10 Conversion Factors and Other Tables

Despite the existence of SI units and standards (ISO, DIN, etc), the literature contains a multitude of
dimensional units. The units cited in the literature have, in most cases, been retained in this book in order
to make comparison with the original source easier. The tables given in this chapter enable the reader to
perform the conversions. In the man-made fiber and textile industry, many other non-standard units, are
used, e.g., m/min, dtex = den: 0.9, Nm or Ne. Some of these have once again been officially adopted in
various countries. For specific (i.e., linear density based) tenacity alone, one finds more than twelve
different units in the literature. The differences are not only country-specific, but also depend on the
author and the topic discussed. In many cases, the material density (mostly in g/cm3) is involved in the
tenacity calculation, thereby introducing a variation of ±2%, depending on source.
This chapter provides a collection of conversion formulas for spinning data, solution viscosities and
stoichiometric formulas, as well as the Mollier i, x diagram for air conditioning calculations and physical
and chemical properties of important monomers, solvents and polymers. Sometimes the data cited in the
literature contains significant discrepancies; in such cases, two values or ranges are quoted here.
Table 10.1 Decimal Definitions and SI Units [1]
Prefixes for SI I
Units Factor Prefix Symbol Usual name
Germany/England USA/France

1018 exa E trillion quintillion

1015 peta P billard quadrillion
1012 tera T billion trillion
109 giga G milliard billion
106 mega M million million
103 kilo k thousand thousand
102 hekto h hundred hundred
101 deka da ten ten
10-1 deci d tenth tenth
10 ~ 2 centi c hundredth hundredth
10~ 3 milli m thousandth thousandth
10 ~ 6 micro |i millionth millionth
10 ~9 nano n milliardth billionth
10~ 1 2 pico p billionth trillionth
10 ~ 15 femto f billiardth quadrillionth
10~ 1 8 atto a trillionth quintillionth

SI Units
Physical unit Physical unit
Symbol Name Name Symbol

Basic units
I length meter
m mass kilogram
t time second
/ electrical current ampere
T thermodynamic temperature kelvin
/v luminous intensity candela
n reaction quantity mole
Supplementary units
a, P, y plane angle radian
a), Q solid angle steradian
Derived units
F force newton
E energy, work, heat joule
P power watt
p pressure, stress pascal
v frequency hertz
Q electric charge coulomb
U electrical potential volt
difference, voltage
R electrical resistance ohm
G electrical conductance Siemens
C electrical capacitance farad
e relative permittivity
<I> magnetic flux weber
L electrical self-inductance, henry
magnetic conductance
B magnetic flux density tesla
Ov luminous flux lumen
Ev illumination lux
- radioactivity becquerel
- radiation dose gray
Table 10.2 Dimensional Conversion Factors

Length

Work, energy, heat

Area

Power

Volume

Density

Mass (weight)

Time

Force

Specific heat

Pressure

Velocity, speed
Flow rate Breaking length under own weight (=Rkm)

Filament diameter (round only)

Thermal conductivity

Production capacity (in the fiber industry): 340

daysjy x 24 x h/d
Heat transfer coefficient

Linear density (fineness, titer) Temperature

Leakage rate

Square-woven wire mesh

Dynamic viscosity

Solution viscosity
Kinematic viscosity

Specific tenacity, elastic modulus

 Table of Solvents, Test Conditions and Huggins Constants

Polymer Index* Test conditions K = Huggins constants

PA 6, PA 66 1 Sulfuric acid (96%), 1 g/dl, 25 0 C 0.25

2 Formic acid (90%), 1 g/dl, 25 0 C 0.25
3 m-Cresol, 1 g/dl, 25 0 C 0.22
4 Formic acid(90%), ASTM D 789
PET 1 Phenol/tetrachloroethane (1:1), 0.5 g/dl, 20 0 C 0.35
2 Phenol/tetrachloroethane (1:1), 0.5 g/dl, 25 0 C 0.35
3 Phenol/tetrachloroethane (6:4), 0.5 g/dl, 25 0 C 0.37
4 m-Cresol, 1.0 g/dl, 20 0 C 0.27
5 Phenol/ 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1:1), 0.5 g/dl, 25 0 C 0.35
PP 1 Decalin, 0.1 g/dl, 135 0 C 0.29
2 2.15 daN (kg), 230 0 C (MFI test)

*see Figs. 10.1 and 10.2 [2]

•lreM.2.3
(dl/g) (dl/g)
T|intr.

