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P3 Chapter 3 Trigonometric Functions

Chapter 3 covers trigonometric functions, specifically secant, cosecant, and cotangent, including their definitions, graphs, and properties. It also discusses trigonometric identities, inverse trigonometric functions, and provides examples and exercises for practice. The chapter emphasizes the relationships between these functions and their applications in solving equations and proving identities.

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6 views

P3 Chapter 3 Trigonometric Functions

Chapter 3 covers trigonometric functions, specifically secant, cosecant, and cotangent, including their definitions, graphs, and properties. It also discusses trigonometric identities, inverse trigonometric functions, and provides examples and exercises for practice. The chapter emphasizes the relationships between these functions and their applications in solving equations and proving identities.

Uploaded by

lianyanni011018
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Trigonometric
functions
Yanni Lian
3.1 Secant, Cosecant
and cotangent
Secant (sec), cosecant (cosec) and cotangent (cot)
are known as the reciprocal trigonometric functions
sec x = 1 / cos x (undefined when cos x = 0)
cosec x = 1 / sin x (undefined when sin x = 0)
cot x = 1 / tan x (undefined when tan x = 0)
cot x = cos x / sin x
3.1 Secant, Cosecant
and cotangent

example
Use your calculator to write down the values of:
sec 280˚
cot 115˚
ANSWER
3.1 Secant, Cosecant
and cotangent

example
Work out the exact values of:
sec 210˚
cosec 3π / 4
ANSWER
exercise
Find the exact value (as. an integer, fraction or surd) of each of the following:
cosec 90˚
cot 4π / 3
sec 225˚

Show that

where a and b are real numbers to be found.


3.2 Graphs of sec x, cosec x, and cot x
Sketch in the interval -180˚ ≤ x ≤ 180˚, the graph of y = sec x
First draw the graph y = cos x.
For each value. of x, the value of sec x is the
reciprocal of the corresponding value of cos x.
In particular: cos 0˚ = 1, so sec 0˚ =1;
and cos 180˚ = -1, so sec 180˚ = -1.
As x approaches 90˚ from the left, cos x is +ve but
approaches zero, and so sec x is +ve but becomes
increasingly large.

At x = 90˚, sec x is undefined and there is a vertical


asymptote. This is also true for x = 90˚
As x approaches 90˚ from the right, cos x is -ve but
approaches zero, and so sec x is -ve but becomes
increasingly large negative.
3.2 Graphs of sec x, cosec x, and cot x
The graph of y = sec x, x ∈ ℝ, has symmetry in
the y-axis and has period 360˚ or 2π radians. It
has vertical asymptotes at all values of x for
which cos x = 0

the domain of y = sec x is x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 90˚,


270˚, 450˚, ... or any odd multiple of 90˚
in radians the domain is x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ π/2, 3π/2,
5π/2, ... or any odd multiple of π/2
the range of y = sec x is y ≤ -1 or y ≥ 1
3.2 Graphs of sec x, cosec x, and cot x
The graph of y = cosec x, x ∈ ℝ, has period 360˚
or 2π radians. It has vertical asymptotes at all
values of x for which sin x = 0

the domain of y = cosec x is x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 180˚,


360˚, ... or any multiple of 180˚
in radians the domain is x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0, π, 2π, ...
or any multiple of π
the range of y = cosec x is y ≤ -1 or y ≥ 1
3.2 Graphs of sec x, cosec x, and cot x
The graph of y = cot x, x ∈ ℝ, has period 180˚ or
π radians. It has vertical asymptotes at all
values of x for which tan x = 0

the domain of y = cot x is x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0˚, 180˚,


360˚, ... or any multiple of 180˚
in radians the domain is x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0, π, 2π, ...
or any multiple of π
the range of y = cot x is y ∈ ℝ
3.2 Graphs of sec x,
cosec x, and cot x

example
Sketch the graph of y = 4 cosec x, -π ≤ x ≤ π
On the same axes, sketch the line y = x
State the number of solutions to the equation 4
cosec x - x = 0, -π ≤ x ≤ π
ANSWER
3.2 Graphs of sec x,
cosec x, and cot x

example
Sketch, in the interval o˚ ≤ x ≤ 360˚, the graph of
y = 1+ sec 2x
ANSWER
exercise
Describe the relationship between the graphs of:
y = tan (x + π/2) and y = tan x
y = cot (-x) and y = cot x
y = cosec (x + π/4) and y = cosec x
y = sec (x - π/4) and y = sec x

