This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what

changes have been made to the previous version. Because

it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.

An American National Standard

Designation: E 1554 – 9403

Standard Test Methods for

Determining External Air Leakage of Air Distribution
Systems by Fan Pressurization1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1554; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover two techniques for measuring the air leakage of the sections of air distribution systems that pass
outside the conditioned space in low-rise residential and small low-rise commercial buildings. Both techniques use air flow and
pressure measurements to determine the leakage characteristics, and include separate measurements of the supply-side and the
return-side distribution system leakage.
1.2 These test methods also specify the auxiliary measurements needed to characterize the magnitude of the distribution system
air leakage during normal operation (a measurement of pressure differentials across duct leaks during normal distribution-system
operation), and to normalize the distribution system’s air leakage by the total recirculating air flow induced by the
distribution-system air handler fan.
1.3 The air-leakage measurement portion of these test methods is applicable to small temperature differentials and low wind
pressures; the uncertainty in the measured results increase with increasing wind speeds and temperature differentials.
1.4 The proper use of these test methods requires a knowledge of the principles of air flow and pressure measurements.
1.54 These test methods are intended to produce a measure of the air tightness leakage between an air distribution system and
its surroundings exterior to the conditioned space of a building.
1.65 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.76 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.

1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-6 E06 on Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.41 on
Air Leakage and Ventilation.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 1994. Dec. 1, 2003. Published April 1994. January 2004. Originally published as E 1554 – 93. approved in 1993. Last previous edition
approved in 1994 as E 1554 – 934.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 E 1554 – 9403
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E 741 Test Methods for Determining Air Change in a Single Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution
E 779 Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization
E 1258 Test Method for Airflow Calibration of Fan Pressurization Devices
2.2 ASME Standard:
MFC-3M Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Orifice Nozzle and Venturi3

3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminology E 631 for definitions of other terms used in these test methods.
3.1.1 air handler fan—the air moving fan for the distribution system located in the air-handling unit.
3.1.2 air-handling unit—the distribution-system fan and portion of the distribution system that is integral to the furnace,
air-conditioner, or heat-pump.
3.3 air-leakage rate—the volume of air movement per unit time across the building envelope or the exterior envelope of the
air distribution system.
3.3.1 Discussion—This movement includes flow through joints, cracks, and porous surfaces, or combinations thereof. The
driving forces for such air leakage in service can be mechanical pressurization and depressurization, natural wind pressures, and
air temperature differentials between the building interior and the outdoors.
3.4
3.1.3 building envelope—the boundary or barrier separating the interior volume of a building from the outside environment.
3.5 building pressure difference
3.1.4 conditioned space—the pressure difference across the building envelope, expressed in pascals (inches portion of water,
pounds-force per square foot, or inches of mercury).
3.6 distribution-system pressure difference—the pressure difference across the exterior air-distribution envelope, expressed in
pascals (inches of water, pounds-force per square foot, or inches of mercury).
3.7 exterior air-distribution envelope— the boundary or barrier separating the interior volume of the a building whose air
distribution system from the outside environment temperature or unconditioned spaces.
3.7.1 Discussion—For the purpose of these test methods, the interior volume humidity is the deliberately conditioned space
within a building, generally not including the attic space, basement space, and attached structures, unless such spaces are part of
the heating and air conditioning system, such as a crawl space that acts as a plenum.
3.8 unconditioned space—any space that is not intentionally heated or cooled controlled for human occupancy, including attics,
crawlspaces, unfinished basements, attached structures (such as a garage), or any space completely outside the building envelope
(for example, rooftop ductwork on small commercial buildings). occupancy.

4. Summary of Test Methods

4.1 These test methods consist of mechanical pressurization and depressurization of an air distribution system and the
conditioned space of the building through which it passes, during which measurements of air flow rates are made over a range of
pressure differentials between the distribution system and its surroundings outside the conditioned portion of the building. From
the relationship between the measured air flow rates and pressure differences, the external air leakage characteristics of the supply
and return sides of the air distribution system are separately evaluated.
4.2 Two
4.1 Two alternative measurement and analysis procedures are specified. The first of these techniques, Test Method A, is based
upon comparisons of the air leakage rates from three fan pressurization tests: with the entire distribution system changes in good
communication with the building, with the return side of the flow through distribution system s leaks at fixed envelope pressure
differences due tom air handler operation. The b envelope pressure dilfferences are generated by a separate air moving fan, both
pressurization and the supply side, and with the entire distribution system sealed from the building. depressurization measurements
are performed. The second technique, Test Method B, is based upon two fan pressurization tests utilizing direct measurement of
distribution-system leakage flows: with all but one supply register sealed, and with all but one return register sealed. Both tests
in Test Method B are conducted with pressurizing the supply side sealed from the return side distribution system at the same time
as the house in order to isolate the leaks that are outside the butioldin-g envelope. Measured system f operating pressures are then
used to estimate leakage under operating conditions. Test Methods A and Method B are is shown schematically in Figs. 1 and 2,
respectively.

2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Vol 04.11. volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 E. 47th St., Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY
100176-5990.

2
 E 1554 – 9403

FIG. 1 Schematic of Method B—Duct Pressurization Test (for Supply Leakage)

4.3 These.
4.2 These test methods also include specifications for the auxiliary measurements to interpret the air leakage measurements.
These include measurement of the pressures that drive distribution-system air leakage during normal system operation and
measurement of the recirculating flow through the distribution system. The former involves measurement of the characteristic
pressures across the distribution-system surface, and the latter involves measurement of the airflow into the return grill(es) with
only the distribution-system air handler fan in operation. flow.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Air leakage between an air distribution system and unconditioned spaces affects the energy losses from the distribution
system, the ventilation rate of the building, and potentially the entry rate of various air pollutants.
5.2 The determination of infiltration energy loads and ventilation rates of residences and small commercial buildings are
typically based on the assumption that the principal driving forces for infiltration and ventilation are the wind and indoor/outdoor
temperature differences. This can be an inappropriate assumption for buildings that have distribution systems that pass through
unconditioned spaces, because the existence of relatively modest leakage from that system has a relatively large impact on overall
ventilation rates. The air leakage characteristics of these exterior distribution systems are needed to determine their ventilation,
energy, and pollutant-entry implications.
5.3 Air leakage through the exterior air distribution systems envelope may be treated in the same manner as air leakage in the
building envelope as long as the system is not operating (see Test Method E 779). However, when the distribution-system air
handler fan is turned on, the pressures across the air distribution-system leaks are significantly larger than those driving natural
infiltration, thereby inducing much larger flows. Thus, it is important to be able to isolate these leaks from building envelope leaks.
Also, due Due to the different impacts of supply-side and return-side distribution-system leaks, these two air leakage pathways

3
 E 1554 – 9403

FIG. 2 Example of Air-Flow Difference and Envelope Pressure Plot for Test Method A

shall be measured separately. The leakage of air distribution systems must be measured in the field, because it has been shown that
workmanship is often more important than design in determining the leakage of these systems. Also, In addition, it is important
to distinguish leaks to the conditioned parts of a building from leaks to the outside.
5.4 As an alternative to the fan pressurization method, test methods in this standard, air infiltration with and without an air
distribution system operating may be measured directly using the tracer dilution method (see Test Method E 741). The fan
pressurization method provides test methods described in this standard provide an indirect way to relate the infiltration rate to the
leakage of the building and the air distribution system.
5.5 TCombined with the fan pressurization method for measuring envelope leakage (Test Method E 779) and the fan
pressurization method for measuring the external leakage of air distribution systems have there are several advantages over the
tracer dilution method. The fan pressurization method produces methods described in this standard produce results that characterize
the air tightness of the building envelope and the air distribution systems. The fan pressurization method for measuring the external
leakage of air distribution systems is used: methods described in this standard are used to compare the relative air tightness leakage
of several similar air distribution systems, to identify the leakage sources and rates of leakage from different components of an air
distribution system, and to determine the air leakage reduction for individual retrofit measures applied incrementally on to an
existing air distribution system.

