SALT NO:1 LEAD ACETATE

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Colour: Colour of the salt is Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+

noted

2. Odour: The smell of the salt is Vinegar smell Presence of CH3COO—

noted

3. Flame T est:
To a little of the salt add
Conc:HCl in a watch glass and No characteristic flame colour Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
show the paste to the flame with
the help of glass rod

4. Ash Test:
To a little of the salt, cobalt No coloured ash Absence of Al3+, Zn2+ , Mg2+
nitrate and Conc: HNO3 is
added. Dip a filter paper and
burn it to ash

5. Dry heating test:

A little of the salt is heated in a Vinegar smell Presence of CH3COO—
dry test tube

6. Dil: sulphuric acid test:

A little of the salt is treated with
dil: H2SO4 No characteristic observation Absence of CO32-,SO32-,NO2-

7. KMnO4 test:
To a little of the salt, dil H2SO4 is Pink colour of KMnO4 was not Cl--, Br--, I—, C2O42- are absent
added, warmed and then a drop discharged
of KMnO4 solution added.

8. Conc: H2SO4 acid test: Colourless vapour with Vinegar Presence of CH3COO-
A little of the salt is treated with smell turns blue litmus red CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH
Conc: H2SO4 and heated

9. Test for nitrate:

A little of the salt is treated with No reddish brown vapour Absence of Nitrate (NO3--)
Conc H2SO4 and paper ball is
added to it

10.Test for Sulphate:

A little of salt solution is added No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate (SO42—)
with dil HCl and BaCl2 solution
11.Test for Phosphate: No yellow precipitate Absence of Phosphate( PO43—)
A little of salt solution is treated
with Conc: HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate solution

Confirmatory test for Acetate Reddish brown colour Presence of acetate (CH3COO-) is
1. Neutral ferric Chloride confirmed
An aqueous solution of the CH3COO+FeCl3Fe(CH3COO)3+Cl-
substance is treated with a few
drops of neutral FeCl3 solution Vinegar smell Presence of acetate (CH3COO-) is
confirmed
2. A little of the salt solution is CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH
treated with oxalic acid

Systematic Analysis of basic

radical (cation)
A stock solution of the substance
is prepared in water/dil.HCl

1. Group zero (NH4+) No ammonia smell Absence of group zero (NH4+)

A little of the stock solution is
warmed with NaOH

2. Group I (Pb2+) White precipitate Presence of group I (Pb2+)

A little of the stock solution is Pb2+ +2Cl- PbCl2
treated with dil.HCl

Confirmatory test of lead ( Pb2+) Yellow precipitate Presence of Lead (Pb2+) confirmed
a) To the stock solution of the Pb2+ +CrO42-- PbCrO4
substance add potassium
Chromate solution
Yellow precipitate soluble in hot Presence of (Pb2+) confirmed
b) To the stock solution of the water and reprecipitating as Pb2+ +2l- PbI2
salt add KI solution golden spangles on cooling

Result:
The given salt contains
Acid radical (anion):
Acetate (CH3COO-)
Basic radical (cation) :
Lead (Pb2+)
 SALT NO: 2 ALUMINIUM SULPHATE

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Colour: Colour of the salt is Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+

noted

2. Odour: The smell of the salt No characteristic smell Absence of CH3COO—or NH4+
is noted

3. Flame Test:
To a little of the salt add
Conc:HCl in a watch glass and No characteristic flame colour Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+ or Ba2+ ion
show the paste to the flame
with the help of glass rod

4. Ash Test:
To a little of the salt, cobalt Blue ash Presence of Al3+ ion
nitrate and Conc: HNO3 is
added. Dip a filter paper and
burn it to ash

5. Dry heating test:

A little of the salt is heated in A white residue glows on Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ , Mg2+, Al2+ may be
a dry test tube heating present

6. Dil: sulphuric acid test:

A little of the salt is treated
with dil: H2SO4 No characteristic change Absence of CO32--, CH3COO-,S2-

7. KMnO4 test:
To a little of the salt, dil H2SO4
is added, warmed and then a
drop of KMnO4 solution No characteristic change Absence of Cl--, Br--, I—
added.