Sketch, in the interval -2π ≤ x ≤ 2π, the graph of y = 3 + 5 cosec x


Hence deduce the range of value of k for which the equation
3 + 5 cosec x = k has no solutions.
3.3 Using sec x,
cosec x, and cot x
You need to be able to simplify expression, prove
identities and solve equation involving sec x, cosec x
and cot x.

example
Simplify:
sin x cot x sec x
sin x cos x (sec x + cosec x)
ANSWER
3.3 Using sec x,
cosec x, and cot x
example
Prove that

Hence explain why the equation


has no solutions.
ANSWER
3.3 Using sec x,
cosec x, and cot x
example
Solve the equations:
sec x = -2.5
cot 2x = 0.6
in the interval o˚ ≤ x ≤ 360˚
ANSWER
exercise
Rewrite the following as powers of sec x, cosec x or cot x.

Using the definition of sec, cosec, cot and tan, simplify the
following expression: sec² x cos⁵ x + cot x cosec x sin⁴ x.
3.4 Trigonometric
Identities
You can use the identity sin²x + cos²x ≡ 1 to prove the
following identities.
1 + tan²x ≡ sec²x
1 + cot²x ≡ cosec²x

example
Prove that 1 + tan²x ≡ sec²x
Prove that 1 + cot²x ≡ cosec²x
ANSWER
3.4 Trigonometric
Identities

example
Given that tanA = -5/12, and that angle A is obtuse,
find the exact values of:
sec A
sin A
ANSWER
3.4 Trigonometric
Identities

example
Prove that identities:
ANSWER
3.4 Trigonometric
Identities

example
Solve the equation 2 cosec²x -9 = cot x in the interval
0˚ ≤ x ≤ 360˚.
ANSWER
exercise
Simplify each of the following expressions.
(1 - sin²x)(1 + tan²x)
(cosec x * cot x) / (1 + cot² x)
4cosec² 2x + 4cosec² 2x cot² 2x

Prove the following identities:


sec⁴ x - tan⁴ x ≡ sec² x + tan² x
(sec x - sin x)(sec x + sin x) ≡ tan² x + cos² x

Solve the following equations in the given intervals:


sec² x - (1 + √3)tan x + √3 = 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
cosec² x + 1 = 3 cot x, -180˚ ≤ x ≤ 180˚
3.5 Inverse
Trigonometric
Functions
You need to understand and use the inverse
trigonometric functions arcsin x, arccos x and arctan
x and their graphs.
The inverse function of sin x is called arcsin x.
The domain of y = arcsin x is -1 ≤ x ≤ 1
The range of y = arcsin x is -π/2 ≤ arcsin x ≤ π/2
or -90˚ ≤ arcsin x ≤ 90˚
3.5 Inverse
Trigonometric
Functions
Example
Sketch the graph of y = arcsin x

Step 1:
Draw the graph of y = sinx, with the restricted domain
of -π/2 ≤ x ≤ π/2.
Restricting the domain ensures that the inverse
function exists since y = sinx is a one-to-one function
for the restricted domain. Only one-to-one functions
have inverses.
3.5 Inverse
Trigonometric
Functions
Example
Sketch the graph of y = arcsin x

Step 1:
Reflect in the line y = x
The domain of arcsin x is -1 ≤ x ≤ 1; the range is
-π/2 ≤ arcsin x ≤ π/2.
Remember that the x and y coordinates of
points interchange when reflecting in y = x.
For example: (1, 2) --> (2,1)
3.5 Inverse
Trigonometric
Functions
The inverse function of cos x is called arccos x.
The domain of y = arccos x is -1 ≤ x ≤ 1
The range of y = arcsin x is 0 ≤ arccos x ≤ π or 0˚
≤ arccos x ≤ 180˚
3.5 Inverse
Trigonometric
Functions
The inverse function of tan x is called arctan x.
The domain of y = arctan x is x ∈ ℝ
The range of y = arcsin x is -π/2 ≤ arctan x ≤ π/2
or -90˚ ≤ arcsin x ≤ 90˚
3.4 Trigonometric
Identities

example
Work out, in radians, the values of:
arcsin (√2/2)
arccos (-1)
arctan (√3)
ANSWER
exercise
Given that p = 2 sec x and q = 4 cos x, express p in terms of q.

Solve, in the interval 0˚ ≤ x ≤ 360˚.


sec (2x - 15˚) = cosec 135˚

Prove that
Thanks for
listening

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