19.

1) Algorithms (searching and sorting programs) FREE CS notes of Majid Tahir

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Syllabus Content:
19.1 Algorithms part:1 (Linear and Binary search, Bubble sort & insertion sort)

Show understanding of linear and binary searching methods

Notes and guidance
o Write an algorithm to implement a linear search
o Write an algorithm to implement a binary search
o The conditions necessary for the use of a binary search
o How the performance of a binary search varies according to the number of data
items
Show understanding of insertion sort and bubble sort methods
Notes and guidance
o Write an algorithm to implement an insertion sort
o Write an algorithm to implement a bubble sort
o Performance of a sorting routine may depend on the initial order of the data and the
number of data items

Linear Search:
Linear search is a method of searching a list in which each element of an array is
checked in order, from the lower bound to the upper bound, until the item is found, or
the upper bound is reached.

Linear search algorithm Pseudocode

DECLARE count, num As Integer
DECLARE found As Boolean = False
//Creating array to search intem (Free notes @ www.majidtahir.com)
DECLARE Mylist() As Integer = {4, 2, 8, 17, 9, 3, 7, 12, 34, 21}

OUTPUT ("Please enter any integer to be checked in List")

INPUT num
For count = 0 To 9
If item = Mylist(count) Then
found = True
End If
Next
If found = True Then
OUTPUT ("Item Found = ", num)
Else
OUTPUT ("Item Found is unsuccessful")
End If

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Sample VB program of linear search:

Dim count, num As Integer
Dim found As Boolean = False
Dim Mylist() As Integer = {4, 2, 8, 17, 9, 3, 7, 12, 34, 21}
Console.WriteLine("please enter an integer to be found")
num = Console.ReadLine()
For index = 0 To 9
If item = Mylist(count) Then
found = True
End If
Next
If found = True Then
Console.WriteLine("Item Found = " & item)
Else
Console.WriteLine("Item Found is Unsucessful")
End If

OUTPUT

Sample PYTHON program of linear search:

MyList = [4,2,8,17,9,3,7,12,34,21]
found = False
num=int(input("Please enter number to be found"))
for index in range(len(MyList)):
if MyList[index]==item:
found = True
if(found):
print ("item found")
else:
print("item not found")

OUTPUT

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Binary Search:
A binary search is most efficient if List is already sorted.
The value of the middle item in the list is first tested to check if it matches the required item,
and half of the list that does not contain the item is then discarded.
Then in next step, value is again checked from the middle in remaining half of list and if not
found again half of list is discarded. This is repeated until the item is found or nothing is left in
List to check.

Binary search takes far few comparisons compared to Linear search which checks each and
every item one by one.

Below is Identifier Table and Pseudocode for Binary Search Algorithm:

DECLARE mylist() As Integer = {11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, 110}
DECLARE upperbound, lowerbound, index, item : INTEGER
DECLARE found : BOOLEAN
upperbound = 10
lowerbound = 0
found = False
OUTPUT ("please input num to be found")
INPUT item
REPEAT
index = Int((upperbound + lowerbound) / 2)
IF item = mylist(index) THEN
found = True
ELSEIF item > mylist(index) THEN
lowerbound = index + 1
ELSE upperbound = index - 1
END IF
UNTIL (found = True) OR upperbound = lowerbound
IF found = True THEN
OUTPUT ("Item found: " & item)
ELSE
OUTPUT ("Item not found")
END IF

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Sample VB Program of Binary Search:

Dim mylist() As Integer = {11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, 110}
Dim upperbound, lowerbound, count As Integer
Dim item As Integer
Dim found As Boolean = False
upperbound = 10
lowerbound = 0
Console.WriteLine("please input num to be found")
item = Console.ReadLine()
Do
count = Int((upperbound + lowerbound) / 2)
If item = mylist(index) Then
found = True
ElseIf item > mylist(index) Then
lowerbound = index + 1
Else upperbound = index - 1
End If
Loop Until (found = True) Or upperbound = lowerbound

If found = True Then

Console.WriteLine("Item found: " & item)
Else
Console.WriteLine("Item not found")
End If

Python program for Binary Search

myList = [16, 19, 21, 27, 36, 42, 55, 67, 76, 89]
item = int(input("Please enter item to be found "))
found = False
lowerBound = 0
upperBound = len(myList) - 1
while (not found) and (lowerBound <= upperBound):
index = int((upperBound + lowerBound)/2)
if(myList[index] == item):
found = True
if item > myList[index]:
lowerBound = index + 1
if item < myList[index]:
upperBound = index - 1
if(found):
print("Item found")
else:
print("Item not found")

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Bubble Sort

When we have completed the first pass through the entire array, the largest value is in the
correct position at the end of the array. The other values may or may not be in the correct order.
We need to work through the array again and again. After each pass through the array the next
largest value will be in its correct position, as shown in Figure below.