'•v- =rlintr.
Lv=

T]reK
Fig. 10. 2 Conversion nomogram for PA 6
and PA 66 relative viscosity t]rei (for rjrel
indices, see Table 10.2 (solution viscosity))
Examples:
rjreh (sulfuric acid) = 2.50 -> ^ 1 4 (ASTM
789) = 40
Fig. 10. 1 Conversion nomogram for PET intrinsic viscosity IV (For *7rei3 (m-cresol) = 3.80 -> f/rel2(formic
IV indices, see Table 10.2 (solution viscosity)) acid) = 3.14
Examples: nrel4 (ASTM 789) = 85 -* ^rei3(m-
0
IV2 (Ph/TCE, 1:1, 25 C) = 0.750 -* IV4(m-cresol) = 0.610 cresol) = 4.05
Table of Stoichiometric Formulas, etc.

Gas density = Z individual gas densities

e.g., (H2 = 0.09 g/dm3) + (CI2 = 3.17 g/dm3) = (0.045 + 1.585)= 1.63 g/dm 3 HCl

Molar volume = — = 22.4 dm3 for gases (in above example: 36.5/1.63 = 22.4)
weight per liter
Molecular weight = sum of individual atomic weights, e.g., HCl = 1 . . . . + 35.5 . . . = 36.5 ...
1 mole = molecular weight in g; e.g., 1 mol. HCl = 36.5 g HCl
1 mol./m3 solvent = kg/m 3 = g/dm 3
1 g-equivalent = 1 mol./valency. E.g., I g - equiv. sulfate ion = 96:2 = 48 g SO^"
1 g - equiv. Al ion = 26.98:3 = 8.99 Al 3+
pH value = hydrogen ion concentration
Equivalent acids and alkalis pH Merck indicator
1 n hydrochloric acid O
n/1000 hydrochloric acid 3 dark red
Pure water 7 yellow green
Sea water 8.3
10 violet
1 n sodium hydroxide 14
Water chalk content 5 10 15 20 25 g/1001
German hardness scale = 1 . . . 7 8 ... 12 1 3 . . . 17 1 8 . . . 22 250GH
1 ° GH = 10 mg CaO/1 H2O = 1.25 ° English H = 1.79 ° French H
(here the total salt content is calculated as CaO equivalent)
Atomic weight x spec, heat = atomic heat = 25.978 J = 6.2 cal.

Table 10.3 Molecular Weights of Raw Materials [2]

Substance Formula M

Acetaldehyde 44.05
Acetylene 26.04
Acrylonitrile 53.06
Adipic acid 146.14
AH salt 262.35
Benzene 78.11
Caprolactam 113.16
Diglycol terephthalate 254.23
Dimethyl terephthalate 194.19
Ethylene 28.05
Ethyleneglycol 62.07
Formaldehyde 30.03
Urea 60.06
Hexamethylenediamine 116.21
Hexamethylenetetramine 140.19
Carbon dioxide 44.01
Carbon monoxide 28.01
Melamine 126.12
Methane 16.04
Methanol 32.04
Oxalic acid 90.04
Phenol 94.11
Propylene 42.08
Oxygen 32.00
Terephthalic acid 166.13
Toluene 92.14
Vinyl chloride 62.50
Water 18.02
Xylene 106.17
Table 10.4 Definition of Yarn Types According to Spinning and Drawing Speed

Spinning Drawing/winding Symbol Description Examples

speed speed
(m/min) (m/min)

