Chapter 2: Radar Fundamentals

Solutions

2.1 The distance of the moon from the radar transmitter located on the surface of the earth is
m. Calculate the elapsed round trip time of a radar signal transmitted from radar
the antenna.

Solution:

2.2 Consider a low PRF pulsed radar with a PRF of 1500 pps and a bandwidth of 0.5 MHz.
Calculate the maximum unambiguous range, pulse width, range resolution, and the duty
factor.

Solution:

2.3 A C-band radar transmits a peak power of 1 MW at a frequency of 5.5 GHz with the pulse
length of 1 and the PRF of 200 Hz.
(a) Find the average transmitted power.
(b) Find the bandwidth and the range resolution of the radar.

Solution:
(a)

(b)
2.4 A pulsed radar has a PRF of 1500 pps and transmit rectangular pulse train of duration 15
. (a) What maximum range can a target have if no part of its first time around returned
echo is to overlap any part of the transmitted pulse? (b)What is the minimum distance of
separation so that targets can be identified?

Solution:
(a)

(b)

2.5 The speed of a missile toward a radar is 300 m/s. Assume an X-band radar operating at a
frequency of 12 GHz.
(a) Calculate the exact Doppler frequency at the receiver.
(b) Calculate the receiver Doppler frequency assuming .

Solution:
(a)

(b)

2.6 Assuming that the target is receding (opening), derive the expression for the Doppler shift

Follow the article 2.4 by assuming that the target is receding and thereby changing the polarity
of .

2.7 For an approaching (closing) target whose radial velocity is 300 m/s, find the Doppler shift
and the unambiguous range when the PRF is 8000 pps and the transmitting frequency is
15 GHz.

Solution:
2.8 Consider an S-band pulsed radar transmitting 250 kW of peak power with a pulse width of
1.5 and a PRF of 500 pps. The radar is transmitting at a frequency of 3000 MHz
(a) Calculate the maximum unambiguous range of this radar, range resolution, and duty
factor
(b) Calculate the average transmitted power and the energy radiated in first 10 ms.
(c) Calculate the Doppler shift for a target approaching the radar with a radial velocity of
30 m/s.

Solutions:
(a) The maximum unambiguous range, range resolution, and duty factor are calculated as
follows:

(b) The average transmitted power and the energy radiated in first 10 ms.

(c) The Doppler shift is calculated as

2.9 Find an expression for the Doppler shift when the radial velocity of the approaching target
is in km. Plot the Doppler frequency as a function of radial velocity of the target for
various transmitted frequencies.
Solution: Starting with Eq. (2.18), obtain the desired Doppler shift and plot the resulting
expression.

2.10 An L-band radar capable of transmitting a peak power of 500 W at 1000 MHz is designed
to provide an unambiguous range of 100 km and range resolution of at least 100 m.
a) Find the maximum required pulse width and the PRF.
b) Find the average transmitted power.

Solution:
(a)

(b)

2.11 An L-band radar operates at a frequency of 1500 MHz. Find the Doppler shift associated
with an outbound target moving at the velocity of 100 m/s when the target velocity
vector makes angle of , and with the radar line of sight. In each case, calculate
the time dilation factor.

Solution: For

and for

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Chapter 3: Radar Equations

Solutions
3.1 Calculate the maximum gain of an X-band antenna operating at 8 GHz and having a
diameter of 1 m. Repeat this problem with the diameter changed to 1.5, 2.0 m. Assume
with in each case.

Solution: We have

3.2 Calculate the maximum gain of 2 m radius antenna operating in the L-, S-, and C-bands.
Assume with in each case.

Solution: The maximum gain of an antenna is directly proportional to the maximum value in
corresponding band.
L-band:
S-band:
C-band:

3.3 Find the size of a circular aperture antenna of X-band radar operating at to
attain . Assume with in each case.

Solution: We have

3.4 An L-band radar operates at highest gain of 30 dB. The radar duty factor is 0.2 and the
average power transmitted is 30 kW. Find the size of the antenna and the power density
at a range of 55 km. Assume .