6. Apparatus
6.1 The following description of apparatus is general in nature. Any arrangement of equipment using the same principles and
capable of performing the test procedure within the allowable tolerances is permitted. Those items required for Test Method A are
labeled (A only), those for Test Method B are labeled (B only), and those for both test methods are labeled (A and B). Most of
the components are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. Fig. 1.
6.2 Major Components:
6.2.1 Air-Moving Equipment (A and B)—A fan, blower, or blower door assembly that is capable of moving air into and out of
the conditioned space at the flow rates required to create the full range of test pressure differences (10 (up to 60 25 Pa). The system
shall provide constant air flow at each incremental pressure difference at fixed pressure for the period required to obtain readings
of air flow rate. The air moving equipment shall be able to accomplish both pressurization and depressurization of the conditioned
space and distribution system.
6.2.2 Air Flow-Regulating System (A and B)—A device, such as a damper, or variable speed motor control, that will regulate
and maintain air flow through the air moving equipment (6.2.1) and pressure difference across the leaks within specific limits.
6.2.3 Duct Flow Measurement Apparatus (A and B)—A device to measure air flow into or out of an air distribution register
within 66 % of the true value. The calibration of this air flow measuring device shall be performed using a standardized flow
measurement technique (for example, ASME MFC-3M) in an installation that is similar in both flow range and entering flow profile
to those in which it will be applied in the field. The temperature dependence and range of the calibration shall be explicitly reported.

4
 E 1554 – 9403
6.2.4 Air Flow Measuring Device (A only)—A device to measure air flow through the air moving equipment (6.2.1) within
63 % airflow with an accuracy of 65 % of the true value. measured flow. The calibration of this air-flow measurement airflow
measuring system shall follow be calibrated in accordance with Test Method E 1258 or ASME MFC-3M, whichever is applicable.
The size temperature dependence and range of the air moving equipment calibration shall be matched explicitly reported.
6.2.4 Duct Flow Measurement Device (B only)—A device to measure airflow with an accuracy of 65 % of the measured flow.
The airflow measuring system so that the linear flow velocity falls within the shall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method
E 1258 or ASME MFC-3M, whichever is applicable. The temperature dependence and range of measurement of the air flow meter.
calibration shall be explicitly reported.
6.2.5 Pressure-Measuring Device (A and B)—A manometer or pressure indicator to measure pressure differences with an
accuracy of 60.25 Pa (60.0021 in. H 2O) or 61 % of measured pressure, whichever is greater.
6.2.6 Duct Pressure Measuring Probe (A and B) (B only)—A probe to measure the static pressure within a duct under flow
conditions (that is, a pressure probe with a small velocity-pressure coefficient). conditions.
6.2.7 Air Temperature Measuring Device (A and B)—To give an accuracy of 60.5°C (1°F).
6.2.8 Wind Speed Measuring Device (A only)—To give an accuracy within 60.25 m/s (0.5 mph) at 2.5 m/s (5 mph).
6.2.9 Simultaneous Pressure and Flow Measurement System (A only, suggested for and B)—A system that provides for
essentially simultaneous measurement of building envelope and distribution-system pressures, as well as building envelope and
distribution-system flows. Three alternative systems are: a computerized data acquisition system, a multi-channel sample and hold
system, and an interleaved multi-point sampling technique (that is, sequential recording of the pressures and flow signals averaged
over at least three sets of signal-series samples).
6.3 Blower Door Assembly—An accepted variation of air-moving, flow-regulating, and flow-measuring equipment. Issues
particular to this assembly are:
6.3.1 The door mount for the fan or blower must be adjustable to fit common door openings.
6.3.2 The fan or blower shall possess a variable-speed motor to accommodate the wide range of required flow rates up to 1.4
m 3/s (3000 ft3/min).
7. Hazards
7.1 Glass should not break at the pressure differences normally applied to the building, however, protective eye wear shall be
provided to personnel.
7.2 When conducted in the field, safety equipment required for general field work shall be supplied, such as safety shoes, hard
hats, etc.
7.3 As and so forth.
7.3 Because air-moving equipment is involved in this test, a proper guard or cage to house the fan or blower and to prevent
accidental access to any moving parts of the equipment must be provided.
7.4 Hearing protection shall be provided for personnel who work close to noises such as those generated by moving air.
7.5 When the blower or fan is operating, a large volume of air is being forced into or out of a the building, the air-distribution
system, or both. Plants, pets, occupants, or internal furnishings shall not be damaged due to the influx of cold or warm air. Similar
precautions shall be exercised with respect to sucking debris or exhaust gases from fireplaces and flues into the interior of the
building.
8. Procedure
8.1 General—The basic procedure involves pressurization and depressurization of air distribution systems and buildings with
concurrent flow and pressure measurements to determine the air leakage of the distribution system. It also includes measurement
of distribution-system pressures and recirculating fan flows during normal distribution-fan operation. system operation. The air
handler fan speed and heating or cooling function must be the same for all steps of the test procedure.
8.1.1 Test Method A (Flow Difference) for Air Leakage Determination—This technique is based upon comparisons of changing
the air leakage rates from three fan pressurization tests: with the entire flow through distribution system in good communication
with leaks by operating the building, with air handler fan and simultaneously pressurizing (and depressurizing) the return side of
the distribution system sealed from the building envelope and the supply side (at the fan), and with the entire distribution system
sealed from the building (see Fig. 1). system.
8.1.2 Test Method B (Fan Pressurization) for Air Leakage Determination—This technique is based upon two fan pressurization
tests utilizing direct measurement sealing the registers of distribution-system leakage flows: with all but one supply register sealed
the distribution system and all return registers unsealed, and with all but one return register sealed and all supply registers unsealed.
Both tests are conducted with pressurizing the supply side sealed from system to measure the return side flow out through the leaks
at the fan (see Fig. 2). imposed pressure difference. With the house pressurized to the same pressure, this test isolates the leaks
that are to outside only. Measurements of system operating pressures allow the leakage flow at the fixed test pressure to be
converted to the leakage flow at operating conditions (pressures).
8.1.3 Choice of Test Method—In general, Test Method A is subject to higher flow-measurement uncertainties, and Test Method
B is subject to higher pressure-measurement uncertainties. The larger will have lower operating condition air leakage flow
uncertainties for leaky systems than Test Method A result from the subtraction of total blower-door flows, as compared B, due to