1 0 . . . 100 3 0 . . . 300 LLOY Slowly spun yarn Wet spinning, compact spinning
300... 2000 a) as per spinning LOY Low orientation yarn Classical melt spinning
speed
b) drawn at RDY Mechanically fully BCF, tire yarn
1000... 3500 drawn yarn
1700... 2800 MOY Middle orientation yarn
3000... 4000 POY Partially oriented yarn PET POY
... 6000 POY PA POY
4500 HOY Highly oriented yarn
5000... 8000 FOY (Almost) completely PET FOY
(spun) drawn yarn
Each x draw ratio ROY (Mechanically) fully PA ROY, etc.
drawn yarn* e.g., with godets

*either continuously drawn at spinning or processed in 2 stages, e.g., LOY spun yarn drawn on a draw twister
Abbreviations: L = low, M = middle, P = partially, H = high, F = MIy; R = ready,
BCF = bulked continuous filament, O = oriented, Y = yarn
For single filament titer dependence, see Fig. 10.3

monofils
(filament diameter (um)
decitex per filament

thick (coarse)
filaments

carpet-

coarse wool-

wool types-
fine wool-

cotton types
fine-

micro-

supermicro- Fig. 10. 3

Filament and fiber types according to filament
fineness (decitex per filament)
Table 10.5 Abbreviations for Fibers, Polymers, Pre- and Intermediate Products [20, 21, 22]

Fibers and polymers Abbreviation ace. to Fibers and polymers Abbreviation ace. to
BISFA* DIN 7728 BISFA* DIN 7728
(plastics) (plastics)

Natural fibers Synthetic fibers continued

Cotton CO Polyarylether ketone PEEK
Flax (linen) LI Polybutylene terephthalate PBT
Wool (also W) WO Polyester PES SP
Mulberry silk Ms (saturated)
Silk SE Polyethylene PE PE
Polyethylene terephthalate PET
Chemical Fibers Polyether sulphone PES
Acetate CA AC Polyimide PI PI
Alginate ALG Polyoxyamide POA
Cupro CUP Polypropylene PP PP
Elastodiene (rubber) ED Polypropylene, chlorinated PP-C
Lyocell CLY Polyurethane PUR
Modal CMD Polytetrafluorethylene PTFE PTFE
Nitrocellulose CN Polyvinylalcohol PVA PVAL
Protein PROT Polyvinylchloride CLF PVC
Triacetate CTA CTA Polyvinylchloride, chlorinated PVC-C
Viscose CV Polyvinylidene chloride CLF PVDC
Polyvinyl fluoride PVF
Polyvinylate PVAL
Synthetic fibers
Acrylonitrile AN
Aramid AR Inorganic
Chlorofiber CLF Carbon fiber CF
Elastane (Spandex) EL Glass fiber GF
Fluorofiber PTFE Metal fiber MTF
Modacrylic MAC Silica fiber SF
Polyacrylonitrile PAN Asbestos AS
Polyamide (with additional PA PA
numbering of PC atoms in *BISFA = Bureau International pour Standardisation des
amine and acid) Fibres Artificielles (Section 9.1.2)

Abbreviations for Pre-products, Intermediate Products and Auxiliary Agents

ACN Acrylonitrile (also AN) DMF Dimethyl formamide

. . . -Ac ... acetate DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide
AH salt Hexamethylene diamine DMT Dimethyl terephthalate
adipic acid (nylon 6.6 salt) HP-TPA High purity TPA
AIBN Azoiso butyronitrile MDI Diphenyl methane-4,4/diisocyanate
BG Butylene glycol MP-TPA Middle purity TPA
BT Butylene terephthalate NMP N-methyl pyrrolidone
CHDM 1,4-cyclohexane dimethylol PTMEG Polyether glycol
-COOH Carboxyl end group TDI Toluene diisocyanate
CL e-Amino caprolactam TEG Triethylene glycol
DAB 1,4 diamino butane THF Tetrahydrofuran
DGT Diglycol terephthalate TPA Terephthalic acid
DMAC Dimethyl acetamide VAC Vinyl acetate
Table 10.6 Formulas for Spinning, etc.
Spinning throughput