Solution: It can be shown that

where at
for obtaining maximum gain. Thus

Now
Therefore

3.5 An L-band radar operating at frequency 1.5 MHz with an antenna of gain 36 dB is
designed to obtain a single pulse minimum signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB. Assume the
receiver bandwidth of 4 MHz, RCS of 102, noise figure of 10 dB, and the maximum range of
120 km. Find the minimum detectable signal, the peak power, and the pulse width for this
radar.

Solution: We have

The minimum detectable signal is

The peak power and the pulse width of the radar

3.6 A C-band radar operating at a frequency of 6 GHz with an antenna having a gain of 50 dB
transmits a peak power of 1.5 MW. Assume the receiver bandwidth of 5 MHz, the
minimum output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)min of 20 dB, and the radar cross section of 0.2
m2 for this radar system. Find the maximum range for the receiver noise figure of 5 dB and
overall radar loss of 0 dB.

Solution:
From (3.18) we have

where
Thus

3.7 Consider a C- band radar operating at a frequency of 4.6 GHz that must provide a
minimum received signal power of 10-12 W. Assume that Pt = 10 kW, the antenna aperture
area is 2.0 m2, aperture efficiency is = 0.80, radar cross section is = 2 m2, and overall
loss is L = 5 dB. Calculate the maximum range.

Solution: For this radar

The (3.10) can be modified by introducing the overall loss L as

3.8 A C-band radar operating at a frequency of 4 GHz with an antenna having a gain of 45 dB
transmits a peak power of 50 kW. Assume a total system loss of 2 dB. For a target located
at a range of 100 km, find the minimum radar cross section to produce an available
received signal power of Pr = W.

Solution: Here

Again by introducing the total system loss as in Problem 3.8, we can modify (3.10) as
3.9 An X-band radar employs the same circular aperture antenna for both transmission and
reception at 8 GHz with its diameter of 3 m, antenna efficiency of 0.8. The radar is
designed to produce an average received power of W when the radar cross
2
section is 1 m at a maximum range of 100 km. If the total system loss is 3 dB, what
transmitter peak power is required?

Solution: We have

From (3.10):

3.10 A millimeter-wave (MMW) radar uses a single antenna at 35 GHz to transmit a peak
power of 650 W. The diameter of the antenna is 1.2 m, and antenna efficiency is 0.6. If a
target at a range of 50 km has radar cross section of 10 m 2, calculate the available
received power. Assume that the overall system loss is 0 dB.

Solution: Here

Therefore,

3.11 A C-band monostatic radar operating at a frequency of 5.4 GHz transmits a peak power
of 1 MW has the following parameters: total system loss L = 3 dB, R = 120 km, = 1.2
m2, and the antenna has a circular aperture with aperture efficiency . Find the
diameter of the antenna in order to produce an available receiver power
W.
Solution:

3.12 A high PRF airborne radar operating at a frequency of 10.5 GHz transmit a peak power
of 10 kW has the following parameters: pulse width , pulse repetition
frequency PRF = 250 kHz, antenna gain G = 35 dB, radar cross section of the target
=10 m2, receiver noise figure F = 3 dB, and the overall system loss including the
propagation path loss L = 5 dB.
(a) Find the maximum range at which the radar can detect the target if the minimum signal-
to-noise ratio (SNR) for detection is 15 dB.
(b) Repeat part (a) for 0 dB SNR.

Solution:

(a) From (3.18):

where

Then, for

(b) and for

3.13 A Doppler radar with a 1.3 m diameter antenna transmits 1.2 kW of power at a
frequency of 3 GHz. The equivalent noise bandwidth is 1 kHz and the noise figure is 4.4
dB, and the overall loss factor is 10 dB. Assume a radar cross section of 10 m 2
(a) Find the signal-to-noise ratio at target ranges of 32 and 160 kms.
(b) Find the target range at unity signal-to-noise ratio.

Solution:

(a) Using (3.16) gives

where

Thus for R = 32 km,

and for R = 160 km,

(b) Using (3.19):

3.14 A high PRF radar operating at 5.4 GHz transmits a peak power of 10 kW, and has the
following parameters: antenna gain G = 20 dB, overall loss L = 10 dB, noise figure F = 3
dB, time on target Ti = 2.5 s, duty factor dt = 0.25, radar cross section σ = 0.02 m2. For
target range R = 45 km, find the single pulse SNR.