8.Conc: H2SO4 test:

A little of the salt is treated No characteristic observation Absence of Cl-,Br-,I-
with Conc: H2SO4 and heated

Test for nitrate:

A little of the salt solution is
treated with Conc: H2SO4 and No characteristic observation Absence of Nitrate (NO3--)
paper ball is added to it
Test for Sulphate:
A little of salt solution is A white precipitate insoluble Presence of Sulphate (SO42—)
added with dil HCl and BaCl2 in Conc: HCl
solution

Test for Phosphate:

A little of salt solution is
treated with Conc: HNO3 and No yellow precipitate Absence of Phosphate( PO43—)
ammonium molybdate
solution

Confirmatory test for

Sulphate (SO42—)
1. To a little of salt solution, A white precipitate formed Presence of Sulphate ( SO42—
Lead acetate solution added confirmed
SO42+Pb(COOCH3)2PbSO4+2CH3COO-
Systematic Analysis of basic
radical (cation)
Salt is added with distilled
water and shaken, original
solution is prepared

1. A little of the original

solution is treated with NaOH No ammonia gas evolved Absence of group zero (NH4+)
solution

2. To a little of original No white precipitate Absence of group I (Pb2+)

solution dil. HCl is added

3. To the above solution, H2S No precipitate Absence of group II (Cu2+)

gas is passed

4. To a little of the original A white gelatinous precipitate Presence of group III (Al3+)
solution solid NH4Cl and formed AlCl3+3NH4OHAl(OH)3 +3NH4Cl
excess of NH4OH solution to
added
Confirmatory test for
Aluminium (Basic radical)

1. Lake test:
Dissolved the above white
precipitate in dil HCl and Blue precipitate floating in the Presence of Al3+confirmed
added two drops of blue colourless solution Al(OH)3+3HClAlCl3+3H2O
litmus solution. To this NH4OH AlCl3+3NH4OHAl(OH)3 +3NH4Cl
added dropwise till blue
colour formed
2. Ash test: Blue coloured ash is obtained Presence of Al3+confirmed
To a little of the salt added a
few drops of conc: HNO3 and
cobalt nitrate solution. A filter
paper dipped into this
solution is burnt to ash
Result:
The given salt contains
Acid radical (anion) :
2—
SO4
Basic radical (cation) :
Al3+
 SALT NO: 3 CALCIUM CHLORIDE
Experiment Observation Inference
Colour: Colour of the salt is colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+
noted
Odour: The smell of the salt No specific odour Absence of CH3COO—or NH4+
is noted
Flame Test:
To a little of the salt add
Conc:HCl in a watch glass and Brick red flame Presence of Ca2+
show the paste to the flame
with the help of glass rod
Dry heating test: A colourless gas having
A little of the salt is heated in pungent smell is evolved.
a dry test tube The gas gives white fumes Presence of Cl-
when a glass rod dipped in
aqueous NH3 is brought near
the mouth of the test tube
4. Ash Test:
To a little of the salt, cobalt No characteristic ash is Absence of Al3+,Zn2+,Mg2+
nitrate and Conc: HNO3 is formed
added. Dip a filter paper and
burn it to ash
Dil: sulphuric acid test:
A little of the salt is treated No gas evolved Absence of CO32--, SO32-,NO2-
with dil H2SO4
KMnO4 test: Pink colour of KMnO4 was
To a little of the salt, dil: discharged with evolution of Presence of Cl-
H2SO4 is added warmed and yellowish green gas having NaCl+H2SO4NaHSO4+HCl
then a drop of KMnO4 pungent smell 2HCl+[O] H2O+Cl2
solution is added

Conc: H2SO4 test:

A little of the salt is treated A colourless gas having Cl- may be present
with Conc: H2SO4 and heated pungent smell is evolved NaCl+H2SO4NaHSO4+HCl

Test for Nitrate:

A little of the salt is treated No brown fumes Absence of NO3-
with conc. H2SO4 and a paper
ball is added to it
Test for Sulphate: No white precipitate Absence of SO42-
A little of salt solution is
added with BaCl2 solution

Test for Phosphate:

A little of salt solution is No yellow precipitate Absence of Phosphate PO43—
treated with Conc: HNO3 and
ammonium molybdate
solution

Confirmatory test for

Chloride (Cl-)
1. A little of salt solution, is A white curdy precipitate is Presence of Cl- is confirmed
treated with dil:HNO3 and formed which is soluble in NaCl+AgNO3 AgCl+NaNO3
AgNO3 solution NH4OH AgCl+2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

2.Chromyl chloride test:

Add a pinch of K2Cr2O7 and Red oily vapour evolved which Presence of Cl- confirmed
conc :H2SO4 to the salt and gives a yellow ppt with lead
heated acetate

Systematic analysis of basic radical (Cations)

Analysis of basic radical
(cation)

1. Heat a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas is evolved NH4+ absent(group 0)

NaOH solution
Preparation of original
solution

Shake the salt with water Solution obtained Labelled as original solution
(OS)
2. To a little of the O.S add No precipitate formed Group I (Pb2+) absent
1ml dil HCl
3. To the above solution No black precipitate Group II (Cu2+) absent
passed H2S gas
4. To a little of the O.S solid No white gelatinous Group III (Al3+) absent
NH4Cl and excess of NH4OH is precipitate
added
5. To the above solution pass No white precipitate Group IV (Zn2+) absent
H2S gas
6. To a little of the O.S, solid white precipitate formed Presence of Group V
NH4Cl and excess of NH4OH (Ca2+, Ba2+ or Sr2+)
and (NH4)2CO3 solution Ca2++(NH4)2CO3CaCO3+2NH4Cl
added
Confirmatory test for Group
V (Ba2+ , Sr2+ or Ca2+)
To a little of the salt solution
add potassium chromate No yellow precipitate Absence of Ba2+
solution