(g/min) = 1 0 4 (dtex) • i • (m/min) (m/min) = 104(g/min • • • i~* • (dtex)" l

(kg/h) = 6 • 10 ~ 6 • (dtex) • i • (m/min) (m/min) = 107 (kg/h • i~ l • (dtex)" l /6
(dtex) = 104 (g/min) • i~* • (m/min) ~* i = draw ratio
(dtex) = 106 (kg/h) • i " * • (m/min)" */6 1 t/a = 0.123 kg/h
6
10 lbs./y = 55.5 kg/h 4 1330 kg/d

Extrusion velocity (in the spinneret capillary)

vB (m/min) = 4 (g/min)B/7i d | (mm)p (g/cm 3 ) with p = melt density (g/cm3)

ySpm dra//1 (^pm stretch ratio)

*sP = ^F/^B Indices: B = spinneret

F = filament

Spin finish application

With spin finish applicator and dosing pump: With kiss roll: correction of oil pick-up:
(g/min)L = (g/min)F • a(%)/cL(%) n 2 /ni = (a 2 /al )2/3
L = solution or emulsion 1 = actual, 2 = target
a (%) = oil pick-up of the fiber Comment: correction does not take into account the water
c L = solution or dispersion concentration pick-up. When using 2 rolls, each roll is corrected individually
according to the formula

Winding

- Package circumferencial velocity u (m/min): V1 (m/min) = traverse speed

u (m/min) = y/v^ — v\ = 2 DH {m\n~l)b (m)
— Helix angle DH (min" l ) = no of double strokes
tan a = 4 DH b/vF b (m) = traverse stroke

Twisting

T (twists/m yarn) = n (spindle, r/min)/i?F (m/min)

Note whether S- or Z twist is required (see Fig. 3.32)

False twist texturizing

250 00Of
r f = 1.0 for conventional texturizing
-Titer(dtex) + 40(tW1StS/m) = 1.1... 1.2 for simultaneous draw texturizing
For formulas by other authors, see Table 9.14, p. 744

Textile testing

Conversions: dtex = den/0.9 Tenacity (based on linear density, max. force):

tex =9.1 den o (cN/dtex) = 0.98cr (g/dtex) = 0.88<7 (g/den)
Nm =10000/dtex = 0.098o-(kg/mm2)//> (g/cm 3 )
= 0.01(7 (N/mm 2 )/p (g/cm 3 )
p — density (g/cm3)
Table 10.7 Statistics [2]

Without class intervals

x = average value s = standard deviation

Xi = individual value CV — coefficient of variation [%]
n = number of individual values U = linear non-uniformity [%]
s2 = variance

With class intervals

x = average value xa = average of class m = 0 as assumed average

m = interval number
fm = class frequency n = Y^ fm total number of individual values
d = interval width

Confidence interval of average

fji — true average s = standard deviation

x = calculated average n = number of individual values
q = distance of the confidence limit from x t = factor (depends on statistical confidence S and n)

n= 4 5 7 10 15 25 100 oo

5 = 95%, t= 3.18 2.78 2.45 2.26 2.15 2.06 1.98 1.96

5 = 99%, t= 5.84 4.60 3.71 3.25 2.98 2.80 2.63 2.58
Table 10.8 Pre-Products, Solids: Properties