Solution: We have

From (3.30) for a high PRF radar, the output SNR is given by

3.15 Consider an X-band radar operating at 10 GHz with the following parameters: antenna
gain G = 50, , scan time s, overall system loss L = 5 dB, noise figure F
= 4.41 dB, radar cross section σ = 0.1 m2, SNR = 12 dB, and the range R = 275 km.
(a) Find the power aperture product.
(b) Find the transmitted power corresponding to .

Solution: We have

(a) From (3.35), we can write

The power-aperture product is thus calculated as

(b) We have
3.16 A millimeter wave (MMW) search radar has the following specifications: P t = 5 W, PRF =
12 KHz, pulse width = s, overall system loss L = 10 dB, circular aperture
antenna with diameter D = 0.3048 m, target RCS = 25 m2, noise figure F = 6.17 dB,
azimuth scan , elevation scan , and
(a) Find the power aperture product.
(b) Find the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to detect a target at a range of 10 km.

Solution: We have

(a) The power aperture product is

(b) The SNR can be calculated using (3.35) as

where

3.17 A typical MMW search radar operating at a frequency of 94 GHz is used in a sector
defined by azimuth and
3.18 elevation scan, and has the following specifications:
Antenna Gain 40 dB
Antenna diameter 0.25 m
Radar cross section 25 m2
System losses 10 dB
Noise figure 3 dB
Transmit peak power 5W
Pulse width 40 ns
 Pulse repetition frequency 10 kHz
(a) Find the detection range for a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB.
(b) Find the antenna coverage rate and the time on-target (dwell time) if the coverage is
obtained in a radar frame time of 6 seconds.
(c) Find the number of integrated pulses.
(d) Find the detection range when an integration loss of 3 dB is included.
(e) Justify that it is below the maximum unambiguous range.

Solution: For this radar we have,

(a) The single pulse radar signal-to-noise ratio equation for this case can written using
(3.16) as

(b) The angular coverage . Then the antenna coverage rate is

degrees/s

The time on-target or the dwell time is

(c) The number of integrated pulses is

(d) The detection range equation, for the case of n pulses integrated and integration loss
included, can be written by modifying (3.16) as

which indicates a significant improvement in the detection range.

(e) The maximum unambiguous range is

which justifies that the detection range even with integration is below the maximum
unambiguous range.

3.19 A radar is subject to interference by a self-protection jammer. The radar and jammer
specifications are:
Radar transmit power 60 kW
Radar antenna gain 50 dB
Radar pulse width 2.5 μs
Radar losses 10 dB
Jammer power 180 W
Jammer antenna gain 10 dB
Jammer bandwidth 45 MHz
Jammer losses 0 dB
(a) Find the cross over range for a target of RCS σ = 5 m2.
(b) Find the detection range if the required SNR for detection is 10 dB.

Solution: We have

(a)

(b)

3.20 The radar in problem 3.17 is now subject to stand-off jammer (SOJ) with the following
parameters: Pj = 200 W, Gj = 20 dB, Lj = 3 dB, =10 dB, and Rj =20 km.
(a) Find the cross over range for a target of RCS σ = 5 m2.
(b) Find the detection range if the required SNR for detection is 10 dB.

Solution: We have additional parameters,

(a) From (3.58):

(b) From (3.60):

3.21 Work Example 3.7 to find the signal-to-noise ratio at the missile of the bistatic system
when the atmospheric attenuation of 0.08 dB/km during the propagation.

Solution:

From Example 3.7 we have SNR = 16.33 dB.

Therefore, the SNR is decreased by the atmospheric attenuation as

3.22 In a bistatic radar the two stations use identical antennas at 40 GHz with gain of 30 dB.

In this system Pt = 55 kW, F = 1.66 dB, B = 10 MHz, total loss , and

(SNR)r = 13.01 dB, and target RCS σ = 5 m2. What are the target ranges Rt and Rr if it is
found that Rt = 1.65Rr?

Solution: We have

From (3.42):

,
We get
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