5
 E 1554 – 9403
the direct measurement of flow through distribution-system leaks with Test Method B. As the entire leakage flow of the distribution
uncertainties in Test Method B when converting to operating system passes through a single register in pressures. Test Method B,
the larger pressure uncertainties associated with this test method stem from the pressure non-uniformities created by pressure drops
across internal distribution-system resistances. Test Method A shall B will be used preferred for leakier distribution systems (that
is, houses that have very leaky envelopes, where the flow through the external distribution-system leakage is greater than 15 to
20 % of the building changes in envelope flow), pressures and distribution systems that have significant internal resistance (that
is, systems with supply-duct dampers near the supply plenum), whereas Test Method B shall be flows used for more airtight
distribution systems without supply-plenum dampers.
8.1.3.1 Test Method A includes a direct determination of envelope leakage characteristics, whereas in Test Method B does not.
The user of Test Method B shall include an envelope leakage measurement such as that specified A will result in 8.2.4.1-8.2.4.9,
greater uncertainties, or that specified in Test Method E 779.
8.1.4 Auxiliary Measurements—Auxiliary measurements are also required if testing to interpret the air leakage measurements.
These include: measurement of the pressures that drive air leakage during normal system operation, and measurement of the
recirculating flow through the distribution system. The former involves measurement of characteristic pressure differentials across
the distribution-system envelope, and the latter involves measurement of the airflow into the return grill(es) determine compliance
with only the distribution-system fan in operation. a specified low leakage value.
8.2 Procedure for Test Method A :
8.2.1 Environmental Measurements—At the beginning and the end of each fan pressurization test, measure the wind speed,
outdoor temperature, indoor temperature, as well as temperatures in all unconditioned spaces. Preferred test conditions are wind
speeds of 0 to 2 m/s (0 to 4 mph) and an outside temperature between 5 and 35°C (41 to 95°F). indoor temperature.
8.2.2 Auxiliary MeasurementsBuilding Preparation:
8.2.2.1 Distribution-System Operating Pressures—Install duct pressure measuring probes in the supply plenum, the supply duct
closest to the supply plenum, the supply duct furthest from the supply plenum, the return plenum, the return duct closest to the
return plenum, and the return duct furthest from the return plenum. Reference the duct-pressure probes to the unconditioned zone
in which that duct section is located. OpenEnvelope—Open all interconnecting doors in the conditioned space (except for closet
doors, which shall be closed) so that a uniform pressure will be maintained within the conditioned space to within 10 % of the
measured inside/outside pressure difference. Verify this condition by performing differential pressure measurements between
several rooms at the highest test pressure. Fireplace and other operable dampers shall be closed. If the air handling unit is located
in a closet, the closet door shall be closed during testing. Turn on the distribution-system fan, measure each of the specified pressure
differentials, and then turn off the distribution-system fan. testing.
8.2.2.2 Recirculating Flow—Install a duct air flow measuring device onDistribution System—HVAC-balancing dampers and
registers, in general, shall not be adjusted. However, for multiple zoned systems, the return-air register (in the case position of
multiple return registers, repeat this zonal dampers should be fixed for each register). Turn on the distribution-system fan and
measure the flow rate in cubic metres per second (cubic feet per second) at the local air density into the return register. In the case
duration of multiple return registers, the volumetric flows into each register and their individual indoor air temperatures shall test.
Several tests may be measured, and any change in velocity performed with zone dampers fixed at the other return registers due
to the installation different settings, but at least one of the duct air flow measuring device shall be recorded. tests should have all
zone control dampers in the fully open position.
8.2.3 Building PreparationTest Method A: Flow Difference Measurements:
8.2.3.1 Envelope—Open all interconnecting doors in
8.2.3.1 Connect the conditioned space (except for closet doors, which shall be closed) so that a uniform pressure will be
maintained within the conditioned space air moving/flow-regulating/flow measurement assembly to within 10 % of the measured
inside/outside pressure difference. Verify this condition by selected differential pressure measurements throughout the building at
the highest test pressure. Fireplace and other operable dampers shall be closed. If envelope using a significant fraction of the
distribution system being measured passes through an unconditioned basement, open the windows window or outside door of that
basement so as to provide at least 0.3 m2 (3.3 ft 2) of open area, opening. Seal or so as tape openings to assure that avoid leakage
at these points.
8.2.3.2 Install the envelope pressure difference between the basement and sensor. The outside is less than 5 % of the pressure
difference between the conditioned space measurement location should be sheltered from wind and outside. Follow sunshine. The
inside pressure measurement location should be as far away as possible from the same procedure if localized air flows induced by
the air-handling unit or significant lengths of duct, or both, are located in a relatively airtight garage. If the air handling unit is
located in a closet, moving apparatus. All the closet door shall be closed during testing.
8.2.3.2 Distribution System—HVAC-balancing dampers and registers, in general, shall not be adjusted. However, ensure that
envelope pressures use the return registers are not outside pressure as the reference.
8.2.3.3 With air moving fan opening blocked, air moving fan off and that at least 75 % of air handler fan off measure pressure
difference across envelope: DP zero.
8.2.3.4 With the supply registers are not blocked or dampered shut. Remove the return-air filter for the air handler fan
pressurization tests.