To a little of the original

solution add ammonium No white precipitate Absence of Sr2+
sulphate solution
To a little of the original A white precipitate Presence of Ca2+ confirmed
solution, add ammonium Ca2++(NH4)2C2O4CaC2O4 +NH4+
oxalate and NH4OH
Flame Test:
To a little of salt add Brick red flame Presence of Ca2+ confirmed
Conc.HCl in a watch glass and
the paste is shown to flame
with the help of glass rod
Result:
The given salt contains

Acid radical (Anion):

Chloride (Cl-)

Basic radical (cation):

Calcium(Ca2+)
 SALT NO: 4 ZINC ACETATE
Experiment Observation Inference

1. Colour: Colour of the salt is Colourless Absence of Cu2+, Fe2+, Ni2+

noted

2. Odour: The smell of the salt is Vinegar smell Presence of CH3COO—

noted

3. Flame Test:
To a little of the salt add Conc:HCl
in a watch glass and show the No characteristic flame colour Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+
paste to the flame with the help
of glass rod

4. Ash Test:
To a little of the salt, cobalt
nitrate and Conc: HNO3 is Green coloured ash Presence of Zn2+
added. Dip a filter paper and burn
it to ash

5. Dry heating test:

A little of the salt is heated in a Vinegar smell Presence of CH3COO—
dry test tube

6. Dil: sulphuric acid test:

A little of the salt is treated with No characteristic observation Absence of CO32-,,NO2 ,S2--
dil: H2SO4

7. KMnO4 test:
To a little of the salt, dil H2SO4 is Pink colour of KMnO4 was not Cl--, Br--, I—, C2O42- are absent
added, warmed and then a drop discharged
of KMnO4 solution added.

8. Conc: H2SO4 acid test: Colourless gas with Vinegar Presence of CH3COO-
A little of the salt is treated with smell turns blue litmus red CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH
Conc: H2SO4 and heated

9. Test for nitrate:

A little of the salt is treated with
Conc: H2SO4 and paper ball is No reddish brown vapour Absence of Nitrate (NO3--)
added to it
10.Test for Sulphate:
A little of salt solution is added No white precipitate Absence of Sulphate (SO42—)
with dil HCl and BaCl2 solution

11.Test for Phosphate: No yellow precipitate Absence of Phosphate( PO43—)

A little of salt solution is treated
with Conc: HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate solution

Confirmatory test for Acetate

1. Neutral ferric Chloride Reddish brown colour Presence of acetate (CH3COO-) is
An aqueous solution of the confirmed
substance is treated with a few CH3COO+FeCl3Fe(CH3COO)3+Cl-
drops of neutral FeCl3 solution

2. A little of the salt solution is Vinegar smell Presence of acetate (CH3COO-) is

treated with oxalic acid confirmed

Systematic Analysis of basic

radical (cation)
A original solution of the
substance is prepared in
water/dil.HCl

1. Group zero (NH4+) No ammonical smell gas Absence of group zero (NH4+)
A little of the original solution is
warmed with NaOH

2. Group I (Pb2+) No white precipitate Absence of group I (Pb2+)

A little of the original solution is
treated with dil.HCl
3. To the above solution No black precipitate Group II (Cu2+) absent
passed H2S gas
4. To a little of the O.S, solid No white gelatinous Group III (Al3+) absent
NH4Cl and excess of NH4OH is precipitate
added
5. To the above solution pass white precipitate Group IV (Zn2+) present
H2S gas Zn2++H2S-ZnS+2H+
Confirmatory test for Zinc:
1) To a little of the original White precipitate soluble in Presence of Zn2+ confirmed
solution add NaOH solution excess of NaOH Zn2++2NaOH Zn(OH)2+2Na+
dropwise
2) To a little of the original
Bluish white precipitate Presence of Zn2+ confirmed
solution add potassium
Zn2++[Fe(CN)6]3-Zn2[Fe(CN)6]
ferrocyanide solution
3) Ash Test:
To a little of the salt, cobalt
nitrate and Conc: HNO3 is Green coloured ash Presence of Zn2+
added. Dip a filter paper and burn
it to ash

Result:
The given salt contains
Acid radical (anion):
Acetate (CH3COO-)
Basic radical (cation) :
Zinc (Zn2+)