In effect we perform a loop within a loop, a nested loop. This method is known as a bubblesort.
The name comes from the fact that smaller values slowly rise to the top, like bubbles in a liquid.

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Bubble Sort Algorithm:

DECLARE myList : ARRAYS[0:8] OF INTEGER = {70, 46, 43, 27, 57, 41, 45, 21, 14}
DECLARE upperBound, lowerBound, index, top, temp: INTEGER
DECLARE swap : BOOLEAN
upperBound LENGTH(myList())
lowerBound 0
top upperbound
REPEAT
FOR index = lowerBound TO (top – 1)
Swap FALSE
IF MyList [index] > MyList [index + l]
THEN Temp MyList[index]
MyList[index] MyList[index + 1]
MyList[index + 1] Temp
swaps TRUE
END IF
NEXT
top top – 1
UNTIL (NOT swap) OR (top = 0)

Bubble Sort Algorithm using PYTHON:

myList = [70,46,43,27,41,45,21,14]
top = len(myList)
swap = True
while (swap == False) or (top > 0):
for index in range (top - 1):
if myList[index] > myList[index+1]:
temp = myList[index]
myList[index] = myList[index+1]
myList[index+1] = temp
swap = True
top = top - 1
print (myList)

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Bubble Sort Algorithm using VB Console Mode:

In this tutorial, i will teach you how to create a program for bubble sorting using vb.net console.
We all know that bubble sort is a sorting algorithm that is repeatedly searching through lists that
need to be sorted, comparing each pair of items and swapping them if they are in the wrong
order.
Module Module1
Sub Main()
Dim myList() As Integer = New Integer() {70, 46, 43, 27, 57, 41, 45, 21, 14}
Dim index, top, temp As Integer
Dim Swap As Boolean
top = myList.Length - 1

Do
Swap = False
'LOOP can work fine without STEP also
For index = 0 To top - 1 Step 1 'STEP is a keyword to increment in loop
If myList(index) > myList(index + 1) Then
temp = myList(index)
myList(index) = myList(index + 1)
myList(index + 1) = temp
Swap = True
End If
Next
top = top - 1
Loop Until (Not Swap) Or (top = 0)
'Outpout The Sorted Array
For index = 0 To myList.Length - 1
Console.WriteLine(myList(index) & " ")
Next
Console.ReadKey()
End Sub
End Module

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Total Code Together: (Code can be copied and tried in VB)

Module Module1
Sub sorting(ByVal x() As Integer, ByVal upperbound As Integer) 'X() is declared array
Dim index, lowerbound, temp As Integer=
For index = 0 To upperbound - 1
For lowerbound = index + 1 To upperbound - 1
If x(index) > x(lowerbound) Then
temp = x(index)
x(index) = x(lowerbound)
x(lowerbound) = temp
End If
Next
Next
End Sub

Sub Main()
Console.WriteLine("Bubble Sorting")
Console.WriteLine()
Dim num, count As Integer
Console.Write("Enter Number of Elements: ")
num = CInt(Console.ReadLine)
Dim array(num) As Integer 'Array Made to insert values to be sorted
Console.WriteLine()

For count = 0 To num - 1 'LOOP to Insert Values in Array

Console.Write("Enter Element(" & (count + 1) & "): ")
array(count) = CInt(Console.ReadLine)
Next

Console.WriteLine()
Console.WriteLine("Inputted Elements")
Console.WriteLine()

For count = 0 To num - 1 'LOOP to Show Inserted Values

Console.WriteLine("Element in (" & count & "): " & array(count))
Next

Console.WriteLine()

sorting(array, num) 'SORTED Procedure applied on Array and Upperbound of Array

Console.WriteLine("Sorted Elements")
Console.WriteLine()

For i = 0 To num - 1 ' To Display Sorted Elements

Console.WriteLine("Element in (" & i & "): " & array(i))
Next
Console.ReadLine()
End Sub
End Module

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Output:

Insertion sort:
Imagine you have a number of cards with a different value printed on each card. How would you
sort these cards into order of increasing value?