Units AH salt, nylon 66, salt [3], 8-caprolactam [4, 5] Dimethylterephthalate Terephthalic acid
hexamethylene diamine adipic acid DMT [6, 12] TPA
[7,8]

i
Formula

O
O ^
O ^
UU

UU U
OU U
£ K ffi1

K
O
O
+

^ I I

8
H
O
O
U
Molecular weight g/mol 262.34 113.16 194.18 166.13
Density g/cm3 62% aqueous solution: At 80°C: 1.0135 At 20 0 C: 1.35 Bulk density: 1.066
90 °C 1.082 1000C: 1.0083 15O 0 C: 1.08
crystalline: 1.2014 1200C: 0.9829 18O0C:
0
Melting (solidification) point C 202 ... 205 on evolution of water (69.2) (140.63 ... 140.64) 425 (in sealed tube)
0
Boiling point C 268.5 282
Delivery As salt: H2O content < 0.5% Water content < 0.05% In 40- or 100-kg Water content < 0.2%
As 40% aqueous solution Molten: in heated Molten: in 40 kg sacks or
tank wagons heated tank wagons 1 t or 23 t containers
Appearance, particle size White salt White, crystalline white powder
flakes (hygroscopic). 100...200...600 urn
Molten; clear, colorless; particle size
characteristic smell
pH value (10% solution in H2O, 25 0C)
Specific heat kJ/kg K 62% solution: 3.02 at 2 0 . . . 60 0C: 1.34 at 1400C: 1.47
crystalline: 1.67 80 0 C: 2.14 1410C: 1.74
1500C: 2.34
Thermal conductivity W/mK 62% solution: 0.420 at 35 0C: 0.104
crystalline: 0.275 at 7 6 . . . 183 0C: OJ 4
Heat of fusion (melting) kJ/kg 124 159.1
Heat of polymerization W/kg 140
Heat of vaporization kJ/kg At 1050C: 628 At 1700C: 342.5
168 0C: 574
268 0C: 481
Heat of combustion kJ/kg 31900

(Continued on next page)

Table 10.8 {Continued): Pre-products, Auxiliary Agents, Fluids: Properties

Units Acrylonitrile Dimethylformamide Dimethylacetamide Ethylene glycol

[9] AN [10, 13] DMF [24] DMAC [23] EG
Formula C3H3N HCON(CH2)2 (CH3)2-N-CO-CH3 HO(CH2)2OH
CH2=CH-CH
Molecular weight g/mol 53.06 73.1 87.12 62.07
3 0 0
Density g/cm 0.806(20 C) 0.9445 (25/4 C) 0
0.945 (15.6 C) 1.1133...1.1140(20 0 C)
Solidification (melting) point °C -83.1 -61 -20 + 11...12
Boiling point °C 77.3 153 166.1 196...199
Delivery Liquid, having With < 0.02% H2O With <0.02%H2O With < 0.1% H2O in iron or PE barrels
0.2... 0.5% H2O (220 kg) or in tankers (not galvanized)
Appearance Clear, colorless,
slightly volatile,
typical odor
pH value 5% aqueous
solution: 6.0... 7.5
Specific heat kJ/kg K 2.315 (200C) 2.3 (2O 0 C)
0
Thermal conductivity W/mK 0.1742(22.2 C) 0.29
Heat of evaporation kJ/kg 498
Dynamic viscosity Cp 0.35 (200C) 0.92 (25 0C) 0.19 (20 °C)
Vapor pressure mbar 0
0.1 (20 C) 197.3 0
(100 C) 2.7(25 0 C) <0.1 (20 °C)
11.8 ( 4O 0 C)
4.87 ( 25 °C)
0.86 ( 0 0 C)
Explosion limits Vol. % 3.0/17 2.2/15.2 3.0/
(in air, upper/lower) At % O2 3
(in N2)
0
Flame point C -1 (in a closed kettle) 63... 70 119
Ignition temperature 480 490 410
Refractive index 1.3882... 1.3891
Impurities (excluding water) ppm <380 <100
Comment: For additional properties, see original sources (manufacturers' catalogs), chemical analyzes, etc. {Continued on next page)
Table 10.8 (Continued): Important Properties of Polymers, Yarns and Fibers [12]