6
 E 1554 – 9403
8.2.4 Fan Pressurization Measurements :
8.2.4.1 Connect off, turn on the air-moving/flow-regulating/flow measurement assembly to air moving device and adjust the
building flow until there is 5 Pa (0.02 in. of water) envelope using a window, door, or vent opening. Seal or tape openings to avoid
leakage pressure difference, with the house at these points.
8.2.4.2 If a damper is used to control higher pressure than outside (for pressurization testing). Record the envelope pressure
difference (DP env) and flow (Qoff) through the air-moving equipment it shall be in a fully closed position device at this pressure
station. Only record pressure and flow readings when the beginning pressure reading is within 1.0 Pa (0.004 in. of a test. Turn on
water) of the fan or blower, adjust the damper or air flow regulator to increase the air flow, and take readings 5 Pa (0.02 in. of water)
operating point. It is recommended that multiple pressure and flow readings are recorded at esach operating point and averaged
for use ind the calculation procedure. The DPzero offset pressure differences.
8.2.4.3 When a blower door assembly shall be added to all target pressures. For example, if DPzero is used, record 2 Pa, then
the raw data outputs from first target pressure for pressurization is 7 Pa and -3 Pa for depressurization. All the air-flow measuring
air-moving device and use curve fits obtained with Test Method E 1258 to determine flows from that raw data (for example,
revolutions per minute or pressure differentials, or both).
8.2.4.4 The range are positive out of the induced pressure differences across house and negative if into the building house.
8.2.3.5 Repeat step 8.2.3.4, but with the envelope shall be from 10 to 60 pressure difference, DPenv, incremented by 5 Pa (0.04
to 0.24 in. H2 O) in increments of 10 Pa (0.04 in. H2O).
8.2.4.5 At each building-envelope pressure differential, measure time until the air flow rate in cubic metres per second (cubic
feet per second) simultaneously with the building-envelope envelope pressure readings and difference is 50 Pa. At each DPenv
pressure station the duct pressure measuring probe readings using one difference must be within 1 Pa (0.004 in. of water) of the
measurement techniques described in 6.2.9.
8.2.4.6 Since required operating point. Record the capacity of envelope pressure difference with the air handling equipment,
handler fan off, DPoff, for each pressure station. Because the tightness of the building, and the weather conditions affect leakage
measurements, the full range of the higher values may not be achievable. In such cases, substitute a partial range encompassing
at least five data points, with the size of pressure increments suitably adjusted.
8.2.4.7 The maximum variation between adjusted. At each pressure station, the measured pressure differential across air handler
fan on and off conditions must both have the building envelope same target pressure.
8.2.3.6 Turn on the air handler fan and repeat the average measurements in 8.2.3.4 and 8.2.3.5, recording Qon and DP on at each
pressure differential across station.
8.2.3.7 Repeat 8.2.3.6, but with the building envelope (due to external influences such as wind, thermal stack effect, or both)
shall be no more than 1 Pa. This corresponds to a wind speed of approximately 2 m/s house depressurized, that is, for a single-point
outdoor-pressure reference, and a wind speed of approximately 5 m/s for a 4-wall-average outside-pressure reference.
8.2.4.8 When the unconditioned space first point, adjust the flow through which the distribution system (or a part thereof) passes
air-moving device until there is at a -5 Pa envelope pressure differential relative to outside that is not at least 80 % of difference,
with the indoor-outdoor house at a lower pressure differential, than outside.
8.2.3.8 Repeat 8.2.3.7, but with the unconditioned zone pressure shall be made to meet this requirement, or that pressure
differential shall be separately monitored and reported.
8.2.4.9 For each fan-pressurization test, collect data for both pressurization and depressurization.
8.2.4.10 Second Fan-Pressurization Test— Seal all return registers and seal the return side from the supply side at the
distribution-system fan.
8.2.4.11 Repeat 8.2.1, 8.2.4.4, 8.2.4.5, and 8.2.4.9.
8.2.4.12 Third Fan-Pressurization Test— Unseal the distribution-system fan and seal all return and supply registers.
8.2.4.13 Repeat 8.2.1, 8.2.4.4, 8.2.4.5, and 8.2.4.9.
8.2.4.14 Unseal all return and supply registers, and replace the return air filter. handler fan off.
8.3 Procedure for Test Method B :
8.3.1 Environmental Measurements—At the beginning and the end of each fan pressurization test, measure the wind speed,
outdoor temperature, indoor temperature, as well as temperatures in all unconditioned spaces. Preferred test conditions are wind
speeds of 0 to 2 m/s (0 to 4 mph) and an outside temperature between 5 and 35°C (41 to 95°F). indoor temperature.
8.3.2 Auxiliary MeasurementsBuilding Preparation:
8.3.2.1 Distribution-System Operating Pressures—Install duct pressure measuring probes in the supply plenum, the supply duct
closest to the supply plenum, the supply duct furthest from the supply plenum, the return plenum, the return duct closest to the
return plenum, and the return duct furthest from the return plenum. Reference the duct-pressure probes to the unconditioned zone
in which that duct section is located. OpenEnvelope—Open all interconnecting doors in the conditioned space (except for closet
doors, which shall be closed) so that a uniform pressure will be maintained within the conditioned space within a range of less
than 10 % of the measured inside/outside pressure difference. Verify this condition by performing differential pressure
measurements between several rooms at the highest pressure differential contemplated. Fireplace and other operable dampers shall
be closed. If the air handling unit is located in a closet, the closet door shall be closed during testing. Turn on the
distribution-system fan, measure each of the specified pressure differentials, and then turn off the distribution-system fan. testing.

7
 E 1554 – 9403
8.3.2.2 Recirculating Flow—Install a duct air flow measuring device onDistribution System—HVAC-balancing dampers shall
be in their fully open position during the return-air register (in the case of multiple return registers, repeat this for each register).
Turn on the distribution-system fan pressurization tests, and measure the flow rate in cubic metres per second (cubic feet per
second) at the local air density into the return register. In the case of multiple return registers, the volumetric flows into each
register and their individual indoor air temperatures original positions shall be measured, and any change recorded. Registers, in
velocity at the other return registers due to the installation of the duct air flow measuring device general, shall not be recorded.
adjusted.
8.3.3 Building PreparationTest Method B: Fan Pressurization of Distribution System and Building:
8.3.3.1 Envelope—Open all interconnecting doors in the conditioned space (except for closet doors, which
8.3.3.1 The system operating pressures shall be closed) so that a uniform measured by using the half plenum pressure w
technique. For the system operating pressure tests, all registers shall be maintained within unsealed and there shall be no blocking
between the conditioned space to within supply and return. Turn on the air handler fan, and measure DP s by inserting a static
pressure probe into the supply plenum, with the tip facing into the airflow. Keep the probe clear of less than 10 % of the m direct
asuir handler fan discharge in the supply plenum, or any point in the plenum where excessive turbulence may be found. Should
a ne/gative reading be found in the supply plenum, select another measurement location, preferably further away from the air
handler fan. The pressure difference. Verify this condition readings shall be averaged for five seconds. Measure DPr by selected
differential inserting a static pressure measurements throughout probe into the building at return plenum, with the tip facing into
the airflow. Keep the probe clear of the air handler fan inlet, or any point in the plenum where a venturi or excessive turbulence
may be found. Should a positive reading be found in the return plenum, select another measurement location, preferably further
away from the air handler fan. The pressure differential contemplated. Fireplace and other operable dampers readings shall be
averaged for five seconds.
8.3.3.2 Install the envelope pressure difference sensor. I The outside pressure measurement location should be sheltered from
wind and sunshine. The inside pressure measurement location should be as far away as possible from the localized air flows
induced by the air moving apparatus.
8.3.3.3 Connect the envelope air moving/flow-regulating/flow measurement assembly to the building envelope using a
significant fraction window or door opening.
8.3.3.4 Separate the supply and return sections of the distribution duct system being measured passes through by inserting an
unconditioned basement, open air-tight blockage. If filters are installed near the windows entrance to the equipment or outside door
the exit of the air handler cabinet, then install the blockage in the filter slot (after removing the filter). Alternatively, a blockage
may be installed within the air handler cabinet.
8.3.3.5 Select two supply locations (one for the duct pressurization device and one for the static pressure probe) and two return
locations (unless there is only a single return for the system under test). These locations should be selected to provide at least 0.3
m2 (3.3 ft2) have the lowest possible resistance to the supply and return plenums, respectively.
8.3.3.6 Attach the duct flow measuring and air moving equipment to the supply side of open area, the duct system at the register
selected in 8.3.3.5 or at the air handler access panel if the blockage is on the return side of the air handler fan. Install a duct pressure
probe at a supply register selected in 8.3.3.5 (other than that to which the fan/flowmeter is connected) or the supply plenum. Ensure
that all other supply registers are sealed and at least one return register is open.
8.3.3.7 Adjust the envelope air-moving fan to provide 25 Pa [0.1 in. of water] pressure difference between the basement building
and outside is less than 5 % of outside. Adjust the duct flow measuring and air moving equipment to maintain zero pressure
difference (60.5 Pa [60.002 in. water]) between supply ducts and the conditioned space building, and outside. If adjust the
envelope air moving device to maintain 25 Pa (65 Pa) [0.1 in. water (60.02 in. water)] between the building and outside. This
step may require several iterations. Record the flow through the duct flow measuring device (Q25, s[Q0.1, s])—this is located in a
closet, the closet door shall be closed during testing.
8.3.3.2 Distribution System—HVAC-balancing dampers shall be in their fully open position during supply leakage flow at 25
Pa [0.1 in. water]. Also record the fan pressurization tests, envelope pressure: Ptest,s.
8.3.3.8 Record the pressure difference, DPb, s , between the buffer zone and their original positions shall be recorded. Remove
the return-air filter for outside. If the fan pressurization tests. Registers, supply ducts are in general, more than one buffer zone,
DPb, s shall not be adjusted. Seal equal the average pressure in the buffer spaces containing supply ducts (average DPb, s).
8.3.3.9 Attach the duct flow measuring and air moving equipment to the return side from of the duct system at the air handler
access panel if the blockage is on the supply side of the air handler fan, or at the d register selected in 8.3.3.5. Install a static
pressure probe in a return register selected ion- 8.3.3.5. Thisy return register shall not be the same as the register to which the duct
flow measurin. Sg and air moving equipment is attached unless there is only a single return register for the system. Ensure that
all other return registers except one supply are sealed and at least one return. The unsealed supply shall be register is open.
8.3.3.10 Adjust the one with envelope air-moving fan until the pressure between the buildingh and outside is 25 Pa [0.1 in.
water]. Adjust the duct flow rate during normal operation of measuring and air moving equipment to maintain zero pressure (60.5
Pa [60.002 in. water]) between return ducts and the distribution-system building and the envelope air moving fan (often to
maintain 25 Pa (65 Pa) [0.1 in. water (60.02 in. water)] between the building and outside. This step may require several iterations.
Record thae flow through the flowmeter (Q25, r[Q 0.1, r])—this is closest to the supply plenum). The unsealed return shall be leakage

8
 E 1554 – 9403
flow at 25 Pa [0.1 in. water]. Also record the one with envelope pressure: Ptest, r.
8.3.3.11 Record the highest flow rate during normal operation of pressure difference, DPb, r , between the distribution-system
fan (often buffer zone and the outside. If the return ducts are in more than one that is closest to buffer zone, DPb, r shall equal the
average pressure in the buffer spaces containing return plenum).
8.3.4 Fan Pressurization ducts (average DPb, s).
8.3.3.12 Unseal all return and supply registers, and replace the air filter (if removed).
8.4 Air Handler Fan Flow Measurements :
8.3.4.1 Connect the air-moving/flow-regulation equipment to the building envelope using a window, door, or vent opening.
8.3.4.2 Install a duct
8.4.1 The air handler fan flow measuring device on the unsealed supply register. Install duct pressure measuring probes in the
unsealed supply duct, in the supply plenum, and in the supply duct furthest from the supply plenum. Reference the duct-pressure
probes to the unconditioned zone in which that duct section is located.
NOTE 1—Supply-side and return-side distribution-system leakage can be measured simultaneously determined by using two duct blowing air through
the system with flow measuring devices and two sets of duct pressure measuring probes and also following steps 8.3.4.8 and 8.3.4.9 air moving equipment
at this point.
8.3.4.3 Vary the same flow through rate as under normal operating conditions. Normal operating conditions are determined by
the air-moving equipment installed in the building envelope to create a range of average induced pressure differences across
difference between the supply side of plenum and the distribution system. The range of this average induced conditioned space.
8.4.2 With the air handler fan on, measure the pressure difference shall be from 10 between supply plenum and conditioned
space (DPsp). The static pressure probe must be firmly attached to 60 Pa (0.04 to 0.24 in. H2O) in increments of 10 Pa (0.04 in.
H2O).
8.3.4.4 When ensure that it does not move during the full range of induced pressure differences cannot be achieved, substitute
a partial range encompassing at least five data points, with fan flow test.
8.4.3 Block the size return duct from the return plenum upstream of pressure increments suitably adjusted.
8.3.4.5 At each supply-side pressure differential, measure the air flow rate through handler fan.
8.4.4 Attach the duct air flow measuring device in cubic metres per second (cubic feet per second) simultaneously with and air
moving equipment to the duct pressure measuring probe readings using one of system at the measurement techniques described
in 6.2.9.
8.3.4.6 A maximum variation of pressure differences across air handler. Do not mount the two different supply duct sections
shall be no more than 20 % of flow measuring and air moving equipment directly on the measured average of those pressure
differences. When the unconditioned space through which the distribution system (or a part thereof) passes is at a pressure
differential relative to outside air handler cabinet. Ensure that there is not at least 80 % six feet of connecting duct between the
indoor-outdoor pressure differential, duct air moving fan and the unconditioned zone pressure shall be made connection to meet
this requirement, or that pressure differential shall be separately monitored and reported.
8.3.4.7 Collect data for both pressurization and depressurization.
8.3.4.8 Install a duct the air flow measuring device handler cabinet.
8.4.5 Turn on the unsealed return register. Install air handler fan followed by the duct pressure flow measuring probes in and
air moving equipment and adjust the unsealed return duct, in flow until the pretssure between supply plenum, and conditioned
space matches DPsp(Pa [in. water]) as closely as possible. If DPsp cannot be reached, record the return duct furthest from maximum
flow and pressure attainable with the return plenum. Reference test equipment.
8.4.6 Record the duct-pressure probes to flow through the unconditioned zone in which that duct section is located.
8.3.4.9 Repeat 8.3.4.3 (substitute return for supply), 8.3.4.5, 8.3.4.6 (substitute return for supply), flowmeter, Qmeas , (m3/s
[cfm]), and 8.3.4.7.
8.3.4.10 Unseal all return and supply registers, as well as the distribution-system fan.
8.3.4.11 Return all HVAC dampers to their original positions, and replace return-air filter. coincident pressure difference DP meas.

9. Calculation
9.1 AuxiliaryTest Method A: Flow Difference Measurements:
9.1.1 The pressure differentials measured in step 8.2.2.1 or 8.3.2.1 shall be reported, as shall an average pressure differential,
computed as
9.1.1 Unless the airflow measuring system gives volumetric flows at the three barometric pressure differentials (across and the
plenum, across temperatures of the near supply duct, and across air flowing through the far supply duct) divided by three.
9.1.2 The local flow rates measured in step 8.2.2.2 or 8.3.2.2 shall flowmeter during the test, then these readings must be
converted using information obtained from the manufacturer for the change in calibration with these parameters.
9.1.2 Convert the readings of the airflow measuring system (corrected as in 9.1.1, if necessary) to equivalent flow rates
volumetric air flows at an average indoor-air the temperature and then summed barometric pressure (due to yield a total
recirculating-air flow rate.
9.2 Test Method A:

9
 E 1554 – 9403
9.2.1 Convert all the measured air flow rates to cubic metres per second (cubic feet per second) at the condition elevation
changes only) of the outside air passing through the envelope and distribution-system leaks. The calibration for depressurization
tests or of the inside air flow measuring device (or blower door) shall provide for pressurization tests (see Annex A1). To convert
the volume flow airflow rate at through the density of the air passing flowmeter to air leakage rate through the device. Calculate
the volume flow through the leaks from the following equation: envelope for depressurization, use
Tleak
Qleak 5 Qdevice T (1)
device

Q0 5 Q r S D
r in
out
(1)

Tdevice
where:
Qleakrin = the flow rate through the leaks, m indoor air density, kg/m3/s (ft (lb/ft3/s), ), and
Qdevicerout = the flow rate through the fan pressurization device, m outdoor air density, kg/m 3/s (ft (lb/ft3/s),
Tleak = the absolute temperature of the air passing through the leaks, which shall be assumed for pressurization to be the
indoor air temperature and for depressurization the duct-area-weighted average temperature of the unconditioned
zones through which the ducts pass, K (R), and
Tdevice = the absolute temperature of the air passing through the device, K (R).).
Use linear interpolation of before and after temperature measurements if real-time values are not available.
9.2.2 If
To convert the airflow rate is not measured directly with a flow meter, then additional calculations are needed to convert, for
instance, pitot tube pressure to linear velocity and then to volume flow rate.
9.2.3 Plot the corrected air flow rates (9.2.1) against the corresponding envelope pressure differences on a log-log plot to
complete the air leakage graph rate for both pressurization and depressurization for tests 8.2.4.9, 8.2.4.11, and 8.2.4.13 (see Fig.
3).
9.2.4 Calculation of Flow Exponent, Flow Coeffıcient, and Effective Leakage Area:
9.2.4.1 Use the data as calculated in 9.2.1 to determine the parameters C and n for the three measurement conditions, where:
pressurization, use
Qleak 5 C~DP!n (2)

Q0 5 Q r S D
r out
in
(2)

where:
C = flow coefficient, (m3/s Pan
9.1.3 Subtract DPzero (ft3/s (in. H2O)n)),
n = flow exponent (−), and
DP = differential from the measured envelope pressures at each pressure station (DPenv) to determine the corrected envelope pressures (DP).
9.1.4 Determine the envelope leakage coefficient and pressure across exponent, nenv, by fitting the building envelope, (Pa (in.
H2O)).
9.2.4.2 Use linear least squares air handler fan off pressure and flow data to determine the paower law function using the samet
analysis as for house pressurization leakage testing in Test Method Eq 2 779.
9.1.5 Adjust the flows to exactly match pressures. The measured flow with the system off is accomplished by taking corrected
to the logarithm of both sides of flow at the equation, same pressure as when the resulting equation being: system is on at each
pressure station, using Eq 3.
ln Qleak 5 ln C 1 n ln ~DP!

S D
DPon
Qoff, corrected 5 Qoff DP
off
nenv
(3)

9.2.4.3 Determine
9.1.6 Calculate the flow exponent, n, directly, difference (DQ) at each pressure station by subtracting Qoff from Qon. For flow
differences during pressurization, use Qoff from 8.2.3.6 and determine the Qon from 8.2.3.4 and 8.2.3.5. For flow coefficient, C,
differences during depressurization data, use Qoff from the inverse logarithm of the intercept of Eq 3. Calculate 8.2.3.8 and report
the coefficient Qon from 8.2.3.7.
9.1.7 Do a least squares fit of correlation squared, R2, as well as the standard error of DP and DQ pairs from each of the
parameters.
9.2.4.4 Calculate the effective pressure station to Eq 4 to determine supply leakage area in square metres (square feet), L, from
the (Qs) and return leakage coefficient, C, the exponent n, a reference pressure, DP (Qr), and the characteristic pressures (DPs, and
DPr). Note that some of the air density r at pressure ratios (and 1 6 the temperature and pressure of ratios) will be negative. In

10
 E 1554 – 9403
these cases take the flow through absolute value to the leaks as follows: power 0.6 in Eq 3 and carry the sign outside the exponent
term.
L 5 C~DPr!~n21/2! ~r/2!1/2A (4)
DQ~P! 5 (4)

where:
L = effective leakage area, (m2 (ft2)),
r = air density in leaks, (kg/m3 (lbm/ft3)), and
A = unit conversion factor, (1 (0.0775)).
The conventional reference pressure for building envelope leaks is 4 Pa, however, the leakage flow at a pressure of 25 Pa is more
precisely determined and is more appropriate for air distribution system leaks while the system is operating. The 4-Pa number is
appropriate for comparing the size of distribution-system leaks to building envelope leaks, whereas the 25-Pa leakage flow is
appropriate for estimating the impacts of distribution-system leakage during system operation. Report the 4 Pa effective leakage
area values, as well as the leakage exponents and 25-Pa flows for each of the three tests (all registers open, return registers sealed,
and all registers sealed) for both pressurization and depressurization in the report section. In addition, report the density of the air
flowing through the leaks for each test.
9.2.4.5 The pressure differentials between the isolated sections of the duct system (that is, those that have been sealed) and their
surroundings shall be equal to zero for the second and third fan pressurization tests. If this is not the case, the likely cause is leakage
between the building and the sealed portion of the ductwork through improper register or fan seals or leaky duct sections that pass
through conditioned spaces. A non-zero pressure differential thus corresponds to a negative bias in the duct leakage being
measured.4 Correct for this bias by multiplying
1 1 2 DP ductDPbuilding n

QsFS DP
1 1 DP
s
D S D G FS
0.6 DP
2 DP
s
0.6
2 Qr
DP
1 2 DP
r
D S DG
0.6 DP
1 DP
r
0.6

where:
DPduct = pressure differential between
9.1.8 Plot the duct flow difference and its surrounding zone during envelope pressures. An example plot is shown in F
9.2 Test Method B: Fan Pressurization Measurements:
9.2.1 Unless the sealed duct test airflow measuring system gives volumetric flows at the maximum pressure differential relative
to outside, Pa (in. H2O),
DPbuilding = maximum pressure differential between the building and outside, Pa (in. H2O).
9.2.4.6 Determine the effective leakage area temperatures of the return side, Lret, and air flowing through the return leakage flow
at 25 Pa, Qret25, from flowmeter during the effective leakage areas and 25-Pa flows test, then these readings must be converted
using information obtained by Eq 2 and Eq 4 from the results of manufacturer for the f change in calibration with these parameters.
9.2.2 The 25 Pa [0.1 in. water] duct leakage flows (Q 25, s and second fan pressurization tests, 8.2.4.9 Q25, r[Q0.1, s and 8.2.4.11,
by means of Q0.1, r]) shall be converted to leakage flows at operating conditions using the following equation (in which L can be
replaced by Q25): equations.
For SI:

Qs 5 Q25, s S DPs
2~Ptest, s 2 P b, s! D 0.6
(5)

~Lfirst 2 Lsecond!
Lret 5
~1 2 ~
DP duct~second!~DP !n (6)
building ~second!

Qr 5 Q25, r S DPr
2~Ptest, r 2 P b, r! D 0.6
(6)

where:
Lfirst = leakage area computed for the first fan pressurization test (8.2.4.9) using Eq 4 (m2 (ft2)),
Lsecond = leakage area computed for the second fan pressurization test (8.2.4.11) using Eq 4 (m2(ft2)),
DPduct(second) = pressure differential between the duct and its surrounding zone (measured with the return plenum duct pressure measuring
probe) during the second pressurization test at the maximum pressure differential between the building and outside (Pa(in
H2O)),
DPbuilding(second) = maximum pressure differential between the building and outside during the second pressurization test (Pa(in H2O)).
The reported flow exponents for the return side shall be the averages of the flow exponents determined for the first and second
fan pressurization tests.
9.2.4.7 The effective leakage area of the supply side, Lsup, and the supply leakage flow at 25 Pa, Qsup25, shall be determined
from the effective leakage areas and 25-Pa flows obtained by Eq 2 and Eq 4 from the results of the first and third fan pressurization
tests, 8.2.4.9 and 8.2.4.13, as well as the return-duct leakage computed with Eq 6. The leakage area and 25-Pa leakage flow of the

11
 E 1554 – 9403
supply ducts shall be determined by means of the Eq 7 (in which L can be replaced by Q25). If Lret or Qret25 is less than zero, they
shall be set to zero in Eq 7.
For IP:
~Lfirst 2 L third!

S S D
n
L sup 5 DPduct~third! 2 Lret (7)
1 2 DP
building ~third!

Qs 5 Q0.1, s S DPs
2~Ptest, s 2 P b, s! D 0.6
(7)

where:
Lfirst = leakage area computed for the first fan pressurization test (Section 8.2.4.9) using Eq 4 (m2 (ft2)),
Lthird = leakage area computed for the third fan pressurization test (Section 8.2.4.13) using Eq 4 (m2 (ft2)),
DPduct(third) = pressure differential between the duct and its surrounding zone (measured with the return plenum duct pressure measuring probe)
during the third pressurization test at the maximum pressure differential between the building and outside (Pa (in. H2O)),
DPbuilding(third) = maximum pressure differential between the building and outside during the third pressurization test (Pa (in. H2O)).

The reported flow exponents for the supply side shall be the averages of the flow exponents determined for the first and third
fan pressurization tests.
9.2.4.8 The flow coefficients for the supply and return sides, Csup, and C ret, shall be computed using the following equation:
L
C5 (8)
~DP r!~n21/2!~r/2!1/2A

Qr 5 Q0.1, r S DPr
2~Ptest, r 2 P b, r! D 0.6
(8)

where:
L = computed leakage area of the supply or return side (m2 (ft2)),
n = computed flow exponent of the supply or return side (m2 (ft2)),
DPr = pressure differential at which the leakage area was computed (Pa (in. H2O)),
r = air density in leaks (kg/m3 (lbm/ft 3)), and
A = unit conversion factor (1 (0.0775)).
9.3 Test Method BAir Handler Fan Flow:
9.3.1 Convert all
9.3.1 Unless the measured air flow rates to cubic metres per second (cubic feet per second) airflow measuring system gives
volumetric flows at the condition of the air passing through the envelope pressure and distribution-system leaks. The calibration
of the duct flow measurement apparatus shall provide the volume flow rate at the density temperatures of the air passing flowing
through the device. Calculate flowmeter during the volume flow through the leaks test, then these readings must be converted using
information obtained from the manufacturer for the change in calibration with these parameters.
9.3.2 The measured flow and coingcideqnt plenum pressures are used to determine the distribution-system flow at operating
conditions using Eq 9:
(9) Qleak 5 Qdevice T leakTdevice
where:
Qleak = the flow rate through the leaks, m3/s (ft3/s),
Qdevice = the flow rate through the duct flow measurement apparatus, m3/s (ft3/s),
Tleak = the absolute temperature of the air passing through the leaks, which shall be assumed for pressurization to be the indoor air temperature
(that is, Tdevice), and for depressurization the duct-area-weighted average temperature of the unconditioned zones through which the ducts
pass, K (R), and
Tdevice = the absolute temperature of the air passing through the device, K (R).

Use linear interpolation of before and after temperature measurements if real-time values are not available.
9.3.2 If the air flow rate is not measured directly with a flow meter, then additional calculations are needed to convert, for
instance, pitot tube pressure to linear velocity and then to volume flow rate.
9.3.3 Plot the corrected distribution-system leakage air flow rates (9.3.1) against the corresponding distribution-system pressure
differences (average of far-supply and supply plenum, or average of (far-)return and return plenum) on a log-log plot to complete
the air leakage graph for both pressurization and depressurization for 8.3.4.7 and 8.3.4.9 (see Fig. 3).
9.3.4 Calculation of Flow Exponent, Flow Coeffıcient, and Effective Leakage Area:
9.3.4.1 Use the data as calculated in Eq 6 to determine the parameters C and n for both the supply and return, where:
Qleak 5 C~DP!n (10)

12
 E 1554 – 9403

S DPsp
Qe 5 Qmeas DP
meas
D 0.5
(9)

where:
C = flow coefficient, (m3/s Pan (ft3/s (in. H2O)n)),
n = flow exponent (−), and
DP = differential pressure across the distribution system (see 9.3.3), (Pa (in. H2O)).
9.3.4.2 Use linear least squares to determine the parameters in Eq 7. This is accomplished by taking the logarithm of both sides
of the equation, resulting equation being:
ln Qleak 5 ln C 1 n ln ~DP! (11)
9.3.4.3 The flow exponent, n, is determined directly, and the flow coefficient, C, is determined from the inverse logarithm of
the intercept of Eq 8. Calculate and report the coefficient of correlation squared, R2, as well as the standard error of each of the
parameters.
9.3.4.4 Calculate the effective leakage area in square metres, L, from the leakage coefficient, C, the exponent n, a reference
pressure, DPr, and the air density r at the temperature and pressure of the flow through the leaks as follows:
L 5 C~DPr!~n21/2!~r/2! 1/2A (12)

where:
L = effective leakage area, (m2 (ft2)),
r = air density in leaks, (kg/m3 (lbm/ft3)), and
A = unit conversion factor, 1 (0.0775).
The conventional reference pressure for building envelope leaks is 4 Pa; however, the leakage flow at a pressure of 25 Pa is more
precisely determined and is more appropriate for air distribution system leaks while the system is operating. The 4-Pa number is
appropriate for comparing the size of distribution-system leaks to building envelope leaks, whereas the 25-Pa leakage flow is
appropriate for estimating the impacts of distribution-system leakage during system operation. Report the effective leakage area
values, as well as the leakage exponents and 25-Pa flows computed with Eq 7, for the supply and return sections for both
pressurization and depressurization. In addition, report the density of the air flowing through the leaks for each test.
10. Report
10.1 Report at least the following information:
10.1.1 Building Description:
10.1.1.1 Location and Construction:
(a)(1) (a) DateDate built (estimate if unknown),
(b)(2) (b) Floor area of conditioned space, attic, basement,Street address (including city, state/province/county and crawlspace.
country),
(c)(3) (c) VolumeFloor area of conditioned space, attic, basement, and crawlspace,
(4) Volume of conditioned space, attic, basement, and crawlspace, and
(5) Elevation above sea level.
10.1.1.2 Condition of Openings in Exterior Shell:
(a)(1) (a) DoorsDoors (including storm doors),
(b)(2) (b) WindowsWindows (including storm windows), latched or unlatched,
(c)(3) (c) VentilationVentilation openings, dampers closed or open,
(d)(4) (d) Chimneys,Chimneys, dampers closed or open, and
(e)(5) (e) ConditionCondition of openings during test (for example, broken windows, HVAC-louver settings, etc.).
10.1.1.3 and so forth).
10.2 HVAC System:
(a)(1) (a)Furnace/Air-conditioner/Heat-pump type and capacity,
(b)(2) (b) Indicated blower capacity (most likely just pressure and horsepower), Status of heating or cooling equipment during
testing, and
(c)(3) (c) Measured recirculating-air flow rate from 9.1.1,
(d) (d) All measured characteristic leakage pressures for return and supply sides of the distributionDistribution system
DPretplen, DPretnear, DPretfar , DPsupplen, DPsupnear, and DPsupfar (from 9.1.2), and
(e) (e) Distribution system location (supplies, returns, plenums, and air-handling unit).
10.1.2 Pressurization
10.3 Leakage Measurements:
10.1.23.1 Technique employed (that is, Test Method A or Test Method B),
10.1.23.2 Equipment used,
10.1.23.3 Calibration of air flowmeter, and
10.13.2.4 Measurement results. A tabular listing of all air leakage data (including time, flows, and all pressures); plot(s) of

13
 E 1554 – 9403
change in flow with changing envelope pressure difference (for test Method A only); and a list of conversion factors used in 9.1.2
(For test Method A only).
10.1.34 WAir Leathkager Results:
10.1.3.1 Off-site conditions (nearby weather station),
10.1.3.2 On-site conditions (height and position of weather tower),
10.1.3.3 Measurement apparatus,
10.1.3.4 Wind speed,
10.1.3.5 Temperature (indoor, outdoor, and unconditioned spaces) before and after each fan pressurization test, as well as before
and after auxiliary measurements,
10.1.3.6 Humidity (indoor and outdoor) and barometric pressure (optional), and
10.1.3.7 Altitude.
10.1.4 Air Leakage Data
10.4.1 Test Method A: Flow Difference :
10.1.4.1 Tabular listing of all air leakage data (including time, flows
10.4.1.1 Supply and all pressures).
10.1.4.2 Plots of air return distribution-system leakage flows.
10.4.1.2 Flow difference and envelope pressure plota (see Fig. 3).
10.1.5 Air Leakage Results 2).
10.4.2 Test Method B: Fan Pressurization :
10.1.5.1 Supply-side
10.4.2.1 Supply and return-side return distribution-system leakage flow coefficients flows at 25 Pa.
10.4.2.2 Supply and exponents for both pressurization return distribution system operating pressures.
10.4.2.3 Supply and depressurization in accordance with 9.2.4.8 or 9.3.4.3. For Test Method A, also report the flow coefficients
and exponents for each fan pressurization test (in accordance with 9.2.4.3) and any correction factors (in accordance with 9.2.4.5).
10.1.5.2 Supply-side and return-side distribution-system return distribution system leakage flows at 25 Pa based upon
determined leakage coefficients operating conditions.
10.4.3 Air Handler Fan Flow:
10.4.3.1 Measured system operating pressure difference between supply plenum and exponents (in accordance with 9.2.4.6,
9.2.4.7, or 9.3.4.4). If extrapolations outside of conditioned space.
10.4.3.2 Measured flow required to match this pressure, OR the measurement range are made, include an estimate of the
extrapolation error. For Test Method A, also report the maximum flows at 25 Pa from each fan pressurization test (in accordance
with 9.2.4.1) and any correction factors (in accordance with 9.2.4.4).
10.1.5.3 The effective leakage areas of supply and return sides for both pressurization and depressurization, as well as pressures
achieved during the average (in accordance with 9.2.4.5 or 9.3.4.4). For Test Method A, also report the effective leakage areas from
each test.
10.4.3.3 Calculated air handler fan pressurization test (in accordance with 9.2.4.4).
10.1.5.4 Correlation coefficient squared, R2, and standard error or flow coefficient and exponent for each fit to Eq 3 or Eq 8 for
both pressurization and depressurization.
10.1.6 if pressure matching not achieved. If pressure match is not achieved, this must be clearly stated in the report.
10.5 Test Identification:
10.1.65.1 Date the test was performed.
10.1.65.2 Name and address of organization performing the test.
10.1.65.3 Name(s) of individual(s) performing the test.
11. Precision and Bias
11.1 Precision—At present, the—The precision and bias of these test methods is largely dependent on the instrumentation and
apparatus used, and on the ambient conditions under which the data are taken. For both test methods, the precision will be worse
for larger houses/duct systems and for tests conducted at higher wind speeds. For Test Method A, the precision is based principally
upon the fraction of the fan-pressurization flow passing through the ducts. A fan pressurization has been estimated from field test
following the procedures outlined in these test methods with well-calibrated equipment at reasonable windspeeds should produce
effective leakage area results that are repeatable within 2 to 9 %. As an example, where the measurement systems were tested
several times. The results of supply-side or return-side leakage area these tests indicate that represents 10 % of the overall leakage
area, would have an uncertainty of =2* ~0.02 to 0.09!2/0.1 5 28 to 127 % . The uncertainty precision errors are in the flow at
25 Pa is approximately one third of that at 4 Pa, corresponding to an uncertainty range of 0.0009 to 42 % for the same example.
The uncertainty for 0.0047 m3/s (2 to 10 cfm). For Test Method B will in general be considerably lower than that for Test Method
A, however, careful attention needs to be paid to B, the pressure nonuniformities in precision has been estimated from field test
results where the ducts, as such nonuniformities can create biased results. A more complete systems were tested several times. The
results of these tests indicate that the precision and bias statement is currently being developed.
11.2 It is more precise to take data at higher pressure differences than at lower differences. Therefore, exercise special care when

14
 E 1554 – 9403
measurements errors are taken at low pressure differences.
11.3 0.0024 to 0.0071 m3/s (5 to 15 cfm).
11.2 Bias—Both Test Method A and Test Method B will be negatively biased by leaks between the air distribution system and
the conditioned space. For Test Method—For test method A, the flow through those leaks is elevated when the distribution system
is sealed biases have been estimated from the building, thereby reducing the calculated flow through the leaks between the
distribution system and unconditioned spaces. field studies that compared test method leakage predictions to known measured
leakage values. The correction procedure outlined in 9.2.4.6 helps typical bias is 5 to reduce this bias. Test Method B essentially
assumes that all 10 % of the flow passing through leaks between the distribution system and unconditioned spaces (external leaks)
is passing through the duct measured leakage air flow measurement device, which is not the case when there are
distribution-system leaks to the conditioned space. There is no correction factor for flow. Higher biases generally occur at higher
measured leakage values. For Test Method B, however, the magnitude bias has been estimated from field test data and analyses
of the un effect of operating pressures on calculated leakage. The typical bias is much less than that associated with Test Method
A. 40 % of the measured leakage air flow.

12. Keywords
12.1 air distribution; air leakage; ducts; field method

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. DEPENDENCE OF AIR DENSITY AND VISCOSITY ON TEMPERATURE AND BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (ELEVATION)

A1.1 Use Eq A1.1 to calculate inside air density. Use Eq A1.2 to calculate outside air density. Use Eq A1.3 and A1.4 for
inch-pound units.

S
rin 5 1.2041 1 2
0.0065 · E
293 D S
5.2553 293
Tin 1 273 D (A1.1)

S
rout 5 1.2041 1 2
0.0065 · E
293 D S
5.2553 293
Tout 1 273 D (A1.2)

where:
E = elevation above sea level (m),
r = air density (kg/m3), and
T = temperature (°C).
NOTE A1.1—The standard conditions used in calculations in this standard are 20°C (68°F) for temperature, 1.2041 kg/m3 (0.07517 lbm/ft 3) for air
density, and mean sea level for elevation.

rin 5 0.07517 S12

0.0035666 · E
528 D S
5.2553 528
Tin 1 460 D (A1.3)

S
rout 5 0.07517 1 2
0.0035666 · E
528 D S
5.2553 528
Tout 1 460 D (A1.4)

where:
E = elevation above sea level, ft,
r = air density, lbm/ft3, and
T = temperature, °F.

A1.2 The dynamic viscosity µ, in Poise (gm/cm·s), at temperature T, in °C, can be obtained from Eq A1.5.
1.458 3 1025 ~ T 1 273!1.5
µ5 T 1 383 (A1.5)

A1.3 For IP units, the dynamic viscosity µ, in lb/(ft·h), at temperature T, in °F, can be obtained from Eq A1.6:
2.629 3 1023 ~ T 1 460!1.5
µ5 T 1 659 (A1.6)

15
 E 1554 – 9403
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).

16