You can consider the pile of cards as consisting of a sorted part and an unsorted part. Place the
unsorted cards in a pile on the table. Hold the sorted cards as a pack in your hand. To start with
only the first (top) card is sorted. The card on the top of the pile on the table is the next card to
be inserted. The last (bottom) card in your hand is your current card.

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Figure shows the sorted cards in your hand as blue and the pile of unsorted cards as white. The
next card to be inserted is shown in red. Each column shows the state of the pile as the cards
are sorted.

Insertion Sort Algorithm

Identifier Table for Insertion sort:

DECLARE myList : ARRAYS [ ] OF INTEGER = {70, 46, 43, 27, 57, 41, 45, 21, 14}
DECLARE upperBound, lowerBound, index, key, place, temp : INTEGER
upperBound LENGTH(myList())
lowerBound 0
top upperBound

FOR index = lowerBound + 1 TO upperbound

Key MyList [index]
Place index - 1
IF MyList [Place] > key
THEN
WHILE place >= lowerbound AND mylist[Place]> key
temp myList[place + 1]
myList[place + 1] myList[place]
myList[place ] temp
place place - 1
ENDIF
NEXT index

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DECLARE mylist() As Integer = {70, 46, 43, 27, 57, 41, 45, 21, 14}
DECLARE count As Integer 'to access array from left to right
DECLARE current As Integer ' to hold the current item to find place in sorted list
DECLARE position As Integer 'to track from left to right through the sorted list
DECLARE lowerbound As Integer = 0
DECLARE upperbound As Integer = LENGTH(myList())
FOR count = (lowerbound + 1) To upperbound 'starts with second item in array
current = mylist(count)
position = count

WHILE position >= 0 And mylist(position - 1) > current 'Loop Line where VB tries to
access position -1 in array
mylist(position) = mylist(position - 1)
position = position - 1
If position = 0 Then 'This code stops VB to go to postion (-1) in array
Exit While
End If
End While
mylist(position) = current
Next

For index = 0 To mylist.Length - 1

Console.WriteLine(mylist(index) & "")
Next

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Python program for Insertion Sort

myList = [4,46,43,27,57,41,45,21,14]
lowerBound = 0
upperBound = len(myList)
for index in range(lowerBound + 1, upperBound):
key = myList[index]
place = index -1
if myList[place] > key:
while place >= lowerBound and myList[place] > key:
temp = myList[place + 1]
myList[place + 1] = myList [place]
myList[place] = temp
place = place -1
myList[place + 1] = key
#output the sorted array
print(myList)

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Insertion sort in VB Console Mode:

Sub Main()
Console.WriteLine("Insersion Sort Program")
Dim mylist() As Integer = {70, 46, 43, 27, 57, 41, 45, 21, 14}
Dim count As Integer 'to access array from left to right
Dim current As Integer ' to hold the current item to find place.
Dim position As Integer 'to track the position in the sorted list
Dim lowerbound As Integer = 0

For count = lowerbound + 1 To mylist.Length - 1 'starts with 2nd item

current = mylist(count)
position = count

While position >= 0 And mylist(position - 1) > current 'Loop Line

where VB tries to access position -1 in array
mylist(position) = mylist(position - 1)
position = position - 1

If position = 0 Then ' stops VB to go to postion (-1) array

Exit While
End If
End While
mylist(position) = current
Next

For index = 0 To mylist.Length - 1

Console.WriteLine(mylist(index) & "")
Next
End Sub
Output:

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Python program for Insertion Sort

myList = [4,46,43,27,57,41,45,21,14]
lowerBound = 0
upperBound = len(myList)
for index in range(lowerBound + 1, upperBound): #Loops
starts at 2nd value
key = myList[index] #holds the next value
place = index -1 #holds the previous value
if myList[place] > key:
while place >=lowerBound and myList[place]> key:
temp = myList[place + 1]
myList[place + 1] = myList [place]
myList[place] = temp
place = place -1
myList[place + 1] = key
#output the sorted array
print(myList)

OUTPUT:

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Performance of Sorting Algorithms

As the number of elements in List increases, the time taken to sort the list increases. It has been
observed that when number of items in list increases, the performance of bubble sort
deteriorates faster than insertion sort

References:
Computer Science AS & A Level Coursebook by Sylvia Langfield & Dave Duddell
Computer Science Teacher’s Resource
Computer Science AS & A level by HODDER EDUCATION
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-kosUr1jtE
https://www.dotnetperls.com/dictionary-vbnet
http://www.worldbestlearningcenter.com/index_files/vb.net-example-insertion-sort.htm

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