Polyamide PA 6l) PA 66
Repeat unit -(C 6 H 1 1 ON) x - -(C 6 H 14 N 2 + C 6 H 8 O 2 ) n -
Relative solution viscosity rjrei (in n-H2SO4) 2.4 | 2.7 | 3.3 2.5
TiO2 pigment [%] 0.03... 0 . 3 . . . 1.6 0.03
3
Density [g/cm ] 1.13... 1.14 | 1.14 1.14
Melting point range [0C] 215 . . . 220 255 . . . 260
Molecular weight [g/mol.] 12000 | I 25 000
Heat of fusion [J/g] 95 . . . 100 7 0 . . . 75
0
Specific heat (20 C) [J/g K] 1.5 . . . 1.7 1.6 . . . 1.7
Extractables [%] ^0.6 | =£0.6 | ^0.2 ^0.1
Melt spinning range [0C] 260... 280 | 270... 300 280... 300
Melt density [g/cm3] 0.95 . . . 0.99 0.98
Melt viscosity (at 290 0C) [Pa • s] 50 | 100 | 160 5 0 . . . 60

Yarns and fibers

Moisture content [%] ~ 0.5 or < 0.08 ^ 0.08
Delivered, ready for spinning < 0.08 < 0.52)
at 20 °C/65% RH 3.5 . . . 4.5 3.5 . . . 4.5
/100% RH 9...10 9...10
Extractables [%] ^2 | <0.8 | <0.2 <0.5

1) See also Fig. 10.4

2) Only for spinning with a steam-blanketed grid melter

(Continued on next page)

solution viscosity (r\ re( )
spec, heat (kJ/kg0C)
density (g/cm 3 )

average
polymerisation degree

temperature (0C) temperature ( 0 C) average

molecular weight (X10 3 )
moisture content (%)
n.250°C lPa ' s)

Fig. 10.4
solution viscosity l f \ r o l ) time ( h ) Properties of PA 6 granulate [18]
Table 10.8 (Continued): Polyester Granulate [15] Polyethylene terephthalate)

Property Unit Value Test method 1

Specification - 1.36... 1.39 0.5% in phenol/o-dichloro-

Relative viscosity benzene in weight ratio 3 :2;
measurement temperature 25 0 C
BASF no.: 3101

Limiting viscosity [n], (IV) dl/g 0 . 6 4 5 . . . 0.690 Calculated using Huggins

constant IC = 0.35

Moisture content % BASF no.: 3201

- in bags, up to ca. 1000 kg max. 0.5
- delivered by large capacity trucks max. 0.1

Titanium dioxide content % 0.05 ... 0.07 BASF no.: 1403

Product characteristics meq/kg max. 30 BASF no.: 3121

COOH end groups

Color number (APHA) - max. 25 BASF No.: 3601

DEG content W/W % max. 1.1 BASF no.: 3702

Reflectance2) BASF no.: 3602

- lightness (Ry) % 6 0 . . . 67
- yellowness index (Rx - Rz) % 0... 4
Granulate size mm ca. 2,5 x 3.5 x

2.5 (cylindrical)

Specific chip number chips/g ca. 50

3) 4)
Oversized chips plus undersized chips % 0.2

General properties

0
Melting point C >259 BASF no.: 2301

Density (chip, fiber) g/cm 3 1.39

1}
Available
Bulk to customers on request
density kg/m 3 ca. 750
2)
Rx, Ry and Rz are the unconnected % reflectances measured using a tristimulus measuring instrument from Zeiss.
The color filters used are FMX/C, FMY/C and FMZ/C; the illumination is standard light source C.
3)
At least three times one of the given dimensions
4)
At most half of one of the given dimensions
Table 10.8 (Continued): Polypropylene Granulate for Fiber Production [16]

Mechanical and thermal properties of VESTOLEN® P polymers

Homopolymers

Property Test method Units 2000 2000 CR 3000 D 4000 5000 6000 7000
ISO DIN (X2618) (X4504) (X4144) (1200) (2200) (3200) (5200)

Melt flow index ISO 1133 DIN 53735

MFI 190/5: Proc. 18 Code T g/10 min 70 60 45 33 20 10 4
MFI230/2: Proc. 12 Code M g/10 min 40 35 25 20 13 7 2.5
MFI230/5: Proc. 20 Code V g/10 min ca. 160 ca. 140 ca. 100 80 50 30 10
0
Crystallite melting Polarization C 164... 164... 164... 164... 164... 164... 164...
temperature microscope 168 168 168 168 168 168 168
Density at 20 0 C ISO/R 1183 DIN 53479 g/cm 3
0.908 0.908 0.907 0.907 0.906 0.906 0.905

Impact strength ISO 179/2 D DIN 53453 kj/m 2 60 80 80 80 80 90 unknown

ace. to Charpy
Notched impact ISO 170/2 C DIN 53453 kJ/m 2 2 3 3 3 3 3.5 4.5
strength according norm, rod
to Charpy

Drawing tension ISO/R 527 DIN 53455 N/mm 2 42 38 40 40 38 36 34

Elongation Elongation
Tenacity at break rate D rate VI N/mm 2 35 30 30 30 30 30 30
Sample Sample
according size 3
Elongation at break to Fig. 1 % > 50 > 50 > 50 > 50 > 50 > 50 > 50

Hardness ISO 2039 DIN 53456 N/mm 2 90 83 85 85 83 82 76

(ball pressure) (H 358/30) (H 358/30)
Elastic modulus ISO 178 - N/mm 2 1700 1500 1600 1600 1500 1400 1300
Shear modulus ISO 537 DIN 53445 N/mm 2 850 750 800 800 750 700 650
Method A
3.5% bending stress ISO 178 DIN 53452 N/mm 2 42 38 40 40 38 35 33
Standard
sample 5.1

Vicat softening point ISO 306 DIN 53460

0
VST/B/50 C 105 100 100 100 100 100 100
Shape retention ISO 75 DIN 53461
0
under heating Method A C 60 55 55 55 55 60 55
0
Method B C 105 100 100 100 100 100 100
Linear expansion DIN 53752 K " 1 1.5-HT 1.5-HT 1.5 • 10" 1.5 • 10" 1.5-IO" 1.5 • 10~ 1.5 • 10~ 4
4 4 4 4 4 4

coefficient
Specific heat capacity Adiabatic kJ-kg" 1 . 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68
calorimeter K"1

Table 10.8 (Continued): PAN Powder (Example) [13, 14]

White powder
Bulk density 2 0 0 . . . 250 g/1 Carbon content 65.7... 67.4%
Particle size 5 . . . 40 urn Hydrogen content 5.45 . . . 5.90%
(average 2 0 . . . 30 urn) Comonomer content 5 . . . 14%
Molecular weight [M] 80 0 0 0 . . . 83 000 g/mol. Typical comononers Methacrylic acid or
K-value 90 ± 1 acrylic acid methyl ester,
Intrinsic viscosity 1.61 vinyl pyridene, itaconic acid
Ash content 0.1% (< 0.12%) or ester, vinyl acetate, etc.
Iron content < 0.0005% Acid number below 0.25 mg alkali/g PAN
Peroxide content < 0.001%
Nitrogen content 23.0... 24.1 % Water content < 0.7%
Sulfur content 0.27... 0.54%
Table 10.8 (Continued): Densities of Fibers from Various Polymers and Other Materials

Material Density (g/cm3) Material Density (g/cm3)

Acetate 2\ 1.32 Polyamide 11 1.04

Acetate, tri 1.3 Polyamide 12 1.08
Alginate 1.78 Polyaramid: Kevlar, Twaron 1.45
Asbestos, amphibole 3.1 Polyaramid: Kermel 1 1.34
Asbestos, chrysotile 2.5 Polyaramid: Nomex 1.38
Basalt 2.6 Polycarbonate 1.2
Cotton 1.54 Polyester: PET 1.38... 1.39
Boron 7.6 Polyester: PBT 1.35
Cupro 1.52 Polyether ketone 1.3
Elastane (Spandex) 1.14... 1.30 Polyethylene 0.94... 0.96
Flax 1.43... 1.52 Polyimide 1.41
Glass 2.45... 2.6 Polypropylene 0.9
Jute 1.45 Polytetrafluorethylene 2 . 1 . . . 2.3
Ceramic ca. 2.7 Polyvinyl alcohol 1.26... 1.30
Kodel 1.22... 1.23 Polystyrol 1.05
Carbon fiber: PAN black 1.40 Polyvinylidene chloride 1.68... 1.75
Carbon fiber: high modulus (HM) 1.91 Polyvinyl chloride 1.38
Carbon fiber: high tenacity (HT) 1.77 Polyvinyl chloride, post chlorinated 1.44
Steel (AISI 316 L) 7.9 Protein 1.3
Modacrylic 1.30... 1.42 Qiana (polyamide 472) 1.03
Polyacrylonitrile: homopolymer 1.17...1.19 Silk, raw, boiled off 1.37
Polyacrylonitrile: mixed polymer, 1.17...1.19 Silicon dioxide 1.8... 2.0
>85% PAN Titanium 4.5
Polyacrylonitrile: Dunova, 0.9 Viscose 1.52
water absorbent Whisker, C 1.9
Polyamide 6 and 66 1.14 Whisker, Fe 7.8
Polyamide 46 1.18 Wool 1.32
 moisture content [glkg)

(Qo) (qinq Ajp) ejnpjediuei JID

saturation temperature (wet bulb) ( 0 C )

Fig. 10.5 Mollier's ix-diagram [19]. vapor pressure (mbar)

(Psychrometric charts).
See Fig 6.10 for an explanation of how to use the diagram
Fig. 10. 5 (continued) Mollier's ix-diagram [19].
(Psychrometric charts)
dry bulb thermometer t in 0 C

detail Z

kPa-10'?bar
mm Hg
vapor pressure
References
1. Elias, Vohwinkel: Neue polymere Werkstoffe fur die industrielle Anwendung; 2. ed.; Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich,
1983
2. Taschenkalender; Karl Fischer Industrieanlagen GmbH, Berlin, Germany
3. BASF: Schrift "AH-SaIz"
4. BASF: Schrift "e-Caprolactam"
5. BASF, Ludwigshafen, DSM, Geleen/NL, Ems-Chemie, Domat-Ems/CH, Allied Chemicals, New York/USA
6. Hiils-Troisdorf AG: Prospectus "Faserrohstoffe", 1/2. 88
7. Amoco Chemicals Corp., Chicago, IL/USA
8. ICI Petrochemical Div., Wilton, Middlesborough, Cleveland/England
9. DSM, Geleen/NL: Prospectus "Acrylnitril"
10. Stabilized with 0.01% cyclohexyl di-hydroxybenzene or 0.01% hydroquinone
11. Monsanto Chemicals
12. BASF: Prospectus "Spinnrohstoffe" (in parts)
13. Fourne, F.: Synthetische Fasern; Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 1964
14. Farbenfabriken Bayer AG, 1962, Germany
15. BASF: Prospectus "Ultralen SP 37005", 1988 (crystallized during polymer manufacture; for the production of
bright textile yarns)
16. VEBA AG, Marl-Hiils
17. Courtaulds: Industrial Tow Products: Acrylic Precursors for the Carbon Fiber Industry, 1979
18. Balcke-Diirr Verfahrenstechnik GmbH., Rudisleben/Thiiringen, Germany
19. Krantz Lufttechnik, Aachen-Richterich, Germany
20. Stoeckhert, K., Woebcken, W.: Kunststoff-Lexikon; Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 1992
21. Bauer R., Koslowski, H. J.: Chemiefaser-Lexikon; Deutscher Fachverlag, Frankfurt 1993
22. DIN 7728, 1988; Beuth-Verlag GmbH, Berlin
23. Hoechst AG, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
24. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Industrial Chemical Dept.