Drill which could Townshend discovered-or merely Bakewell's great innovation included
be pulled behind a horse. A seed drill sowed popularized, that if crops were grown in random breeding called 'in-an-in',
seeds that exactly positions the seeds in the rotation, the land could be kept in resulting in many different breeds with
soil and then covers them. It would sow seeds production with no loss of fertility. their own unique, but random,
in uniform rows repeatedly instead of the Townshend's method became known as characteristics. This breeding included
wasteful method of scattering seeds by hand. the Norfolk Crop Rotation system. both plants and animals.
Textile
The textile industry significantly grew during the
Industrial Revolution. Advancement was made
in use of machinery which was cheaper then

sector
products made by hand (which took a long time
to create), therefore allowing the cloth to be
cheaper to the consumer. In 1813, Francis Cabot
Lowell set up the first American textile factory.

ELI WHINTEY’S COTTON GIN

Cotton gin made cotton processing less
labor-intensive, it helped planters earn
greater profits, prompting them to grow
larger crops, which in turn required more
people.

THE SPINNING JENNY

James Hargreave's 'Spinning Jenny',
revolutionized the process of cotton
spinning. The machine used eight
spindles onto which the thread was spun,
so by turning a single wheel, the operator
could now spin eight threads at once.

JOHN KAY’S ‘FLYING SHUTTLE’

John Kay in 1733, formed the 'Flying
Shuttle'. The flying shuttle also allowed
the thread to be woven at a faster rate,
thus enabling the process of weaving to
become faster.
 MEDICINE SECTOR
There are many medical advances that occurred during the Industrial Revolution.
Some of these advancement included small pox vaccination, discovery of anesthetic,
discovery of X-ray, invention of aspirin and blood transfusion.

LOUIS PASTEUR ‘GERM

microbiology and medicine were:THEORY’
Louis Pasteur's main contributions to

Instituting changes in hospital/medical

practices to minimize the spread of disease by
microbes or germs. EDWARD JENNER
Discovering that weak forms of disease could be Edward Jenner confronted smallpox. He performed
used as an immunization against stronger forms an experiment by deliberately
and that rabies was transmitted by viruses too infecting a young boy with a dose of cowpox.
small to be seen under the microscopes of the
time. His experiment wouldn't be approved by ethics
committees today, but Jenner's discovery of
Louis Pasteur proved (by using a swan-necked flask) that immunization has saved more lives than perhaps any
germs cause disease. Before he made this discovery, other single discovery in medical science.
doctors had noticed bacteria, but they believed it was the
disease that caused the bacteria (the so-called theory of
'spontaneous generation') rather than the other way round..

This changed the treatment of disease forever.

Communication
Not only did the transport or medial sector evolve during
the period of Industrial revolution but also
improvements were made in communication.

sector Example :- In 1700 it took four days to contact from London to Manchester, but
in 1880 it took four hours. By 1902, the whole British Empire was linked
together by a network of telegraph cables called the 'All Red Line'.

SAMUEL F.B. ALEXANDER

‘TELEGRAPH’ GRAHAM BELL
‘TELEPHONE’
Samuel F.B. Morse's telegraph was patented in
The telephone and other innovations like the
1837. These telegraph cables reached from London
to Australia; messages could be flashed halfway microphone were reportedly developed By
around the globe in a matter of minutes, speeding Alexander Graham Bell in part to assist people
commercial transactions. with hearing loss.
IMPACT OF
INDUSTRIAL POSITIVE OUTCOME:

REVOLUTION - Infrastructure
- Modern Inventions
- Class Structure
- Erosion of gender inequality
Industrial Revolution consisted of both - Improvement in Education system
positive and negative aspects that impacted
Great Britain, its economy, and its people. NEGATIVE OUTCOME:
Positively, inventions such as the steam - Work Condition
engine, pushed Britain and other nations - Child labor
- Rural- Urban migration
towards manufacturing and engineering
- Increase in Population
prowess. Britain was by far the wealthiest - Pollution
nation, as it efficiently. This led to new
standards to form an industrial economy.

However with the Industrial revolution, came

many negative impacts too.
Child labor
during Industrial Revolution
In coal mines children had to crawl through
narrow underground
Passages as low as 16 to 18 inches in height.
86% 14%
Workforce in 1750 (Britain)

Workers under 14 yrs old = 86%

Workers over 14 yrs old = 14%
under 14 over 14 yrs
yrs old old
POLLUTION
The smog in 1873 killed over 700
people in London. However, the
largest air
pollution disaster in Britain was
the Great London Smog of
December 1952
which killed approximately 4,000
people.
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
TODAY
- Even in today's time we're
experiencing the Industrial Revolution.
Whether its war machines, modern
medicine or infrastructure, the effect
of Industrial revolution can be greatly
seen. Every technological
advancement made is a sign of
Industrial revolution.

One such example of the Industrial

Revolution is the Social Media or
Internet. The Internet is bringing a
revolution along with it.
Thank You
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY